National Organization for Women

National Organization for Women

Founder(s)	28 men and women, including Betty Friedan, Pauli Murray, and Shirley Chisholm
Type	501(c)(3)
Founded	1966
Location	Washington, District of Columbia
Key people	Terry O'Neill, President; Bonnie Grabenhoffer, Executive Vice-President; Allendra Letsome, Membership Vice-President; Erin Matson, Action Vice-President[1]
Focus	Women's rights, feminism, racism/anti-racism, homophobia and gay rights, reproductive rights[2]
Motto	"Taking Action for Women's Equality Since 1966"
Website	NOW.org

The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.^[3]

Background

NOW was founded on June 30, 1966, in Washington, D.C., by 28 women and men attending the Third National Conference of the Commission on the Status of Women, the successor to the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. It had been three years since the Commission reported findings of women being discriminated against. However, the 1966 Conference delegates were prohibited by the administration's rules for the conference from even passing resolutions recommending that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination.

The founders included Betty Friedan, the author of The Feminine Mystique (1963), Rev. Pauli Murray, the first African-American female Episcopal priest, and Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to run for president of the United States of America. The movement spawned by Friedan's book is embodied in NOW, the National Organization for Women, which works to secure political, professional, and educational equality for women. Founded in 1966 with Betty Friedan acting as an organizer, NOW is a public voice for equal rights for women. It has been extremely effective in enacting rhetorical strategies that have brought about concrete changes in laws and policies that enlarge women's opportunities and protect their rights.^[4]

During the 1970s feminist leaders promoted the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. After Congress approved the amendment in 1972, it was quickly ratified by 28 states, and its passage seemed assured. However, a Stop ERA campaign, led by Phyllis Schlafly, crushed the progress of the legislation. By 1973, of the needed 38 states, 35 had ratified the amendment, but no remaining state would ratify the ERA.^[5]

The organization remains active in lobbying legislatures and media outlets on feminist issues.

Statement of purpose

Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote the organization's Statement of Purpose^[6] in 1966 (the original was scribbled on a napkin by Friedan). The statement described the purpose of NOW as "To take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men."

The current membership brochure paraphrases and expands upon the above excerpt to read: "Our purpose is to take action to bring women into full participation in society—sharing equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities with men, while living free from discrimination." This brochure also states: "NOW is one of the few multi-issue progressive organizations in the United States. NOW stands against all oppression, recognizing that racism, sexism and homophobia are interrelated, that other forms of oppression such as classism and ableism work together with these three to keep power and privilege concentrated in the hands of a few."^[7]

NOW's Top Six Priority Issues

The six core issues that NOW addresses are abortion rights/reproductive issues, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity/ending racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice.^[8]

Additional Issues

NOW also works on: affirmative action, disability rights, family law, fighting the radical right, global feminism, health and body image, immigration, judicial nominations, marriage equality, media activism, mothers/caregivers economic rights, peace, Title IX/education, welfare, promoting women-friendly workplaces, women in the military, young feminist programs and more.^[9]

Justice for immigrant women: NOW supports "real 'immigration reform' legislation that provides a path to citizenship, promotes the reunification of families, includes protections against exploitation in the workplace, and doesn't include fences, walls or border prisons." ^[10]The organization opposes Arizona's effort to discourage illegal immigration through SB 1070, and claims that "Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arapaio has been terrorizing [undocumented immigrants] by profiling, arresting and deporting the undocumented." NOW calls SB 1070 "cruel and unconstitutional" and officially supports the lawsuit filed against Arizona by the ACLU.^[11]

Global issues: According to NOW's bylaws, NOW's primary focus is on domestic American issues; however, NOW does some work on other issues of importance to women and children globally. These issues include genocide in Africa. NOW is also a coalition member with other feminist groups whose mission is global feminism.^[12]

Structure and chapters

The membership, meeting yearly in conference, is the supreme governing body of NOW. NOW draws its broad grassroots strength from a nationwide network of local chapters, which are chartered by national NOW and which engage in a wide variety of action programs in their communities.^[13][14] There are also various state organizations, which serve to develop and provide resources to local chapters, as well as coordinate statewide activities.

