Chromium(IV) oxide

Chromium(IV) oxide[1]
IUPAC name Chromium(IV) oxide, Chromium dioxide
Other names Crolyn magtrieve
Identifiers
CAS number	12018-01-8 Y
ChemSpider	21171202 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:48263 Y
RTECS number	GB6400000
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES O=[Cr]=O
InChI InChI=1S/Cr.2O Y Key: AYTAKQFHWFYBMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/Cr.2O/rCrO2/c2-1-3 Key: AYTAKQFHWFYBMA-QAVXBIOBAI
Properties
Molecular formula	CrO2
Molar mass	83.9949 g/mol
Appearance	black tetrahedral ferromagnetic crystals
Density	4.89 g/cm3
Melting point	375 °C, 648 K, 707 °F (decomposes)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Structure
Crystal structure	Rutile (tetragonal), tP6
Space group	P42/mnm, No. 136
Hazards
MSDS	ICSC 1310
EU Index	Not listed
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Related	Chromium(II) oxide Chromium(II,III) oxide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium trioxide
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Chromium dioxide or chromium(IV) oxide is a synthetic magnetic substance once widely used in magnetic tape emulsion. With the increasing popularity of CDs and DVDs, the use of chromium(IV) oxide has declined. However, it is still used in data tape applications for enterprise-class storage systems. It is still considered today by many oxide and tape manufacturers to have been the most perfect magnetic recording particulate ever invented.^{[citation needed]}

Acicular chromium dioxide was first synthesized in 1956 by Norman L. Cox, a chemist at E.I. DuPont, by decomposing chromium trioxide in the presence of water at a temperature of 800 K and a pressure of 200 MPa. The magnetic crystal that forms is a long, slender glass-like rod — perfect as a magnetic pigment for recording tape. When commercialized in the late 1960s as a recording medium, DuPont assigned it the tradename of Crolyn.

Uses

The crystal's magnetic properties, derived from its ideal shape anisotropy which imparted high coercivity and remanent magnetization intensities, resulted in exceptional stability and efficiency for short wavelengths, and it almost immediately appeared in high performance audio tape used in the standard audio cassette for which treble response and tape hiss were always problems. Unlike the spongy looking ferric oxides used in common tape, the chromium dioxide crystals were perfectly formed and could be evenly and densely dispersed in a magnetic coating; and that led to unparalleled low noise in audio tapes. Chrome tapes did, however, require a new generation of audiocassette recorders equipped with a higher bias current capability (roughly 50% greater) than that used by iron oxide to properly magnetize the tape particles. Also introduced was a new equalization setting (70 µs) that traded some of the extended high-frequency response for lower noise resulting in a 5–6 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over ferric-oxide audio tapes. These bias and EQ settings were later carried over to "chrome-equivalent" cobalt-modified tapes introduced in the mid 1970s by TDK, Maxell, and others. Later research significantly increased the coercivity of the particle by doping or adsorbing rare elements such as iridium onto the crystal matrix or by improving the axial length-to-width ratios. The resulting product was potentially a competitor to metallic iron pigments but apparently achieved little market penetration.

Problems

Until manufacturers developed new ways to mill the oxide, the crystals could easily be broken in the manufacturing process, and this led to excessive print-through (echo). Output from a tape could drop about 1 dB or so in a year's time. Although the decrease was uniform across the frequency range and noise also dropped the same amount, preserving the dynamic range, the decrease misaligned Dolby noise reduction decoders that were sensitive to level settings. The chrome coating was harder than competitive coatings, and that led to accusations of excessive head wear. Although the tape wore hard ferrite heads faster than oxide based tapes, it actually wore softer permalloy heads at a slower rate; and head wear was more a problem for permalloy heads than for ferrite heads. The head wear scare and licensing issues with DuPont kept chrome blank consumer chrome tapes at a great disadvantage versus the eventually more popular Type II tapes that used cobalt-modified iron oxide, but chrome was the tape of choice for the music industry's cassette releases. Because of its low Curie temperature, chrome tape lent itself to high-speed thermomagnetic duplication of audio and video cassettes for pre-recorded product sales to the consumer and industrial markets.

Producers

DuPont licensed the product to Sony in Japan and BASF in Germany in the early 1970s for regional production and distribution. Because Japanese competitors of Sony resented payment of licensing fees to it for use of the pigment, they developed cobalt-adsorbed (TDK: Avilyn) and cobalt ferrite (Maxell: Epitaxial) "chrome equivalent" Type II audio cassettes and various videotape formats as substitutes. Added to that was the problem that the production of CrO₂ yielded toxic by-products of which Japanese manufacturers had great difficulty properly disposing. BASF eventually became the largest producer of both the chromium dioxide pigment and chrome tapes, basing its VHS & S-VHS video tape, audio cassettes, and 3480 data cartridges on this formulation. Dupont and BASF had also introduced chrome-cobalt "blended" oxide pigments which combined about 70% cobalt-modified iron oxide with 30% chrome oxide into a single coating, presumably to offer improved performance at lower costs than pure chrome. Many high grade VHS tapes also used much smaller amounts of chrome in their formulations because its magnetic properties combined with its cleaning effects on heads made it a better choice than aluminium oxide or other non-magnetic materials added to VHS tape to keep heads clean. Dupont discontinued its production of chromium dioxide particles in the 1990s. In addition to BASF, which no longer owns a tape manufacturing division, Bayer AG of Germany, Toda Kogyo and Sakai Chemical of Japan also do or can produce the magnetic particles for commercial applications.

References

1. ^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 4–53. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2. 

• Jaleel, V. Abdul; Kannan T. S. (1983). "Hydrothermal synthesis of chromium dioxide powders and their characterisation". Bulletin of 5 (3–4): 231–246. doi:10.1007/BF02744038. 
• Bate, G. (1978). "A survey of recent advances in magnetic recording materials". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 14 (4): 136–142. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1978.1059769.