Assassination of George Tiller

Assassination of George Tiller
Tiller murder

George Tiller gives a mock consultation in 1997 in the setting of his clinic, Women’s Health Care – Wichita, Kansas, which he owned and operated from 1975 until his death.
Location Foyer of Reformation
Lutheran Church
7601 East 13th Street
Wichita, Kansas
Date May 31, 2009
c. 10 a.m. (UTC-6)
Attack type Anti-abortion violence
Weapon(s) Handgun
Death(s) George Tiller, M.D.
Assailant Scott Philip Roeder
of Merriam, Kansas[1]

On May 31, 2009, George Tiller, a physician from Wichita, Kansas who was nationally known for being one of the few doctors in the United States to perform late-term abortions, was shot and killed by Scott Roeder, an anti-abortion activist. Tiller was killed during a Sunday morning service at his church, where he was serving as an usher. Multiple action groups and media figures have labeled Tiller's killing an act of domestic terrorism,[2][3][4][5][6][7] and an assassination.[8][9][10][11]

Roeder was arrested within three hours of the shooting and charged with first-degree murder and related crimes two days later. In November 2009 Roeder publicly confessed to the killing, telling the Associated Press that he had shot Tiller because "preborn children's lives were in imminent danger."[12][13] Roeder was found guilty of first-degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault on January 29, 2010,[14] and sentenced to life imprisonment without any chance for parole for 50 years on April 1, 2010.[15]

Contents

Shooting and aftermath

George Tiller was killed on May 31, 2009, shot to death during worship services at the Reformation Lutheran Church in Wichita, where he was serving as an usher. The church is a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Tiller was shot in the head at point blank range; he was wearing body armor, as he had been since 1998, when the FBI told him he was being targeted by anti-abortion militants.[16] After threatening two others who tried to prevent his departure, the gunman fled in a car. Witnesses described the vehicle as a powder-blue 1993 Ford Taurus.[17]

Calling the murder "an abhorrent act of violence", U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced,

“ Federal law enforcement is coordinating with local law enforcement officials in Kansas on the investigation of this crime, and I have directed the United States Marshals Service to offer protection to other appropriate people and facilities around the nation.[18][19] ”

Arrest of murder suspect

The mug shot of Scott Roeder, jailed from July 11, 1997 to March 26, 1998 for violating parole on a 1996 conviction for having bomb components in his car trunk.[20]

Scott Philip Roeder, 51, of Merriam, Kansas,[21] was arrested in Gardner, Kansas, some 170 miles away in suburban Kansas City three hours after the shooting.[22][23] He was charged on June 2, 2009, with first-degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault.[24][25][26] Roeder was formally charged before a Sedgwick County district judge on June 2. He said very little during the hearing, where he asked for a public defender and did not enter a plea.

Prosecutors said the killing did not meet Kansas's standards for capital murder, which would have carried a possible death penalty.[27][28] Prior to the shooting, Roeder was not among the people monitored as potential threats by some abortion rights groups, including the state chapter of the National Organization for Women.[27] However, it has been reported that neither the FBI nor local police arrested him in the days leading up to the murder despite reports and evidence offered to both that he vandalized a women's clinic the week before and the day before.[29]

In a telephone call from prison, Roeder confessed to the press that he had shot and killed Tiller, and declared that he felt no remorse.[30]

Roeder's background

Known employment and psychiatric histories

In the six months before Roeder's arrest, he said he had worked for an airport shuttle service, a party-rental shop, a convenience store and a property management enterprise.[31]

After his arrest, Roeder's ex-wife, Lindsey Roeder, claimed that Roeder had been suffering from mental illness and that about the age of 20 he was diagnosed with possible schizophrenia, but she offered her own diagnosis of bipolar disorder.[32] Roeder claimed to be the father of a young child and asked for time for visitation but the mother of that child did not wish such visitation.[32] The 2005 Pennsylvania family court which ruled on Roeder's custody petition regarding a daughter born in 2002 took formal notice that Roeder had been diagnosed with possible schizophrenia and was not on medication.[33]

