Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France

See also Margaret Stewart.

Margaret of Scotland
Dauphine of Viennois
Spouse	Louis XI of France
House	House of Stewart
Father	James I of Scotland
Mother	Joan Beaufort
Born	1424 Perth
Died	16 August 1445 Châlons-sur-Marne, France
Burial	Saint-Laon church, Thouars, France

Margaret of Scotland (French: Marguerite d'Écosse) (25 December 1424 – 16 August 1445) was a Princess of Scotland and the Dauphine of France. She was the firstborn child of King James I of Scotland and Queen Joan Beaufort.

She married the eldest son of the king of France, Louis, 9th Dauphin, at eleven years old. Their marriage was unhappy, and she died childless aged 20 apparently of a fever.

Early life

She was born in Perth, Scotland to James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort, a cousin of Henry VI of England. Margaret was the first of six daughters and twin sons born to her parents (her surviving brother, James, would become James II of Scotland at six years old).

Marriage

Margaret was Charles VII of France's diplomatic choice for daughter-in-law.^[1] The marriage was forced upon Charles's thirteen-year-old son, Louis, which did not help their relationship. However, royal marriages in the 15th century were always political.^[2] There are no direct accounts from Louis or Margaret of their first impressions of each other, and it is mere speculation to say whether or not they actually had negative feelings for each other. Several historians think that Louis had a predetermined attitude to hate his wife. But it is universally agreed upon that Louis entered the ceremony and the marriage itself dutifully, as evidenced by his formal embrace of Margaret upon their first meeting on 24 June 1436, the day before their wedding.

Margaret and Louis's marriage shows both the nature of medieval royal diplomacy and the precarious position of the French monarchy. The marriage took place 25 June 1436 in the afternoon in the chapel of the castle of Tours and was presided over the Archbishop of Reims. By the standards of the time, it was a very plain wedding.^[3] Louis, thirteen, looked clearly more mature than his bride, eleven. Margaret looked like a beautiful “doll,” interesting because she was treated as such by her in-laws.^[3] Charles wore “grey riding pants” and “did not even bother to remove his spurs.”^[3] The Scottish guests were quickly hustled out after the wedding reception. This was seen as something of a scandal by the Scots. King Charles’ attire and the speed with which the guests were hustled out was considered an insult to their small but proud country. However, this spoke to the impoverished nature of the French court at this time. They simply could not afford an extravagant ceremony or to host their Scottish guests for any longer than they did.^[2]

Following the ceremony, “doctors advised against consummation” because of the relative immaturity of the bride and bridegroom. Margaret continued her studies and Louis went on tour with Charles to loyal areas of the kingdom. Even at this time, Charles was taken aback by the intelligence and temper of his son. During this tour, Louis was named Dauphin by Charles, as is traditional for the eldest son of the king.^[2]

Margaret was lovely, gracious and very beautiful (facie venusta valde, "a very lovely face," says the compiler of the Book of Pluscarden), with a certain ability to write poesy and rhymes (no example of her compositions survived destruction at her husband's hands after her death). She was also superficial and very interested in the French court's social and gallant life. She was a favourite of her father-in-law Charles VII of France and popular among the courtiers. However, she felt herself alien amongst the French court and became depressed.^{[citation needed]}

She had a strained relationship with her husband, the future king of France, mainly because of Louis' hatred of his father. Charles VII ordered the marriage, and Margaret frequently supported the king against her husband. It is said that she wore a strongly-tied corset because of her fear of pregnancies, ate green apples and drank apple vinegar. Her unhappy marriage furthered her depression, as did the gossip spread regarding her by supporters of Louis.^{[citation needed]}

Death

On 16 August 1445, between ten and eleven at night, she died in Châlons-sur-Marne, Marne, France at the age of 20. On Saturday, 7 August, she and her ladies had joined the court on a short pilgrimage. It was very hot, and when she returned, she undressed in her stone chamber. The next morning she was feverish, the doctor diagnosed the inflammation of the lungs. She died, raving against a Jamet de Tillay, a Breton soldier, in favour of her father-in-law, King Charles (James surprised Margaret at her habitual poetry reading, when there were no candles, only a good fire in the mantelpiece; he stuck a candle into her face, sniggered and afterwards went around, talking about "wanton princesses". Louis was cold to Margaret, and she attributed his coldness to the gossip spread by Jamet. She died, protesting her faithfulness to her husband, and accused Jamet of killing her with his words). ¹ Melancholic and distressed by slander against her, she sank into a final languor before dying. Her last words, in response to others' urgings to rouse herself and live, were supposedly Fi de la vie! qu'on ne m'en parle plus ("Fie on life! Speak no more of it to me").

She was buried in the Saint-Laon church^[4] in Thouars, in the Deux-Sèvres department of France.

Five and a half years after her death, her husband married Charlotte of Savoy, by whom he had three surviving children: Charles VIII of France, and two daughters, Anne of France and Jeanne.

Margaret is also famous for the legend that she was kissed or almost kissed by poet Alain Chartier while asleep in her own rooms (another variant of this legend has Anne of Brittany as its protagonist), though her age and location at the time of Chartier's death would have made that impossible.

Ancestry

References

1. ^ Kendall,Paul Murray. Louis XI "...the universal spider...". New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1971.^{[page needed]}
2. ^ ^{a b c} Tyrell, Joseph M. Louis XI. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.^{[page needed]}
3. ^ ^{a b c} Cleugh,James. Chant Royal The Life of King Louis XI of France (1423-1483). Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1970.^{[page needed]}
4. ^ http://www.diocese-poitiers.com.fr/patrimoine/thouars-stlaon.html (French)
5. ^ McAndrew, Scotland's Historic Heraldry, p 173
6. ^ http://thepeerage.com/p10210.htm#i102098

Sources

• Ruth Putnam, Charles the Bold
• Kendall, P.M. Louis XI: The Universal Spider, London, 2001, pp. 66, 393-395

French royalty
Preceded by Jacqueline of Hainaut	Dauphine of France 24 June 1436 – 16 August 1445	Succeeded by Charlotte of Savoy
Scottish royalty
Preceded by James II of Scotland	Heir of Scotland as heiress presumptive 21 February 1437 – 16 August 1445	Succeeded by Isabella Stewart, Duchess of Brittany

Persondata
Name	Stewart, Margaret
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	25 December 1424
Place of birth	Perth
Date of death	16 August 1445
Place of death	Châlons-sur-Marne, France