The national level of the organization is led by four elected national officers, by the national Board of Directors, and by national issues committees. These national leaders are responsible for implementing policy as formulated by the annual National Conference, for coordinating national actions, and for providing membership services.^[15] NOW has had ten national presidents, beginning with Betty Friedan in 1966. Terry O'Neill, the currently serving national president, was elected in 2009.

Presidents

The following women have led the National Organization for Women;

1. Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
2. Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
3. Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
4. Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
5. Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
6. Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
7. Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
8. Molly Yard (1987–1991)
9. Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
10. Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
11. Terry O'Neill (2009– )

Alumnae and alumni

Among past leaders and notables at various organizational levels of NOW are Ti-Grace Atkinson, Ernesta Drinker Ballard, Rita Mae Brown, Shirley Chisholm, Kathryn F. Clarenbach, Mary Daly, Warren Farrell, Caroline Davis, Karen DeCrow, Rosemary Dempsey, Betty Friedan, Sonia Pressman Fuentes, Kim Gandy, Judy Goldsmith, Wilma Scott Heide, Aileen Hernandez, Shere Hite, Phineas Indritz, Patricia Ireland, Florynce "Flo" Kennedy, Phyllis Lyon, Del Martin, Kate Millett, Virginia "Ginny" Montes, Pauli Murray, Irma Newmark, Sylvia Roberts, Barbara Seaman, Eleanor Smeal, Jean Witter, and Molly Yard. Some were Presidents; some served in other capacities. In addition, NOW has given awards to women recognizing work outside of NOW and many others, who may be well-known elsewhere, have been members and contributors.

Third-party explorations

In Cincinnati, Ohio, at its 1989 convention on July 23, NOW delegates questioned the merits of the two-party system and broached the idea of forming a third party.

The same convention issued a "Declaration of Women's Political Independence." An exploratory commission was formed for the possibilities of amending the United States Constitution to include freedom from sexual discrimination, the right to a decent standard of living, the right to clean air, clean water and environmental protections, and the right to be free from violence.

The commission was chaired by former NOW president Eleanor Smeal. A month earlier, NOW launched a Commission for Responsive Democracy, which included Smeal, John Anderson, Toney Anaya, Barry Commoner, and Dee Berry.

ERA and CEA

Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex," remains a priority for the organization, as stated in their platform. During their 1995 conference, NOW also wrote and adopted their own constitutional amendment that would cover all of NOW's programs of reform, including abortion, lesbian and gay rights, affirmative action, etc., and labeled it the Constitutional Equality Amendment.

Although NOW has given moral support to attempts to ratify the ERA, they also continue to support the CEA as part of their official platform.

The Constitutional Equality Amendment, which has not been introduced into any session of Congress, reads;

1. Women and men shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place and entity subject to its jurisdiction; through this article, the subordination of women to men is abolished;
2. All persons shall have equal rights and privileges without discrimination on account of sex, race, sexual orientation, marital status, ethnicity, national origin, color or indigence;
3. This article prohibits pregnancy discrimination and guarantees the absolute right of a woman to make her own reproductive decisions including the termination of pregnancy;
4. This article prohibits discrimination based upon characteristics unique to or stereotypes about any class protected under this article. This article also prohibits discrimination through the use of any facially neutral criteria which have a disparate impact based on membership in a class protected under this article.
5. This article does not preclude any law, program or activity that would remedy the effects of discrimination and that is closely related to achieving such remedial purposes;
6. This article shall be interpreted under the highest standard of judicial review;
7. The United States and the several states shall guarantee the implementation and enforcement of this article.