The Associated Press quoted Roeder's brother, David, who said that Scott had suffered from mental illness from time to time:

“ However, none of us ever saw Scott as a person capable of or willing to take another person’s life. Our deepest regrets, prayers and sympathy go out to the Tiller family during this terrible time.[33] ”

Anti-government activism

Scott Roeder had been a member of the anti-government Montana Freemen group. He was stopped in Topeka, Kansas, in April 1996 while displaying a placard reading "Sovereign Citizen" in lieu of a license plate. He had no driver's license, vehicle registration or proof of insurance. Police officers searching his car discovered explosives charges, a fuse cord, a pound of gunpowder and nine-volt batteries in the trunk. He was charged, represented by a public defender, convicted in June of all four counts and sentenced to 24 months probation. In July 1997 his probation was revoked for failure to pay taxes and provide his social security number to his employer as well as other probation violations. He was sentenced to 16 months in prison to be followed by 24 months parole supervision. He filed notice of appeal and was represented by a state-funded appellate attorney who challenged the basis of the original search that found the bomb components. The Kansas Court of Appeals overturned this conviction in March 1998, ruling that the search of Roeder's car had been illegal and remanded the case to the trial court. Roeder was released after serving eight months.[34][35][36][37][38]

According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), Roeder belonged to a group called the Sovereign Citizen Movement, which believes that virtually all existing government in the United States is illegitimate.[citation needed] The ADL's National Director Abraham Foxman stated that "Roeder's attachment to extreme causes extended beyond anti-abortion extremism. His extremism cross-pollinated between anti-government extremism and anti-abortion activism and led to violence and murder."[39][40]

After being charged with murder, a delusional Roeder frequently called an Associated Press reporter from the county jail. He complained about being treated like a criminal and about his having been characterized in other media as having been anti-government. Roeder told the reporter, "I want people to stop and think: It is not anti-government, it is anti-corrupt-government."[41]

Lindsey Roeder statements

Lindsey and Scott Roeder were married in 1986, and were together for 10 years.[32] Immediately after his 2009 arrest, she stated that the explosives which led to his 1996 arrest had been intended for detonation at an abortion clinic.[42]

On June 2, 2009, Lindsey Roeder gave an interview to Anderson Cooper of CNN about when and why her husband became radicalized:

“ It was about 1991–92 when he basically couldn't cope with everyday life. He couldn't make ends meet, he couldn't pay the bills and didn't know why he couldn't do that. And someone told him that if he didn't pay his federal taxes, if those taxes were left in his check, he could make ends meet. And then he started investigating that and someone told him that it wasn't ratified properly in the Constitution, that it was illegal. And he went from there and got into the anti-government, got into the militia, got into the Freeman, and along those lines anti-abortion issues came up and he started becoming very religious in the sense that he finally – he was reading the Bible. But then, after we were divorced, his religion took on a whole new right wing of itself.[32] ”

Anti-abortion militancy

David Leach, publisher of Prayer & Action News, a magazine that opines that the killing of abortion providers would be justifiable homicide, told reporters that he and Roeder had met once in the late 1990s and that Roeder at that time had authored contributions to Leach's publication.[43][44][45] Leach published the Army of God manual, which advocates the killing of the providers of abortion and contains bomb-making instructions, in the January 1996 issue of his magazine.[46] A Kansas acquaintance of Roeder's, Regina Dinwiddie, told a reporter after Tiller's murder (speaking of Roeder), "I know that he believed in justifiable homicide." Dinwiddie, an anti-abortion militant featured in the 2000 HBO documentary Soldiers in the Army of God, added that she had observed Roeder in 1996 enter Kansas City Planned Parenthood's abortion clinic and ask to talk to the physician there; after staring at him for nearly a minute, Roeder said, "I’ve seen you now," before turning and walking away.[47]

Roeder's former roommate of two years, Eddie Ebecher, who had met Roeder through the Freemen movement in the 1990s, told a reporter after Tiller's murder that he and Roeder had considered themselves members of the Army of God. Ebecher said Roeder was obsessed with Tiller and discussed killing him, but that Ebecher warned him not to do so. Ebecher, who went by the nom de guerre "Wolfgang Anacon," added that he believed Roeder held "high moral convictions in order to carry out this act. I feel that Scott had a burden for all the children being murdered."[48]

