- Troides helena
-
Common Birdwing 
Male Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Papilionidae Genus: Troides Species: T. helena Binomial name Troides helena
(Linnaeus, 1758)The Common Birdwing, Troides helena (Linnaeus, 1758), is a beautiful and large butterfly belonging to the Swallowtail (Papilionidae family). It is often found in the wildlife trade due to its popularity with butterfly collectors. The butterfly has seventeen subspecies.[1]
Contents
Description
Race cerberus Felder
Males
Upperside of forewings are rich velvety black with adnervular pale streaks on either side of the veins beyond the cell. The cilia is short, black, alternated with pale buffy white in the middle of the interspaces.
Hindwing: the abdominal fold, the apical half obliquely of interspace 1, the termen broadly, the base of the cell and the costal area up to and including the basal half of interspace 7 velvety black, the rest of the wing rich silky yellow; the veins prominently but narrowly black; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into prominent cone-shaped markings in the interspaces.
All specimens have one or more postdiscal black spots in the interspaces, but never a complete series; in interspace 2 and sometimes also in interspace 3 these spots coalesce with the cone-shaped projections of the terminal black border. Underneath the abdominal fold is a dense mass of buffy-white scented cottony pubescence. Underside similar, the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing broader and more prominent.
Hindwing: dorsal margin broadly black, with an edging of long soft black hairs; interspace 1 with a large oval postdiscal and a terminal black spot; interspace 2 with the postdiscal black spot generally separate from the cone-shaped projection of the black terminal border; the apical and lateral margins of interspaces 2-6 pale yellow irrorated with black scales.
Antenna, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson; abdomen yellow, shaded above with black; beneath: the thorax with a large lateral patch of crimson, the anal segment prominently buff-coloured.
Females
Upper and under sides of the female is similar to those in the male, but with the following differences:
- Fore wing: the adnervular pale streaks broader and more prominent.
- Hindwing: the black at base and along the costal margin broader, occupying fully one-third of the cell, the area above it and above vein 7, interrupted however, in interspace 7 near the apex of wing, by a transverse yellow mark which is sometimes subobsolete ; a postdiscal series of large oval black spots, those in interspaces 2 and 3 often joined on the upperside to the cone-shaped terminal black marks; dorsal margin also more broadly black, without the fringe of black hairs and or course of the abdominal fold. Antenna, head and thorax as in the male; abdomen dark brownish black above.[2]
Distribution
It is the largest butterfly to be found in India. It is widely distributed and locally common in forest areas.
It is found in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, peninsular and eastern Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Kampuchea, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China including Hainan, and Hong Kong.[1]
In India the butterfly is found in the North-East of the country including Sikkim, West Bengal and Orissa. It is also found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[1]
In the Indonesian archipelago, the Common Birdwing is found in Sumatra, Nias, Enggano, Java, Bawean, Kangean Islands, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Bunguran (Natuna), Sulawesi, Butung, Tukangbesi, Kalimantan and Brunei.[1]
In Hong Kong, Troides helena is at the northern limit of its range. It is not common in Hong Kong but it is observed that there are stable populations in three sites (the surrounding area of Po Lo Che (Sai Kung), Shan Liu Road (Tai Po) and Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden in the New Territories. The species is also found on Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island.[3]
In Thailand, the Troides helena can be found at Kaeng Bang Rachan at the source of the Wang Thong River.
Status
The Common Birdwing, though widespread and common in many of the localities it occurs in, is classified as Vulnerable.[1]
Conservation
This species is protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170 in Hong Kong.[3]. The Common Birdwing is protected in Indonesia and may also require protection in peninsular Malaya also. It is listed in Appendix II of Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) as are all other Troides spp.[1]
Foodplants
The larval foodplants include Aristolochia indica, Aristolochia tagala and Bragantia wallichi. A foodplant for the species, Aristolochia tagala has been planted in the Kadoorie Farm and Shan Liu Road in Hong Kong to sustain a healthy population of the species.[3]
Subspecies
- T. h. antileuca Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. bunguranensis Ohya, 1982
- T. h. cerberus (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
- T. h. demeter Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
- T. h. dempoensis Deslisle, 1993
- T. h. euthycrates Fruhstorfer, 1913
- T. h. ferrari Tytler, 1926
- T. h. hahneli Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
- T. h. heliconoides (Moore, 1877)
- T. h. hephaestus (Felder, 1865)
- T. h. hermes Hayami, 1991
- T. h. hypnos Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
- T. h. isara Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. mopa Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. mosychlus Fruhstorfer, 1913
- T. h. neoris Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. nereides Fruhstorfer, 1906
- T. h. nereis (Doherty, 1891)
- T. h. orientis Parrott, 1991
- T. h. propinquus Rothschild, 1895
- T. h. rayae Deslisle, 1991
- T. h. sagittatus Fruhstorfer, 1896
- T. h. spilotia Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. sugimotoi Hanafusa, 1992
- T. h. typhaon Rothschild, 1908
- T. h. venus Hayami, 1991
Gallery
-
at Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India.
See also
- Papilionidae
- List of butterflies of India
- List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)
- List of protected species in Hong Kong
Cited references
References
- Collins, N. M. & M. G. Morris. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6
- Evans, W. H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Gay, T., Kehimkar, I. & J. C. Punetha.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, M. (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
- Kunte, K. (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
- Wynter-Blyth, M. A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
External links
- Specimen images
- ARKive Photos, Video and More Information
Categories:- Troides
- Butterflies of India
- Animals described in 1758
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