Historical timeline

Timeline^[16]

Year	NOW Timeline
1966 (June)	National Organization for Women (NOW) is established by a group of women, including Betty Friedan, Pauli Murray, and Muriel Fox who meet to discuss alternative action strategies during the Third Annual Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women in Washington, DC. Friedan famously writes the acronym NOW on a paper napkin. NOW holds its founding conference. Betty Friedan is elected president and Kay Clarenbach, chair of the board. Aileen Hernandez is elected executive vice president in absentia; Richard Graham, vice president; and Caroline Davis, secretary-treasurer. NOW sets up seven task forces: Equal Opportunity of Employment, Legal and Political Rights, Education, Women in Poverty, The Family, Image of Women, and Women and Religion. NOW officers and members begin petitioning the EEOC for public hearings on its advertising guidelines and pressuring the Commission to enforce its prohibition against sex discrimination. NOW officers and 35 members file a formal petition with the EEOC for hearings to amend regulations on sex-segregated "Help Wanted" ads.
1967	At its second national conference, NOW adopts passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), the repeal of all abortion laws, and publicly funded child care among its goals in a "Bill of Rights for Women." NOW is the first national organization to endorse the legalization of abortion. NOW's National Board adopts bylaws providing for the establishment of chapters and establishing the national conference as the supreme governing body of the organization. In May, the EEOC holds hearings on sex discrimination in employment ads as a result of NOW's 1966 petition. NOW members demonstrate at EEOC field offices across the country in protest of EEOC's failure to end sex-segregated "Help Wanted" advertising. In December, four NYC newspapers, including The New York Times, "de-sexigrate" their Help Wanted ads.
1968	NOW chapters around the country demonstrate at facilities that deny admittance or service to women, demanding equal treatment of women in all public accommodations. NOW boycotts Colgate-Palmolive products and demonstrates for five days in front of the company's NYC headquarters, protesting company rules that kept women out of top-paying jobs with a prohibition against lifting more than 35 pounds. In November, NOW member Shirley Chisholm becomes the first African American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
1969	On February 9, NOW proclaims "Public Accommodations Week" and holds national actions at "men only" restaurants, bars, and public transportation. A month before, the U.S. Court of Appeals rules in favor of EEOC guidelines prohibiting sex-segregated job advertising. In March, NOW attorney Sylvia Roberts (later NOW's Southern Regional Director, from Baton Rouge, LA) argues the first sex discrimination case appealed under Title VII. Roberts argues in the U.S. Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit that it was sex discrimination for Lorena Weeks, a secretary, to be restricted from higher-paying employment as a "switchman" because of a 30-pound lifting limit. Weeks entered the courtroom with her typewriter, which she was regularly required to lift and move—yes, it weighed more than 30 pounds. The court later rules in Weeks v. Southern Bell that the weight limitation rule for women violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. NOW holds a week-long action called "Freedom for Women Week" at the White House, beginning on Mother's Day. Demonstrators call for "Rights, Not Roses." NOW chapters work to establish women's studies courses, beginning at universities in California and Michigan and at Princeton University.
1970	The NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund is incorporated as a separate national 501(c)(3) organization for the provision of legal advocacy for women's rights. In 2004 the LDEF changed its name to Legal Momentum. In February, about 20 NOW members, led by Wilma Scott Heide and Jean Witter, disrupt the Senate hearings on the 18-year-old vote to demand hearings on the Equal Rights Amendment. At a signal from Heide, the women rise and unfold posters they had concealed in their purses. NOW establishes a Federal Compliance Committee to press for enforcement of federal equal opportunity laws requiring that federal contractors not discriminate against women. NOW files a sex discrimination complaint with the Office of Federal Contract Compliance against 1,300 corporations for failing to file affirmative action plans for hiring women. NOW organizes a "Women's Strike for Equality" on the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment, with actions in more than 90 cities and towns in 40 states. Fifty thousand women march on Fifth Avenue in New York. In August, after an intense campaign by NOW, the House passes the ERA by a vote of 350-15.
1970–71	NOW campaigns for the Comprehensive Child Care Act, sponsored in the Senate by Walter Mondale and Jacob Javits, and in the House by Shirley Chisholm and Bella Abzug; NOW lobbies the comprehensive legislation through both houses of Congress, but it is vetoed by President Richard Nixon, who calls it the "Sovietization of American children." NOW protests the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's failure to deal with discrimination complaints against universities, and work begins on what will eventually become Title IX. NOW petitions the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to have women included in affirmative action programs for radio and television ownership and employment. NOW stages nationwide demonstrations protesting AT&T's discriminatory practices towards women, thus beginning a campaign that will last several years and end in massive back pay for women who had been excluded. NOW adopts a resolution recognizing that lesbian rights are "a legitimate concern of feminism."