In 2007, someone who identified himself as Scott Roeder posted on the website of the anti-abortion group Operation Rescue that, "Tiller is the concentration camp 'Mengele' of our day and needs to be stopped before he and those who protect him bring judgment upon our nation." This was reported by the ADL's Center on Extremism, noting that Roeder called for "the closing of his death camp."[39][40] After Tiller's murder, officials from Operation Rescue, which had long opposed Tiller's abortion practices but denounced his shooting, said Roeder was not a contributor or member of the group.[27] The cell phone number for Operation Rescue's senior policy advisor, convicted clinic bomb plotter Cheryl Sullenger, was found on the dashboard of Scott Roeder's car.[49] At first, Operation Rescue's senior policy advisor Cheryl Sullenger denied any contact with Roeder, saying that her phone number is freely available online. Then, she revised her statements, indicating that Roeder’s interest was in court hearings involving Tiller.

“ He would call and say, 'When does court start? When’s the next hearing?' I was polite enough to give him the information. I had no reason not to. Who knew? Who knew, you know what I mean?[21] ”

Roeder reportedly attended the 2009 trial in which Tiller was acquitted of violating state abortion laws; Roeder called the trial "a sham" and felt the justice system failed in letting Tiller go free. On May 30, one day before Tiller was killed, a worker at a Kansas City clinic told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Roeder had tried gluing the locks of the clinic shut, something Roeder was suspected of doing there before years earlier.[27] The Kansas City Star reported that a man of Roeder's description had glued the locks shut at the Central Family Medicine clinic in Kansas City on May 23 and May 30.[21]

Reactions to Tiller's killing

A June 1, 2009, candlelight vigil in Boston, Massachusetts, for George Tiller.

President Barack Obama said, "I am shocked and outraged by the murder of Dr. George Tiller as he attended church services this morning. However profound our differences as Americans over difficult issues such as abortion, they cannot be resolved by heinous acts of violence."[50]

A number of other organizations also condemned the murder. Cardinal Justin Rigali of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops stated

“ Our bishops' conference and all its members have repeatedly and publicly denounced all forms of violence in our society, including abortion as well as the misguided resort to violence by anyone opposed to abortion. Such killing is the opposite of everything we stand for, and everything we want our culture to stand for: respect for the life of each and every human being from its beginning to its natural end. We pray for Dr. Tiller and his family.[51] ”

Tony Perkins, President of the Family Research Council, condemned the killing, saying,

“ We are stunned at today's news. As Christians we pray and look toward the end of all violence and for the saving of souls, not the taking of human life. George Tiller was a man who we publicly sought to stop through legal and peaceful means. We strongly condemn the actions taken today by this vigilante killer and we pray for the Tiller family and for the nation that we might once again be a nation that values all human life, both born and unborn.[52] ”

The American Jewish Congress stated in a press release that Tiller's murder "exemplifies criminal anarchy, not legitimate protest. Dr. Tiller’s murder was not just a terrible crime against an individual. It was also a crime against our democracy... Murder is not a debating technique. It is never, and must never be, an accepted way of advancing a point of view."[53] The National Council of Jewish Women also condemned the murder, with President Nancy Ratzan stating that "Dr. Tiller devoted his life to ensuring that women did indeed have choices when confronted with an unintended or untenable pregnancy. His murder – his assassination – is intended to terrorize not only all involved with providing abortions but anyone even remotely associated with abortion rights." The Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism also condemned Tiller's murder.[8]

Other reactions included:

“ National Right to Life extends its sympathies to Dr. Tiller’s family over this loss of life. Further, the National Right to Life Committee unequivocally condemns any such acts of violence regardless of motivation. The pro-life movement works to protect the right to life and increase respect for human life. The unlawful use of violence is directly contrary to that goal.[54] ”
“ We are shocked at this morning’s disturbing news that Mr. Tiller was gunned down. Operation Rescue has worked for years through peaceful, legal means, and through the proper channels to see him brought to justice. We denounce vigilantism and the cowardly act that took place this morning. We pray for Mr. Tiller’s family that they will find comfort and healing that can only be found in Jesus Christ.[55] ”
  • Mary Kay Culp, director of Kansans for Life, said that the organization "deplores the murder of Dr. George Tiller, and we wish to express our deep and sincere sympathy to his family and friends. We value life, completely deplore violence, and are shocked and very upset by what happened in Wichita today."[56]
“ George Tiller was a mass-murderer. We grieve for him that he did not have time to properly prepare his soul to face God. I am more concerned that the Obama Administration will use Tiller's killing to intimidate pro-lifers into surrendering our most effective rhetoric and actions. Abortion is still murder. And we still must call abortion by its proper name; murder. Those men and women who slaughter the unborn are murderers according to the Law of God. We must continue to expose them in our communities and peacefully protest them at their offices and homes, and yes, even their churches.[57] ”
  • Wiley Drake, vice-presidential candidate for the America's Independent Party ticket in 2008 and the second vice president of the Southern Baptist Convention in 2006–2007,[58] asked on his radio show, "Would you have rejoiced when Adolf Hitler died during the war? ... I would have said, 'Amen! Praise the Lord! Hallelujah! I'm glad he's dead.' This man, George Tiller, was far greater in his atrocities than Adolf Hitler, so I am happy; I am glad that he is dead."[58][59]
  • Anti-abortion militants The Army of God, a group that promotes "leaderless resistance" as its organizing principle,[60][61] issued a statement calling Tiller's presumed killer an "American hero."[62]
  • Pointing out what he saw as a philosophical problem with "non-violent" right-to-lifism, Reason columnist Jacob Sullum wrote "if you honestly believe abortion is the murder of helpless children, it's hard to see why using deadly force against those who carry it out is immoral, especially since the government refuses to act." William Saletan,[63] Jacob Appel, Colby Cosh,[64] and Damon Linker[65] similarly questioned the pro-life movement's consistency in condemning Tiller's murder.

Some commentators argued that the treatment of the murder, by both the White House and the fourth estate, was absurdly disproportionate.[66][67] The day after the murder, two soldiers were attacked at an Army recruiting centre in Little Rock, Arkansas: one died; the other suffered injuries. Comparing this incident with the Tiller murder, Michelle Malkin wrote,

Tiller's suspected murderer, Scott Roeder, was white, Christian, anti-government, and anti-abortion. The gunman in the military recruiting center attack, Abdul Hakim Mujahid Muhammad, was black, a Muslim convert, anti-military, and anti-American. Both crimes are despicable, cowardly acts of domestic terrorism. But the disparate treatment of the two brutal cases by both the White House and the media is striking.[66]

James Taranto of The Wall Street Journal found fault with this view, claiming that its proponents failed to acknowledge that the crimes were different in nature and, therefore, in public import. Although equally "abhorrent",

in the hierarchy of public significance, assassinations rank higher than hate crimes, which in turn rank higher than "ordinary" murders. The murder of Martin Luther King was bigger news, and is a more important part of history, than any individual lynching, even though both were atrocious crimes spurred by similar ideological motives.[9]

Taranto also felt that the President's sentiments on the cases could be read quite differently: although his condemnation of the Tiller killing was worded far more strongly, it was only to the soldiers and their kin that condolences and sympathy were proffered, in spite of the fact that Tiller's wife was present at her husband's death.[68] "If anything," Taranto opined, the statement was somewhat "cowardly", and the pains to which he went to appease the pro-life school were duly noted.[69]

Another response to Malkin's charge of "disparate treatment of the two brutal cases" has been that the true disparity was the mass media's downplaying of Roeder's Christianity. In this view, major media outlets "relegate Mr. Roeder’s religious motivation to the margins, while all play up Mr. Muhammad’s connections to Islam."[70]

Fox News Channel commentator Bill O'Reilly has also been accused of demonizing Tiller, e.g. calling him "Tiller the Baby Killer".[71] Blogger John McCormack has argued that there is no evidence to support this claim and no evidence to show that O'Reilly condones vigilantism[72] while RJ Eskow has argued that some responsibility may rest with O'Reilly.[73]

