James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier

Infobox Military Person
name= John James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier


caption=
born= 13 October 1756
died= death date and age|1833|4|19|1756|10|13|df=yes
placeofbirth= New Providence, Bahamas
placeofdeath= Iver, Buckinghamshire, England
nickname=
allegiance=UK
branch=Royal Navy
serviceyears= 1767–1833
rank= Admiral of the Fleet
unit=
commands=
battles= American War of Independence
French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
awards=
relations=
laterwork=
Admiral of the Fleet John James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier (born 13 October 1756 New Providence, Bahamas – 19 April 1833 Iver, England), was an admiral of the Royal Navy, who served as Governor of Newfoundland, and as a Lord of the Admiralty, but who gained notoriety for his actions at the Battle of the Basque Roads.

Early career

Gambier was born in the Bahamas, where his father John Gambier was the Lieutenant Governor. His mother was a Bermudian, and he remained the patron of an extended, but impoverished, Bermudian family throughout his adult life. [ "Bermuda From Sail To Steam: A History of the Island from 1784 to 1901", Volume 1, Dr. Henry C. Wilkinson. © Oxford University Press, 1973. ISBN 0 19 215932 1 ] .

He entered the Navy in 1767 as a midshipman on board the HMS|Yarmouth|1748|6, commanded by his uncle, and family interests gained him rapid promotion. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant on 12 February 1777, was promoted to Master & Commander on 9 March 1778, and was made a Post Captain on 9 October 1778, at the age of only 22, and appointed to the 32-gun frigate HMS "Raleigh".

In 1783, at the end of the American War of Independence, he was placed on half-pay, but when the French Revolution broke out in 1789 he was appointed to command the 74-gun HMS|Defence|1763|6 under Lord Howe. As captain of the "Defence" Gambier saw action at the battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794, gaining the distinction of being the first ship the break through the enemy line. He subsequently received the Naval Gold Medal and was appointed Colonel of Marines (a sinecure involving no duties, but excellent pay).

Lord of the Admiralty

In 1795, he was promoted to rear admiral and appointed as one of the Lords of the Admiralty. He gained promotion to vice admiral in 1799, and in 1801, was appointed commander of the 98-gun HMS|Neptune|1797|6 and third-in-command of the Channel Fleet under Admiral William Cornwallis. From 1802-04, he served as Governor of Newfoundland and Commander-in-Chief of all ships appointed there. He then returned to the Admiralty, and was promoted to full Admiral in 1805.

In 1807, he was still a Lord of the Admiralty, but also saw action in the 2nd Battle of Copenhagen, where with General Lord Cathcart, he captured the Danish Navy, including stores on land, for which he received official thanks from Parliament, and on 3 November 1807 a peerage, becoming Baron Gambier of Iver.

In 1809, he threw away the destruction of the French Fleet in the Battle of the Basque Roads in one of the Royal Navy's biggest embarrassments - but also one of its most cherished victories.

Notoriety and disaster

In 1808 Gambier gave up his Admiralty seat to take command of the Channel Fleet, and as commander of that fleet, he is best-known for his role in preventing Lord Cochrane from completely smashing the French Fleet. Gambier refused to commit the Channel Fleet to shelling the French after Cochrane had driven the entire fleet - excepting two ships - aground at Rochefort.

A furious Cochrane accused his fleet commander of cowardice in the face of the enemy and was not alone in his criticism. Admiral Sir Eliab Harvey, who had commanded the famous "Fighting Temeraire" at the Battle of Trafalgar, was one of the seagoing officers of the fleet who were bitter at the missed opportunity. He told Gambier to his face: "I never saw a man so unfit for the command of a fleet as Your Lordship."

Several factors may have contributed to Gambier's decision. A deeply religious man, he had been opposed to attacks by fireships from the beginning for ethical reasons and may have been dissuaded even further by the fact that the proposal came from Cochrane, who was known for his extremely destructive methods and his disregard for collateral damage. The use of fireships in itself was not without its peril even to the attackers and it should be mentioned that in fact many of them failed utterly to achieve their purpose of destroying French ships. In fact, the damage to the French fleet may have resulted more from their own desperate (and largely unnecessary!) manoeuvring to avoid the fireships than from the fireships themselves.

Cochrane's accusations were severe enough that Gambier demanded, and got, a court-martial for himself, to clear his name. Both Lords Gambier and Cochrane were members of Parliament and Cochrane should have been wise to the fact that it would turn into a political farce. An old friend of Gambier's was appointed to chair the court-martial and Gambier's "old-boy" stature was enough that he was acquitted.Fact|date=March 2007

Modern scholarsFact|date=March 2007 typically now acknowledge that Gambier prevented Cochrane from achieving a critically important naval victory, and also point out that while Gambier possessed principle and courage, his administration of the Admiralty was also one of the most scandal-ridden known.

Later career

In 1813 Gambier was part of the team negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.

Gambier was a founding benefactor of Kenyon College in the United States, so the town that was founded with it, Gambier, Ohio is named after him. [ [http://www2.kenyon.edu/Khistory/chase/biography/biography.htm Biography of Philander Chase] at Kenyon College website. Retrieved on October 3, 2006.] Mount Gambier, South Australia, the extinct volcano and the later city, are also named after him.

See also

* Governors of Newfoundland
* List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador

External links

* [http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g35.html Biography at Government House "The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador"]
* http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/background/brit_peace.html

References

*1911

Persondata
NAME = Gambier, John James
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = 1st Baron Gambier; Lord Gambier
SHORT DESCRIPTION = British admiral and politician
DATE OF BIRTH = 13 October 1756
PLACE OF BIRTH = New Providence, Bahamas
DATE OF DEATH = 19 April 1833
PLACE OF DEATH = Iver, Buckinghamshire, England