1972	NOW endorses Shirley Chisholm, a NOW member, in the democratic primary. Chisholm is the first African American woman to run for President, and NOW's first presidential endorsement. NOW organizes a national campaign to pass a law guaranteeing women and girls equal educational opportunities, including higher education admissions and athletic participation. In June, Congress passes the Education Amendments of 1972, which includes Title IX, a guarantee of equal educational opportunities including sports.
1972–1982	After the Senate passes the ERA 84-8, NOW leads ERA ratification campaigns in all 50 states. By 1977, 35 of the necessary 38 states have ratified the amendment.
1973	Roe v. Wade invalidates all state laws that restrict abortion in the first three months of pregnancy, grounding the decision on the right to privacy, and permits second trimester regulations only to protect the woman's health. NOW chapters begin escorting patients into the newly established clinics, which are already being picketed. The NOW Task Force on Rape is created to set up Rape Crisis Centers and hotlines across the country; NOW begins campaigns to redefine rape as a crime of violence. NOW establishes the Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism. Conceived by NOW, August 26, the anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, is declared Women's Equality Day by Congress and the President. In June, after a five-year campaign by NOW and more than three years of litigation of the NOW complaint, the U.S. Supreme Court rules to prohibit sex-segregated employment advertisements. NOW organizes the International Feminist Planning Conference in Massachusetts.
1974	NOW passes resolutions calling for the impeachment of Richard Nixon. In September, President Gerald Ford meets with NOW President Karen DeCrow and other women leaders. NOW helps defeat a proposal by the NCAA to narrow the scope of Title IX; the Educational Equity Act passes Congress after pressure from NOW and other feminist organizations.
1975	NOW calls all members to the streets to protest violence against women and to "claim the night and the streets as ours"—the first Take Back the Night actions. Congress opens U.S. military academies to women, and NOW pushes for an immediate effective date. In October, NOW sponsors "Alice Doesn't Day," a women's strike, to draw attention to the many unnoticed services women provide. NOW Media Task Force testifies against funding of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting due to its poor record on women's rights.
1976	NOW opens its Action Center in Washington, D.C. and projects its first $1 million budget. NOW continues its campaign for ERA ratification. The NOW Task Force on Battered Women is established.
1977	At the historic Houston Women's Conference, led by NOW President Eleanor Smeal, activists pass a controversial lesbian rights plank despite opposition by conference organizers. Betty Friedan speaks in favor of the plank. The conference's final Plan of Action echoes NOW's "Bill of Rights" proposed a decade earlier. NOW adopts bylaws establishing regional election of board members and delegated National Conferences to elect full-time salaried national officers. In August, NOW organizes the first ERA march, demanding that President Jimmy Carter take action to ratify the ERA. Four thousand people attend. Days later, ERA walkathons on Women's Equality Day across the country raise $150,000 for the NOW ERA Strike Force. After considerable debate, NOW conference delegates resolve to form the Political Action Committee to influence the election of feminists to office.
1978	In June, NOW members demonstrate across the country on Gay Freedom Day. In July, NOW organizes over 100,000 people to march down Constitution Avenue to the Capitol and demand an extension of the ERA ratification deadline. The House and Senate vote to extend the ratification deadline from 1979 until 1982, which was only half of the seven years' extension that was requested, contributing to the defeat of the amendment. NOW continues to boycott states that have not ratified the ERA, gaining the support of 321 organizations and 35 cities and counties. NOW is sued by John Ashcroft, Missouri's attorney general, claiming the ERA boycott is unlawful; NOW prevails, establishing the right to use a boycott for the purpose of petitioning the government. NOW helps pass the Rape Shield Law, protecting the privacy of rape survivors by preventing cross-examination into the woman's prior sexual history. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, drafted by NOW founder Phineas Indritz, ends employment discrimination based on pregnancy, requiring that it be treated as any temporary disability by employers who are covered by Title VII.
1979	NOW testifies in Congress against restrictions on abortion funding for military personnel and dependents. NOW unites with other organizations to counter a lobbying effort to limit Title IX. NOW launches a new National ERA Campaign; action teams are set up in ratified states to prevent rescission. NOW activists defeat ERA rescission efforts in 13 states. NOW Minority Women's Committee organizes the conference "Racism and Sexism—A Shared Struggle for Equal Rights," in Washington , D.C.