On June 9, U.S. Representative Louise Slaughter sponsored a House resolution condemning the murder of Tiller, which was unanimously passed.[74]

Several pro-life groups claimed to have received death threats in the aftermath of the shooting, some of them threatening "vengeance" against the pro-life movement.[75]

Trial of Scott Roeder

On June 2, 2009, the District Attorney of the 18th Judicial District of the State of Kansas filed charges on behalf of the State of Kansas against Scott Roeder consisting of one count first-degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault.[76] A preliminary hearing was held in Wichita on July 28, 2009.[77]

Judge Warren Wilbert ruled on January 8, 2010, that he would allow Roeder's defense team to argue for a voluntary manslaughter conviction, which in Kansas is defined as killing with "an unreasonable but honest belief that circumstances existed that justified deadly force."[78]

Jury selection was scheduled to begin Monday, January 11, 2010, but was delayed after prosecutors challenged the judge's decision to allow the defense to build a case for a lesser charge.[77] Selection proceedings began in closed session on January 12, 2010. Judge Wilbert had ordered jury selection closed to the public and press citing fears jurors would be less than truthful if questioned in public.[79] However, the Kansas State Supreme Court overturned his order, although parts of the questions to individual jurors remained private.

The court heard opening statements on January 22, 2010.[80]

The defense had asked the court to hear the testimony of the former Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline and Barry Disney, a current member of that office. Both had previously tried to convict Tiller of providing illegal late-term abortions. The judge, however, upon previewing the testimony of Kline, disallowed his testimony pointing out such abortions are legal in Kansas and citing the possibility of prejudicing the jury.[81]

Scott Roeder took the stand in his own defense on January 28, 2010. At the outset, he admitted to killing Tiller, defending his act as an attempt to save unborn children and giving his views on abortion. Under questioning by his attorney, he attempted to describe abortion practices in detail but was repeatedly halted by objections based on his lack of medical expertise.[77]

Following Roeder's testimony on the stand, Judge Wilbert ruled that the jury would not have the voluntary manslaughter option.[82]

On January 29, 2010, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all three charges after less than 40 minutes of deliberation.[83]

On April 1, 2010, in Wichita, Kansas, Sedgwick County District Judge Warren Wilbert sentenced Roeder to a "Hard 50", meaning no possibility of parole for 50 years, for the murder of Tiller, the maximum sentence available in Kansas.[15]

Television references

Main article: Dignity (Law & Order episode)

Tiller's assassination inspired an episode entitled Dignity in the television legal drama Law & Order. In that episode, an anti-abortion activist murdered a doctor who performed late-term abortions in New York. The defense said it was a justifiable homicide, since the murderer did it in order to prevent the doctor from performing a late-term abortion in a specific woman, hence, he did it in defense of another human being. In the end, the jury decided that the defendant was guilty of murder in the first degree. The episode was notable for its extensive use of mainstream pro-life rhetoric, which surprised both pro-life and pro-choice observers alike.[84]

