Florida Cracker Horse

Florida Cracker Horse

An 1895 drawing of by Frederick Remington of a Florida Cracker
Distinguishing features	Spanish-style gaited horse found in many colors
Alternative names	Chickasaw Pony, Seminole Pony, Prairie Pony, Florida Horse, Florida Cow Pony, Grass Gut
Country of origin	Florida, United States
Breed standards
Florida Cracker Horse Association	Breed standards
Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Florida Cracker Horse is a breed of horse from Florida in the United States. It is genetically and physically similar to many other Spanish-style horses, especially those from the Spanish Colonial Horse group. The Florida Cracker is a gaited breed known for its agility and speed. Horses were first brought to Florida by the Spanish in the early 1500s, where they were used extensively for herding cattle. These horses developed into the Florida Cracker type seen today, and continued to be used by Florida cowboys (known as "crackers") until the 1930s. At this point they were superseded by American Quarter Horses needed to work larger cattle brought to Florida during the Dust Bowl, and population numbers declined precipitously. Through the efforts of several private families and the Florida government, the breed was saved from extinction, but there is still concern about its low numbers. Both the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust consider breed numbers to be at a critical point.

Characteristics

The Florida Cracker Horse is also known as the Chickasaw Pony, Seminole Pony, Prairie Pony, Florida Horse, Florida Cow Pony and Grass Gut.^[1][2] The modern breed retains the size of its Spanish ancestors, standing 13.2 to 15 hands (54 to 60 inches, 137 to 152 cm) high and weighing 750 to 1,000 pounds (340 to 450 kg). They are found mainly in bay, black and gray, although grullo, dun and chestnut are also seen.^[1] Roan and pinto colors are occasionally found.^[3] They have straight or slightly concave profiles, strong backs and sloping croups. They are still known for their speed and agility and excel at trail and endurance riding, and are also used extensively as stock horses and are also seen in Western riding sports such as working cow horse, team roping and team penning. The Florida Cracker is a gaited horse, with the breed association recognizing two gaits, the running walk and amble, in addition to the regular walk, trot, canter and gallop.^[1] The single-footed ambling gait is known as the "coon rack" by some breed enthusiasts.^[4] The foundation genetics of the breed are the same as many others developed from Spanish stock in North and South America, including the Paso Fino, Peruvian Paso and Criollo.^[2] The Cracker horse is very similar in type and genetics to the Carolina Marsh Tacky and the Banker horse, both Spanish-style breeds from the eastern United States, but DNA testing has proven that these are separate breeds.^[5]

History

Horses first arrived on the southeast North American mainland in 1521, during Ponce de Leon's second trip to the region, where they were used by officers, scouts and livestock herders. More horses and cattle were brought to Spanish Florida by later expeditions. By the late 16th century, horses were used extensively in the local cattle business and by the late 17th century the industry was flourishing, especially in what is now northern Florida and southern Georgia. The horses brought to North America by the Spanish and subsequently bred there included Barbs, Garranos, Spanish Jennets, Sorraias, Andalusians and other Iberian breeds. Overall, they were relatively small and had physical traits distinctive of Spanish breeds, including short backs, sloping shoulders, low set tails and wide foreheads.^[1]

A Florida Cracker cow

The early cattle drivers, nicknamed Florida crackers and Georgia crackers, used these Spanish horses to drive cattle (eventually known as Florida Cracker cattle).^[1] The cowboys received their nickname from the distinctive cracking of their whips, and the name was transferred to both the horses they rode and the cattle they herded.^[3] Through their primary use as stock horses, the type developed into the Florida Cracker horse, known for its speed, endurance and agility. From the mid-16th century to the 1930s, this type was the predominant horse in the southeastern United States.^[1] During the American Civil War (1861–1865), both belligerents purchased large amounts of beef from Florida, and the Spanish horses bred there were highly desired as riding horses.^[6] During this time, there was also a continual introduction of new Spanish blood from Cuba, as horses were traded between the two areas.^[7] However, during the Dust Bowl (1930–1940), large western cattle were moved into Florida, bringing with them the parasitic screwworm. Cattle with this parasite needed to be treated frequently, and Florida Cracker horses, bred for working smaller cattle, were not able to hold the cattle and so were soon replaced by American Quarter Horses. This resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct.^[1]