1980	The NOW conference adopts an affirmative action bylaw, reserving a minimum number of board seats for women of color. Over 90,000 ERA supporters gather in Chicago for a march coordinated by NOW. The NOW delegation fights to pass the strongest ERA and abortion-rights planks in history at the 1980 Democratic Convention over the objections of the eventual party nominee, incumbent president Jimmy Carter. NOW announces opposition to the draft, but states that if there is a draft, NOW supports the inclusion of women on the same basis as men.
1981	Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed to the US Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan. NOW President Eleanor Smeal testifies in favor of her appointment. NOW launches a nationwide campaign to stop the Human Life Amendment, which would prohibit all abortions and ban the use of some contraceptive pills and IUDs. State and local chapters across the country organize to counter pro-life legislation. ERA Countdown Campaign Offices are opened nationwide, and rallies around the country occur to kick off the campaign. The "Last Walk for ERA" raises close to a million dollars.
1982	The ERA falls three states short of ratification. Supporters continue to reintroduce it in every session of Congress thereafter. On Women's Equality Day, NOW's PACs launch a $3,000,000 fundraising drive for fall state and congressional elections as part of their ERA vow to "Remember in November."
1983	NOW activists defeat almost all pro-life bills introduced in state legislatures this year. The U.S. Supreme Court rules 6-3 that government cannot prevent a woman from obtaining an abortion, unless it is clearly justified by "accepted medical practice." With other leading civil rights groups, NOW is a lead organizer of the 20th anniversary march commemorating the 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" march. At NOW's urging, Equality is added to the march theme, making it a march for Peace, Justice, and Equality. NOW leads a successful campaign to reinstate the canceled TV series Cagney and Lacey starring Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless, which was the first to portray female police officers and strong role models for women. NOW endorses the Economic Equity Act. NOW chapters nationwide participate in a "National Day of Protest" against Allstate Insurance for alleged employment discrimination.
1984	NOW makes its second presidential endorsement, supporting women's rights champion Walter Mondale, former Vice President, in the Democratic primary. With NOW's urging of a "Woman VP NOW," Mondale selects Geraldine Ferraro for Vice President. NOW campaigns nationwide for Mondale/Ferraro. NOW's first Lesbian Rights Conference is held in Milwaukee, WI. 1984 NOW chapters around the country picket Republican Party offices in protest of President Reagan's pro-life leadership, carrying out publicity campaigns with Women's Truth Squads. NOW pickets the White House and demands an end to abortion-related violence.
1984–1988	NOW works to pass the Civil Rights Restoration Act, reversing Supreme Court cases that limited federal laws combating discrimination based on gender, race, age, and disability.
1985	NOW chapters conduct round-the-clock vigils in 30 abortion clinics in 18 states to guard against potential violence; NOW activists continue to provide clinic escort services for patients. In June, NOW organizes a national march in D.C. and "Witness for Women's Lives" rallies in 13 cities protesting the Catholic leadership's opposition to abortion and contraception.
1986	NOW organizes first East/West Coast March for Women's Lives, drawing 125,000 demonstrators to Washington, DC and 30,000 to Los Angeles, despite torrential rains. NOW Foundation is formed as the tax-deductible litigation, education, and advocacy arm of NOW. NOW files a federal civil suit in Delaware against Joseph Scheidler, the Pro-Life Action League, and other groups charged with violence against abortion clinics, alleging violation of antitrust and other federal laws.
1987	NOW convenes first conference on Women of Color and Reproductive Freedom, followed by regional conferences. NOW launches "The Great American Mother's Day Write-In" to counter the opponents of the Family and Medical Leave Act. NOW's "Campaign to Free Sharon Kowalski," successfully brings attention to the rights of lifetime partners in making medical decisions for each other. NOW participates in organizing the National Gay and Lesbian Rights March that drew hundreds of thousands to DC. NOW unites with the NAACP and others to coordinate a "Jobs with Justice" march in Texas.
1988	NOW holds its second Lesbian Rights Conference in San Diego, California. Congress overrides President Reagan's veto to pass the Civil Rights Restoration Act, for which NOW fought. The act restored Title IX equal education laws, which had been effectively suspended since the 1984 Grove City v. Bell decision in the Supreme Court. NOW begins long battle with Operation Rescue, defending clinics across the country from blockades and suing (and eventually bankrupting) leader Randall Terry for breaking the law.