See also

References

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  47. ^ Thomas, Judy L. (May 31, 2009). "Suspect in Tiller's death supported killing abortion providers, friends say". Kansas City Star. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/69151.html. Retrieved June 4, 2009. 
  48. ^ "Slaying suspect 'obsessed' with Kansas doctor, ex-roommate says". CNN. June 4, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/06/04/kansas.doctor.killed/. Retrieved June 5, 2009. 
  49. ^ Kendall, Justin (June 1, 2009). "Phone number found inside car of man suspected of killing George Tiller belongs to woman who plotted 1988 clinic bombing". The Pitch. http://blogs.pitch.com/plog/2009/06/inside_the_car_of_the.php. Retrieved June 4, 2009. 
  50. ^ "Barack Obama shocked by abortion doctor shooting". The Daily Telegraph (UK). June 1, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/5418993/Barack-Obama-shocked-by-abortion-doctor-shooting.html. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
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  52. ^ "FRC Condemns the Murder of George Tiller". Family Research Council. May 31, 2009. http://www.frc.org/pressrelease/frc-condemns-the-murder-of-george-tiller. Retrieved June 3, 2009. 
  53. ^ Statement of the American Jewish Congress Killing of Dr. George Tiller "Criminal Anarchy" and a Crime Against Democracy, American Jewish Congress, Press Release, June 1, 2009.
  54. ^ "National Right to Life condemns the killing of Dr. George Tiller". National Right to Life Committee. May 31, 2009. http://www.nrlc.org/press_releases_new/Release053109.html. Retrieved June 3, 2009. 
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  67. ^ McCormak, John. "Obama Quietly Issues Statement on Terrorist Attack in Arkansas". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/06/obama_quietly_issues_statement_1.asp. 
  68. ^ Obama's statement on the Arkansas attack read thus: "I am deeply saddened by this senseless act of violence against two brave young soldiers who were doing their part to strengthen our armed forces and keep our country safe. I would like to wish Quinton Ezeagwula a speedy recovery, and to offer my condolences and prayers to William Long's family as they mourn the loss of their son."
  69. ^ "Two Murders, Two Statements"
  70. ^ Mathewson, Dan (June 5, 2009). "Muslims Murder, Christians Don’t: What Went Missing in Analysis of Tiller’s Executioner". Religion Dispatches. http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/religiousright/1533/muslims_murder%2C_christians_don%E2%80%99t%3A_what_went_missing_in_analysis_of_tiller%E2%80%99s_executioner. Retrieved June 13, 2009. 
  71. ^ Goodman, Amy (June 7, 2009). "Dr. George Tiller Didn't Have to Die". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-goodman/dr-george-tiller-didnt-ha_b_212362.html. Retrieved June 9, 2009. 
  72. ^ McCormak, John. "The Campaign to Blame O'Reilly for Tiller's Death". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/06/the_campaign_to_blame_oreilly.asp. 
  73. ^ Eskow, RJ (June 2, 2009). "Freedom, Speech, and Consequences: O'Reilly and Accountability". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rj-eskow/freedom-speech-and-conseq_b_210575.html. Retrieved June 9, 2009. 
  74. ^ Slaughter, Louise (June 9, 2009). "Tolerance is Always Superior to Intolerance". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-louise-slaughter/tolerance-is-always-super_b_213438.html. Retrieved June 9, 2009. 
  75. ^ Kansas pro-life groups receiving death threats after Tiller's murder. Catholic News Agency
  76. ^ Find Law (June 2, 2009). "Kansas Murder Charges Against Scott Roeder". http://news.findlaw.com/wsj/docs/abortion/kansas-roeder60209murder.html. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  77. ^ a b c AP TIME in partnership with CNN (January 28, 2010). "Defendant Testifies Abortion-Doctor Kill". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1957340,00.html. Retrieved January 30, 2010. [dead link]
  78. ^ Guarino, Mark (January 22, 2010). "Abortion in spotlight with Roe v. Wade anniversary, Kansas trial". Fox News. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0122/Abortion-in-spotlight-with-Roe-v.-Wade-anniversary-Kansas-trial. Retrieved December 4, 2010. 
  79. ^ The Wichita Eagle (January 13, 2010). "Roeder Guilty of Murdering Abortion Provider". 
  80. ^ PBS NEWSHOUR (January 22, 2010). "News Wrap: Biden Visits Iraq to Quash Election Dispute". http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/north_america/jan-june10/newswrap_01-22.html. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  81. ^ Mike Hendricks (January 28, 2010). "Hendricks: Thankfully, no Kline testimony in Roeder trial". The Star: Kansas City.com. http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/?q=node/21166. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  82. ^ James, Hart (January 29, 2010). "Closing arguments coming in Roeder trial". Kansas City Star. http://blogs.kansascity.com/crime_scene/2010/01/closing-arguments-coming-in-roeder-trial.html. Retrieved December 5, 2010. 
  83. ^ Thomas, Judy L. (January 29, 2010). "Roeder trial: Judge rules out manslaughter option". Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/679/story/1713378.html. 
  84. ^ Is Hollywood tipping pro-life?

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