20th century

Florida Cracker Horse in the Paynes Prairie State Preserve

The breed's survival during the 20th century is owed to a few families who continued to breed the Cracker horse and kept distinct bloodlines alive.^[7] One of these families was that of John Law Ayers. In 1984, Ayers donated his herd of pure-bred Cracker horses to the state of Florida, and with them, the state started three small herds in Tallahassee, Withlacoochee State Forest and Paynes Prairie State Preserve. By 1989, however, these three herds and around 100 other horses owned by private families were all that remained of the breed. In 1989 the Florida Cracker Horse Association was founded and in 1991 a registry was established. After the registry was created, 75 horses designated as "foundation horses" and 14 of their offspring were immediately registered. These horses came mainly from four lines of Cracker bloodstock and were designated as purebreds by breed experts – partbred horses were denied entry to the registry. As of 2009, around 900 horses had been registered since the foundation of the registry.^[2]

Effective July 1, 2008, the Florida House of Representatives declared the Florida Cracker Horse the official state horse.^[8] As of 2009 there are three main bloodlines of Cracker stock, as well as a few smaller lines. The state of Florida still maintains two groups of Ayers-line horses in Tallahassee and Withlacoochee for breeding purposes and a display group in the Paynes Prairie Preserve. The state annually sells excess horses from all three herds, and individual breeders also send horses to the sale.^[2] The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the breed to be at "critical" status, as part of the Colonial Spanish Horse family,^[9] meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is less than 2,000 and there are less than 200 registrations annually in the US.^[10] The Equus Survival Trust also considers the population to be "critical", meaning that there are between 100 and 300 active adult breeding mares in existence today.^[11] However, breed numbers are slowly on the rise.^[2]

Chickasaw horse

The original Chickasaw horse, bred by the Chickasaw Indians using horses captured from De Soto's expedition, went extinct after being used to create the Florida Cracker Horse and having some influence on the Quarter Horse.^[12] Some sources still use the Chickasaw name to describe the Florida Cracker Horses of today.^[1][2] In the 1970s there was a surge of interest in recreating the Chickasaw using horses bearing strong resemblances to the original breed,^[12] but this has since died out and the breed association that was created appears to no longer exist.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 106–108. ISBN 1580176135. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Lynghaug, Fran (2009). The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associations. Voyageur Press. pp. 73–78. ISBN 0760334994. http://books.google.com/books?id=myQBSVVEhagC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Florida+Cracker+Horse&source=bl&ots=LysTXNc2Av&sig=fgTnaAvbQ_Rkk1yGkOumLkHaRD4&hl=en&ei=fFirTPu-Jc6onQfs38D5Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCkQ6AEwBTgo#v=onepage&q=Florida%20Cracker%20Horse&f=false. 
3. ^ ^{a b} McAllister, Toni (2007-09-18). "Official designation for the Florida Cracker Horse". BowTie, Inc. http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-news/florida-cracker-state-horse.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-11. 
4. ^ Harris, Moira C. and Bob Langrish (2006). America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the U.S.A. Globe Pequot. p. 98. ISBN 1592288936. http://books.google.com/books?id=zmg-ZQ6oep0C&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=%22coon+rack%22+florida+cracker+horse&source=bl&ots=_-RZguv3UY&sig=IeCDKP4Oa6DqcwVMPlfioxll6s8&hl=en&ei=EcTQTJLMJYSkngfI-OmXDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CDIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
5. ^ Associated Press (2008-04-15). "Carolina Horsemen Trying to Save Rare Breed" (Registration required). The Horse. http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=11675. Retrieved 2010-10-11. 
6. ^ "Florida Cracker Cattle and Horse Program". Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. http://www.florida-agriculture.com/livestock/cracker_cattle.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-09. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Florida Cracker Horse". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/floridacracker.html. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 
8. ^ "CS/CS/HB 131 - State Symbols". Florida House of Representatives. http://flhouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=37223&SessionId=57. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 
9. ^ "Breed Information - ALBC Conservation Priority List". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/wtchlist.html#horses. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 
10. ^ "Parameters of Livestock Breeds on the ALBC Conservation Priority List (2007)". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/parameters-livestock.html. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 
11. ^ "Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List". Equus Survival Trust. http://www.equus-survival-trust.org/documents/equineconservationlist.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Lemon, Holmes Willis. "Chickasaw Horse". The Chickasaw Nation. http://www.chickasaw.net/history_culture/index_681.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-20. 

External links

• The Florida Cracker Horse Association