Nitriding

Nitriding is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a case hardened surface. It is predominantly used on steel, but also titanium, aluminum and molybdenum.

Typical applications include gears, crankshafts, camshafts, cam followers, valve parts, extruder screws, die-casting tools, forging dies, extrusion dies, injectors and plastic-mold tools.

Processes

The processes are named after the medium used to donate . The three main methods used are: gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, and plasma nitriding.

Gas nitriding

In gas nitriding the donor is a nitrogen rich gas, usually ammonia (NH₃), which is why it is sometimes known as ammonia nitriding.^[1] When ammonia comes into contact with the heated work piece it disassociates into nitrogen and hydrogen. The nitrogen then diffuses from the surface into the core of the material. This process has been around for nearly a century though only in the last few decades has there been a concentrated effort to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics involved. Recent developments have led to a process that can be accurately controlled. The thickness and phase constitution of the resulting nitriding layers can be selected and the process optimized for the particular properties required. The advantages of gas nitriding over the other variants are:

• All round nitriding effect (can be a disadvantage in some cases, compared with plasma nitriding)
• Large batch sizes possible - the limiting factor being furnace size and gas flow
• With modern computer control of the atmosphere the nitriding results can be tightly controlled
• Relatively cheap equipment cost - especially compared with plasma

The disadvantages of gas nitriding are:

• Reaction kinetics heavily influenced by surface condition - an oily surface or one contaminated with cutting fluids for example will deliver poor results
• Surface activation is sometimes required to successfully treat steels with a high chromium content - compare sputtering during plasma nitriding
• Ammonia as nitriding medium - though not especially toxic it can be harmful when inhaled in large quantities. Also, care must be taken when heating in the presence of oxygen to reduce the risk of explosion

Salt bath nitriding

In salt bath nitriding the nitrogen donating medium is a nitrogen containing salt such as cyanide salt. The salts used also donate carbon to the workpiece surface making salt bath a nitrocarburizing process. The temperature used is typical of all nitrocarburizing processes: 550–590 °C (1022–1094 °F). The advantages of salt nitriding are:

• Quick processing time - usually in the order of 4 hours or so to achieve
• Simple operation - heat the salt and workpieces to temperature and submerge until the duration has transpired

The disadvantages are:

• The salts used are highly toxic - Disposal of salts are controlled by stringent environmental laws in western countries and has increased the costs involved in using salt baths. This is one of the most significant reasons the process has fallen out of favor in the last decade or so.
• Only one process possible with a particular salt type - since the nitrogen potential is set by the salt, only one type of process is possible

Plasma nitriding

Plasma nitriding, also known as ion nitriding, plasma ion nitriding or glow-discharge nitriding, is an industrial surface hardening treatment for metallic materials.

In plasma nitriding, the reactivity of the nitriding media is not due to the temperature but to the gas ionized state. In this technique intense electric fields are used to generate ionized molecules of the gas around the surface to be nitrided. Such highly active gas with ionized molecules is called plasma, naming the technique. The gas used for plasma nitriding is usually pure nitrogen, since no spontaneous decomposition is needed (as is the case of gas nitriding with ammonia). There are hot plasmas typified by plasma jets used for metal cutting, welding, cladding or spraying. There are also cold plasmas, usually generated inside vacuum chambers, at low pressure regimes.

Usually steels are very beneficially treated with plasma nitriding. Plasma nitriding advantage is related to the close control of the nitrided microstructure, allowing nitriding with or without compound layer formation. Not only the performance of metal parts gets enhanced but working lifespan gets boosted. So does the strain limit, and the fatigue strength of the metals being treated. For instance, mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel like wear can be significantly reduced and the hardness of tool steels can be double on the surface. ^{[2] [3]}

A plasma nitrided part is usually ready for use. It calls for no machining, or polishing or any other post-nitriding operations. Thus the process is user-friendly, saves energy since it works fastest, and causes little or no distortion.

This process was invented by Dr. Bernhardt Berghaus of Germany who later settled in Zurich to escape persecution of his community by the Nazis in 1939. It was only after his death in late 1960s that the process was acquired by Klockner group and popularized world over.