1989	NOW's second March for Women's Lives brings a record-setting 500,000 marchers to the National Mall to influence the Supreme Court's consideration of reversing Roe v. Wade. After Supreme Court decisions strike down many anti-discrimination laws, NOW helps draft a new Civil Rights Act which passes in 1991, expanding the right of a person to money damages and jury trials for sex discrimination and sexual harassment. In November, NOW organizes another 350,000 people for a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial; the "Mobilization for Women's Lives" is an unprecedented second mass action in a single year.
1990–1994	NOW lobbies for four years to pass the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which is signed in 1994 with an unprecedented $1.6 billion dollar budget for violence prevention and services.
1990	NOW's Freedom Caravan for Women's Lives begins state tours to recruit feminist candidates.
1991	After employees are fired based on sexual orientation, NOW demands fair hiring practices at Cracker Barrel Country Stores. NOW's National Conference in New York includes a march and rally of more than 7,500 people to protest the "gag rule." Congress votes to overturn the Bush Administration's "gag rule" that barred federally financed family planning clinics from giving women information about abortion, but Bush vetoes the legislation and the House does not have enough votes to override. NOW chapters nationwide protest at Bush administration speaking events. NOW's WomenElect 2000 campaign helps recruit dozens of candidates advocating legal abortion for the Louisiana legislature, which had just passed a restrictive worst abortion bill. NOW participates in a march for peace in the Middle East. After two years of intense lobbying, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 finally passes Congress with jury trials and money damages for sex discrimination, but recovery of punitive damages is capped at $250,000 in order to prevent a Bush veto.
1992	NOW's 25th Anniversary celebration includes a Global Feminist Conference that attracts women leaders from around the world. NOW's third March for Women's Lives sets a record for the largest civil rights demonstration in the US to date, with 750,000 marching. NOW chapters and National NOW participate in efforts throughout the year to defend clinics. To begin a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience, NOW and the Feminist Majority organize an illegal speak-out in front of the White House to protest the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey. NOW runs "Elect Women for a Change" campaigns in several states, helping feminist candidates to win congressional, state, and local primaries. The founding convention of the 21st Century Party takes place in DC.
1993	Dr. David Gunn, an abortion provider, is murdered in Pensacola. NOW demands that the Clinton administration assign a multi-agency task force to identify and prosecute the perpetrators of this and other ongoing abortion-related violence. NOW demands that newly elected President Bill Clinton and Congress support a ban on discrimination against lesbians and gay men in the military. A Texas school reverses a decision to ban pregnant girls from the cheerleading squad after NOW threatens to file a lawsuit.
1994	The U.S. Supreme Court in NOW v. Scheidler unanimously upholds NOW's right to use the RICO anti-racketeering law against those coordinating violence against abortion clinics.
1995	NOW delegates at the ERA Summit adopt outline of an expanded amendment calling for full Constitutional Equality. NOW brings over 250,000 people to D.C. to rally against Violence Against Women, pressuring the Newt Gingrich-led Congress to release VAWA funding.
1996	NOW's Women Friendly Workplace campaign names Mitsubishi Motors, where race and sex discrimination and harassment were rampant, its first NOW Merchant of Shame. NOW launches "Hungry for Justice," a 17-day hunger strike in front of the White House to pressure President Bill Clinton to veto the punitive welfare "reform" bill that had just passed Congress and would increase poverty among U.S. women and children. NOW "comes out" in favor of same-sex marriage rights. NOW adopts a resolution criticizing the fathers' rights movement.[17]
1997	NOW pressures Congress to pass the Domestic Violence Option that would allow states to grant women escaping violence exemptions from punitive new welfare reform provisions. NOW National Conference resolution supports recognition of transgender oppression and calls for education on the rights of transgender people.
1998	After 12 years of litigation, NOW wins a unanimous jury verdict against Joseph Scheidler, Operation Rescue, and others under the RICO anti-racketeering law; a nationwide injunction against abortion-related violence follows. NOW campaigns for legislation to put teeth into the Equal Pay Act of 1963, allowing compensatory and punitive damages and making it easier to bring class action lawsuits. After years of lobbying, NOW allies in Congress add sex, sexual orientation, and disability to federal hate crimes legislation. NOW holds its first Women of Color and Allies Summit, during which activists support equal wages for women janitors in the U.S. Capitol.
1999	NOW and NOW Foundation host the third Lesbian Rights Summit. NOW forms a Family Law committee, recognizing the impact of family courts on women's lives, and challenges the agenda of the spreading "fathers' rights" movement. Fortune 500 Project launched as part of NOW's Women-Friendly Workplace Campaign.
