James Bremer

Sir James Bremer
Born	26 September 1786 Portsea, Hampshire, England
Died	14 February 1850 (aged 63) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1794–1850
Rank	Rear-Admiral of the Blue[1]
Commands held	East Indies and China Station
Battles/wars	Napoleonic Wars First Anglo-Burmese War First Anglo-Chinese War Capture of Chusan Second Battle of Chuenpee Battle of the Bogue Battle of First Bar Battle of Whampoa Battle of Canton
Awards	CB (1815), KCH (1836), KCB (1841)

Sir James John Gordon Bremer, KCB, KCH (26 September 1786 – 14 February 1850), was a British Royal Navy officer. He served in the Napoleonic Wars, First Anglo-Burmese War, and First Anglo-Chinese War. In China, he served twice as commander-in-chief of British forces.

Born in Portsea, England, Bremer joined the Royal Navy in 1794. While serving in the East Indies, he became commander of CB the following year. After becoming commander of Melville Island, Australia, in 1824 to establish a colony. Under his leadership, the north coast of Australia from 129° to 135° longitude was claimed as British territory.

Bremer served twice as commander-in-chief of British forces in the First Anglo-Chinese War from 1839 to 1841. During the war, he took formal possession of Hong Kong Island for the United Kingdom in 1841. He was made a KCB the same year. In 1846, he was appointed second-in-command of the Channel Fleet and was superintendent of Woolwich Dockyard from which he retired in 1848. He died in 1850, having risen to the rank of rear-admiral.

Early career

Bremer was born in Portsea, Hampshire, England, on 26 September 1786.^[2] He was the only son of Royal Navy lieutenant James Bremer (who went missing in the East Indiaman Halswell off the coast of Dorset, England, on 6 January 1786) and his wife Ann, daughter of Captain James Norman. In 1794, he joined the Royal Navy as a first-class volunteer on board the flagship of HMS Sandwich at the Nore of Rear-Admiral Skeffington Lutwidge, from which he was discharged in June 1795. He became a student of the Royal Naval Academy in Portsmouth, and re-embarked on 2 April 1802 as a midshipman on board HMS Endymion of Captain Philip Durham. Until July 1805, Bremer served in the flagship of HMS Isis under Vice-Admiral James Gambier and Rear-Admiral Edward Thornbrough, on the Newfoundland and North Sea stations. Shortly after passing his examination, he was appointed sub-lieutenant of the gun-brig William Cornwallis' force in pursuing a French fleet in Brest, France.^[3]

On 9 May 1806, Bremer was appointed to HMS Diana of Captain Thomas James Maling in the Mediterranean Station, from where he proceeded to the Davis Strait. On 6 October 1806, he served on board Thomas Garth in the Mediterranean. On 28 May 1807, he was appointed to the Psyché of Captain William Wooldridge in the East Indies, where he became commander of Order of the Bath (CB).^[3]

Australia

On 18 September 1823, Bremer was appointed commander of Melville Island, Australia, to establish a colony.^[3][4] It was intended as a military settlement to secure British trade in the region. It was hoped that a market would open to British merchants in the Malay Archipelago.^[5] In June 1824, Bremer arrived in Sydney where he spent a month collecting troops and stores.^[6] On 24 August 1824, he left Port Jackson, Sydney,^[7] on board the Tamar, accompanied by the Countess of Harcourt and the Lady Nelson.^[6][8] The ships transported Royal Marines and forty-four convicts guarded by the 3rd Regiment.^[5] After sailing through the Torres Strait,^[6] he arrived in Port Essington on 20 September. The north coast of Australia from 129° to 135° longitude was declared British territory.^[7] Bremer rejected Port Essington as a settlement due to its lack of fresh drinking water.^[8] On 26 September, the party landed at King Cove in Melville Island to build a settlement, which was named Fort Dundas on 21 October.^[6] However, the site was unhealthy, expensive to maintain, and did not develop into an advantageous commercial trading post. In November 1828, orders were given to abandon the post.^[5]

In November 1824, Bremer sailed for India where he served in the First Anglo-Burmese War.^[6] On 25 January 1836, he was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order (KCH).^[3] In 1837, Port Essington was again selected as a possible trading station by Baron Glenelg. Bremer, who commanded the Alligator and Britomart, was again given charge of the expedition. He established a new post in October 1838, calling it Port Victoria. The port was active until 1843 and by 1849, Port Essington was abandoned after it had no commercial or military usefulness. Under the encouragement of New South Wales Governor George Gipps, Bremer left Port Essington for China in June 1839, with the ships under his command, after news of trouble in the Chinese city of Canton.^[6]

China

Bremer (left of centre) requesting Chinese officials aboard HMS Wellesley to surrender Chusan a day before the British captured the island

After Rear-Admiral Frederick Maitland died in November 1839, Commodore Bremer served as commander-in-chief of British forces in the First Anglo-Chinese War until he was replaced by Rear-Admiral George Elliot in July 1840. After Elliot's return home, Bremer again assumed the post from November 1840 until the arrival of Sir William Parker in August 1841.^[4][9] Bremer commanded the capture of Chusan (5–6 July 1840),^[10] Second Battle of Chuenpee (7 January 1841),^[11] Battle of the Bogue (23–26 February 1841),^[12] Battle of First Bar (27 February 1841),^[13] Battle of Whampoa (2 March 1841),^[12] and Battle of Canton (18 March 1841).^[14]

After Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot declared the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom on 20 January 1841,^[15] Bremer reported on 26 January that he "proceeded to Hong Kong, and took formal possession of the island in Her Majesty's name, and hoisted the colours on it, with the usual salutes and ceremonies."^[16] This area became known as Possession Point.^[17] On 1 February, he issued a joint proclamation with Elliot to the inhabitants, declaring the island British territory.^[15] On 24 August, he left China aboard the Atlanta with Elliot.^[18] For his services, Bremer received a vote of thanks from both houses of parliament, and on 29 July 1841, he was made a Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath (KCB).^[3][4]

Later career

On 30 April 1846, under Admiral Francis Augustus Collier, Bremer was appointed second-in-command of the Channel Fleet, with his broad pennant on board HMS Queen. On 24 November, he became superintendent of Woolwich Dockyard, where he held command of the William and Mary yacht.^[3][4] He retired from the dockyard on 13 November 1848. Bremer was promoted to rear-admiral on 15 September 1849.^[19] He served as a magistrate in Devonshire.^[3] He died of diabetes mellitus on 14 February 1850 at Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England.^[2]

Family

On 27 March 1811, Bremer married Harriet, daughter of Thomas Wheeler (a Royal Marines officer) and widow of Reverend George-Henry Glasse. They had two sons and four daughters:^[20]

• Edward-Gordon (18 September 1819 – 7 April 1847^[21]); Royal Navy officer
• John de Courcy (born 1822, died 6 January 1891 at Rose Bay, Sydney, New South Wales^[22])
• Emma-Margaret; married Royal Navy officer Augustus Kuper on 20 June 1837
• Isabel-Harriet-Ann; married British Army officer Henry-Sabine Browne on 26 February 1840
• Emily
• Ellen-Susan

After Harriet's death in 1846, Bremer married Jemima Mary Harriet, the eldest daughter of Royal Navy officer James Brisbane, on 8 February 1848 at Tunbridge Wells.^[1][23]

Places named after him

• Bremer River in Queensland, Australia, was named by explorer John Oxley in 1828.^[24]
• Bremer Bay in Western Australia was named by John Septimus Roe, who served under Bremer on board the Tamar from 1824 to 1827.^[25]
• Bremer Range and its highest peak, Mount Gordon, in Western Australia were named by Roe in 1848–49.^[26]
• Bremer Island, Northern Territory, Australia.^[27]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (1850). Volume 17. p. 200.
2. ^ ^{a b} Laughton, J. K.. "Bremer, Sir James John Gordon (1786–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3313.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} O'Byrne, William R. (1849). A Naval Biographical Dictionary. Volume 1. John Murray. p. 120.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Dictionary of National Biography (1892). Volume 6. pp. 256–257.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Scott, Ernest (1988). Australia - Cambridge History of the British Empire. Volume 7 (Part 1). Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0521356210.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bach, J. "Bremer, Sir James John Gordon (1786 - 1850)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Melville Island - Culture and History". The Sydney Morning Herald (25 November 2008). Retrieved 7 June 2011.
8. ^ ^{a b} Satham, Pamela (1989). The Origin of Australia's Capital Cities. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 0521408326.
9. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine (1850). Volume 188. p. 535.
10. ^ The London Gazette: p. 2991. 15 December 1840. Issue 19930.
11. ^ The London Gazette: p. 1162. 7 May 1841. Issue 19976.
12. ^ ^{a b} The London Gazette: p. 1426. 3 June 1841. Issue 19984.
13. ^ The London Gazette: p. 1502. 11 June 1841. Issue 19987.
14. ^ The London Gazette: p. 1503. 11 June 1841. Issue 19987.
15. ^ ^{a b} The Chinese Repository (1841). Volume 10. pp. 63–64.
16. ^ The London Gazette: p. 1424. 3 June 1841. Issue 19984.
17. ^ Tsang, Steve (2004). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. p. 16. ISBN 1845114191.
18. ^ Martin, Robert Montgomery (1841). The Colonial Magazine and Commercial-Maritime Journal. Volume 6. p. 488.
19. ^ Burke, J. Bernard (1850). St. James's Magazine, and Heraldic and Historical Register. Volume 2. pp. 41–42.
20. ^ Burke, J. Bernard (1852). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, for 1852. Volume 1. p. 138.
21. ^ Burke, John (1847). The Patrician. Volume 3. p. 501.
22. ^ "Death Notices 8 January 1891". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 October 2011. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/13790421. 
23. ^ The Annual Register, or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1848. Volume 90. p. 186.
24. ^ "Ipswich - Culture and History". theage.com.au. http://www.theage.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/ipswich--culture-and-history-20081120-6cob.html. Retrieved 8 December 2009. 
25. ^ Western Australian Land Information Authority. "History of country town names". http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/corporate.nsf/web/History+of+country+town+names. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
26. ^ Hopper, S.D.; Nicolle, D. (2007). "Diamond gum (Eucalyptus rhomboidea: Myrtaceae), a new threatened species endemic to the Bremer Range of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region". Nuytsia 17: 185. ISSN 00854417. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
27. ^ "N.T. Island to Be Re-named". The Canberra Times 8 (2045): p. 2. 31 March 1934. Retrieved 6 June 2011.

Military offices
Preceded by Sir Frederick Maitland	Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station January 1840–July 1840	Succeeded by Sir George Elliot
Preceded by Sir George Elliot	Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station November 1840–October 1841	Succeeded by Sir William Parker

Persondata
Name	Bremer, James
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	26 September 1786
Place of birth	Portsea, Hampshire, England
Date of death	14 February 1850
Place of death	Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England