Plasma nitriding is often coupled with physical vapor deposition (PVD) process and labeled Duplex Treatment, to avail of immensely enhanced benefits. Many users prefer to have a plasma oxidation step combined at the last phase of processing to generate a smooth jetblack layer of oxides which is very resistant to not only wear but corrosion.

Since nitrogen ions are made available by ionization, differently from gas or salt bath, plasma nitriding efficiency does not depend on the temperature. Plasma nitriding can thus be performed in a broad temperature range, from 260°C to more than 600°C.^[3] For instance, at moderate temperatures (like 420°C), stainless steels can be nitrided without the formation of chromium nitride precipitates and hence maintaining their corrosion resistance properties. ^[4]

In plasma nitriding processes nitrogen gas (N₂) is usually the nitrogen carrying gas. Other gasses like hydrogen or Argon are also used. Indeed, Argon and H₂ can be used before the nitriding process during the heating up of the parts in order to clean the surfaces to be nitrided. This cleaning procedure effectively removes the oxide layer from surfaces and may remove fine layers of solvents that could remain. This also helps the thermal stability of the plasma plant since the heat added by the plasma is already present during the warm up and hence once the process temperature is reached the actual nitriding begins with minor heating changes. For the nitriding process H₂ gas is also added in order to keep the surface clear of oxides. This effect can be observed by analysing the surface of the part under nitriding (see for instance ^[5]).

Materials for nitriding

Examples of easily nitridable steels include the SAE 4100, 4300, 5100, 6100, 8600, 8700, 9300 and 9800 series, UK aircraft quality steel grades BS 4S 106, BS 3S 132, 905M39 (EN41B), stainless steels, some tool steels (H13 and P20 for example) and certain cast irons. Ideally, steels for nitriding should be in the hardened and tempered condition, requiring nitriding take place at a lower temperature than the last tempering temperature. A fine-turned or ground surface finish is best. Minimal amounts of material should be removed post nitriding to preserve the surface hardness.

Nitriding alloys are alloy steels with nitride forming elements such as aluminum, chromium, molybdenum and titanium.

History

Systematic investigation into the effect of nitrogen on the surface properties of steel only started in the 1920s. Investigation into gas nitriding began independently in both Germany and America. The process was greeted with enthusiasm in Germany and several steel grades were developed with nitriding especially in mind, these are the so called nitriding steels. The reception in America, on the other hand, was less impressive. With so little demand the process was more or less forgotten in the US. It was only after World War II that the process was reintroduced from Europe. A great deal of research has taken place in the last few decades to understand the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions taking place.

See also

• Carburization
• Carbonitriding
• Ferritic nitrocarburizing
• Surface finishing

References

1. ^ Ion Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of Sintered PM Parts, October 7, 2004
2. ^ Menthe, E; Bulak, A; Olfe, J; Zimmermann, A; Rie, KT (2000). "Improvement of the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel after plasma nitriding". Surface and Coatings Technology 133 (1): 259. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00930-0. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Zagonel, L; Figueroa, C; Droppajr, R; Alvarez, F (2006). "Influence of the process temperature on the steel microstructure and hardening in pulsed plasma nitriding". Surface and Coatings Technology 201 (1-2): 452. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.11.137. 
4. ^ Larisch, B; Brusky, U; Spies, HJ (1999). "Plasma nitriding of stainless steels at low temperatures". Surface and Coatings Technology 116: 205. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00084-5. 
5. ^ Zagonel, L; Figueroa, C; Alvarez, F (2005). "In situ photoemission electron spectroscopy study of nitrogen ion implanted AISI-H13 steel". Surface and Coatings Technology 200 (7): 2566. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.126. 

Further reading

• Ruth Chatterjee-Fischer - Wärmebehandlung von Eisenwerkstoffen: Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren [Heat treatment of ferrous materials: nitriding and nitrocarburising] 1995 2nd Edition Expert Verlag ISBN 3-8159-1092
• Chattopadhyay, Ramnarayan (2004). "Plasma Nitriding". Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes. Berlin: Springer. pp. 90–94. ISBN 1-4020-7696-7. 

External links

• Key to Steel - Nitriding
• "MIL-S-6090A, Military Specification: Process for Steels Used In Aircraft Carburizing and Nitriding". United States Department of Defense. 07 JUN 1971. http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL+SPECS+(MIL-S)/MIL-S-6090A_8810/. 
• An Introduction to Nitriding