2000	The NOW conference endorses multiple strategies aimed at achieving ratification of a constitutional equal rights amendment. NOW organizes the U.S. event of the World March of Women in October[18]]; during the same weekend, the NOW Foundation hosts the Women's International Symposium on Health (WISH). NOW activists across the country campaign against the election of George W. Bush as president. NOW PAC supports the election of feminists across the country, increasing feminists' representation in the Congress.
2001	NOW declares a state of emergency and organizes the "Emergency Action for Women's Lives" in D.C. to call attention to the Bush Administration's pro-life agenda, including one of his first acts as president: reinstating the Global Gag Rule, which cut off funding provided by taxpayers to international family-planning organizations advocating the legality of or performing abortions. Following the September 11 attacks, NOW joins labor and civil rights advocacy organizations and speaks out for low-wage workers and calls for a real "economic stimulus" package, including extending unemployment and health insurance for laid off workers. NOW calls for lifting the time limit on benefits for welfare recipients in light of the massive layoffs in the service sector. NOW immediately begins opposing Bush's judicial nominees who oppose the organization.
2002	NOW releases report "Our Courts at Risk" and is one of the first groups to press for a filibuster strategy to prevent Roe v. Wade from being overturned. Bush administration sets forth "marriage initiatives" affecting women on welfare, and NOW campaigns for their defeat with op-eds, letters to the editor, and grassroots lobbying. NOW Launches "The Truth About George" campaign and website, a public information campaign designed to keep the public eye trained on what it sees as the Bush administration's poor track record on women's rights, civil liberties, judicial nominees, the environment, the economy, and protections for the elderly and the poor.
2002–2006	NOW's Women Friendly Workplace Campaign names Wal-Mart a Merchant of Shame because of alleged sex discrimination policies in hiring, pay, and promotions. NOW chapters picket local stores for four years.
2002	The Federal Marriage Amendment is introduced in Congress; NOW lobbies against the FMA and continues campaigning for legal recognition of same-sex couples.
2003	NOW endorses Carol Moseley Braun, the second African-American woman to run for U.S. President. NOW launches a campaign to pressure the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to sell emergency contraception over the counter and to restrict the availability of dangerous silicone gel breast implants. NOW is a lead organizer and speaker for the 40th anniversary of the 1963 Martin Luther King March on Washington. The NOW Foundation hosts the Women with Disabilities and Allies Summit to draw attention and educate activists on disability rights and accessibility issues.
2004	NOW organizes a campaign to expose threats posed to women by the Bush administration's proposed privatization of Social Security. NOW is a lead organizer of the massive March for Women's Lives in Washington, DC. With 1.15 million marchers, it was the largest civil rights march in US history. NOW launches its formal Equal Marriage Campaign and committee, and hosts the Equal Marriage coalition meetings at the NOW Action Center. Information Kits are delivered to every member of Congress and chapters receive brochures and organizing materials. NOW Foundation undertakes campaigns to register voters, particularly women voters, achieving over 7 million voter contacts.
2005	NOW protests the Justice Department's "medical guidelines" for treating rape survivors that fail to mention emergency contraception, a standard precaution against pregnancy after rape. The second NOW Women of Color and Allies Summit draws hundreds of women to draft an action plan to empower and energize women of color. NOW declares a state of emergency upon the resignation of Sandra Day O'Connor, holding a rally and demonstration the following day to demand that O'Connor's replacement be supportive of women's rights and civil rights. NOW establishes an advisory committee on Mothers and Caregivers Economic Rights.
2006	NOW's "Enraged and Engaged" campaign brings activists from across the country to fight the nomination of Samuel Alito to replace O'Connor on the Supreme Court. In April, NOW is a lead organizer of the huge antiwar march in New York City, the March for Peace, Justice and Democracy, as part of their ongoing "Peace is a Feminist Issue" campaign in opposition to war in the Middle East. NOW opposes immigration reform measures and participates in national immigrants' rights marches in New York and Washington, DC.
2007	In February, the Supreme Court rejects NOW's racketeering lawsuit against Joseph Scheidler, Operation Rescue, and others, and directs the lower court to invalidate the nationwide injunction that has protected clinics across the country for 7 years. NOW celebrates "Forty Fearless Years" at the national conference in Albany, New York, which includes a Young Feminist Summit and a tribute to NOW's founders and past presidents.
2008	On September 16, NOW endorses Barack Obama for president. NOW had originally endorsed Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton for president during the Democratic Party Primary. NOW also made it known that they would not support Sarah Palin, the running mate of Obama's Republican counterpart, John McCain.

See also

• Feminism
• List of Presidents of the National Organization for Women
• List of Woman of Courage Award Winners

References

1. ^ National Organization for Women (NOW) officers
2. ^ NOW - Who We Are
3. ^ "Information about NOW." National Organization for Women. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
4. ^ Wood, Julia T. (2005). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and Culture (6th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0534636152. 
5. ^ Wood, Julia T. (2005). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and Culture (6th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. p. 84. ISBN 0534636152. 
6. ^ Statement of Purpose
7. ^ "About NOW". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/about.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
8. ^ "Key Issues". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/issues/. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
9. ^ "NOW Key Issues". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/issues/. Retrieved 2011-08-26. 
10. ^ "NOW and Justice for Immigrant Women". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/issues/diverse/immigration.html. Retrieved 2011-08-26. 
11. ^ "NOW Supports Protests Against Arizona Immigration Law; Measure Will "Push Already Vulnerable Families Past The Breaking Point"". National Organization for Women. May 28, 2010. http://www.now.org/press/05-10/05-28az.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
12. ^ "National Council of Women's Organizations". National Council of Women's Organizations. http://www.womensorganizations.org/. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
13. ^ "Conference information". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/conference. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
14. ^ "Find a NOW Chapter Near You". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/chapters/. Retrieved 2010-10-31.  local chapters]
15. ^ "NOW Officers". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/officers. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
16. ^ "History of NOW". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/history. Retrieved 2010-11-02. 
17. ^ "NOW Action Alert on "Father's Rights"". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/organization/conference/1996/resoluti.html#alert. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
18. ^ "World March of Women 2000 Global Efforts Culminate at U.S. Action in Washington, D.C.". National Organization for Women. 2000-10-12. http://www.now.org/press/10-00/10-12-00.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 

External links

• National Organization for Women, Official website
• All NOW Chapters
• National Organization for Women Records.
• FBI file on NOW
• Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
• The National Organization for Women. Philadelphia Chapter Records, 1968-1977, including newsletters, publications and various records from the National, Pennsylvania and Chapter offices, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• National Organization for Women. Washington D.C. Chapter and Capitol Hill Chapter Records, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
• A Guide to the San Antonio Chapter of the National Organization for Women Records, 1970-1998.
• A Guide to the Texas Chapter of the National Organization for Women Records,1978-1999