Millettia pachycarpa

Millettia pachycarpa


Millettia pachycarpa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Millettia
Species: M. pachycarpa
Binomial name
Millettia pachycarpa
Bentham

Millettia pachycarpa (synonym M. taiwaniana Hayata ) is a perennial climbing shrub belonging to the genus Millettia. It is one of the most well known among ~150 species of Millettia, as it is widely used in traditional practices, such as for poisoning fish, agricultural pesticide, blood tonic, and treatments of cancer and infertility. The bark fiber is used for making strong ropes.

It is endemic to south-east Asian region including Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. In India it is found only in the eastern region such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal.

Contents

Description

M. pachycarpa is a climbing shrub. It has dark brown inflated legumes that are densely covered with rough pale yellow warts. The leguminous pods contain 1-5 dark brown reniform seeds. The leaves have 13-17 papery leaflets and the flowers are lilac-colored. Leaves 13-17-foliolate; rachis 30–50 cm, including petiole 7–9 cm; leaflet blades elliptic-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute. Legume dark brown, oblong or when 1-seeded ovoid, inflated, densely covered with pale yellow warts. Pseudora cemes with 2-6 branches beneath new stems, 15–30 cm, brown tomentose; rachis nodes with 2-5 flowers clustered on a 1–3 mm spur.

Chemical constituents

A number of bio-active chemicals in has been reported from M. pachycarpa including several prenylated flavonoids, dihydroflanonol and chalconoids from the seed,[1] rotenoids such as rotenone, cis-12a-hydroxyretenone, rot-2′-enonic acid and cis-12a-hydroxyrot-2′-enonic acid from the root,[2][3] and barbigerone.[4] Several chemical analyses have yielded a number of novel prenylated isoflavones including erysenegalensein E, euchrenone b10, isoerysenegalensein E, 6,8-diprenylorobol, furowanin A and B, millewanins-F, -G and -H, warangalone, and auriculasin from the leaves.[5][6] The major flavonoid component of the stem was found to be auriculasin (6).[7] In addition terpenoids such as epifriedinol and friedelin, and steroids (phytosterols) such as campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol are also identified from the stem and leaf.[8]

Traditional uses

Fish poison

Among the tribal natives of north-east India and Tsou people of Taiwan, the juice extract of the crushed root and seed are widely used as fish poison in traditional fishing; and hence the common name 'fish poison climber'.[9][10][11][12] The natives smash the plant parts against rocks, and let the juice extract run into the water. Fishes are easily stupefied and subsequently paralyzed. Then they are collected by hands or nets or baskets.

Medicine

It is well known in Chinese traditional medicine as a blood tonic and to induce the growth of red blood cells,[13] as cancer therapy in a preparation called 'Jixueteng',[14][15] There are scientific evidences behind the beneficial properties on blood. For instance food products containing phytosterols are already widely used as a therapeutic dietary option to reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic risk. Phytosterols including β-sitosterol are found to be highly effective in lowering the blood cholesterol level under randomized controlled intervention trials.[16] Phytosterol supplementation of 2 g/d is recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program to reduce LDL cholesterol, and was validated to be highly significant in increasing the total cholesterol metabolism.[17] Stigmasterol alone was shown to inhibit several pro-inflammatory and matrix degradation mediators typically involved in osteoarthritis-induced cartilage degradation.[18]

A large body of chemical analysis also strongly supports the anticancer property. Prenylated isoflavones including erysenegalensein E, isoerysenegalensein E, 6,8-diprenylorobol, furowanin A and B, millewanins-F, -G and -H, and auriculasin were all demonstrated to have significant antiestrogenic activity.[5][6] The major flavonoid of the stem, auriculasin (6), was demonstrated to exhibit significant inhibitory effect on mouse skin tumor promotion.[7] Furowanin-A, warangalone, isoerysenegalensein-E and euchrenone b10 showed significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, specifically by inducing time-dependent apoptosis upon human leukemia HL-60 cells.[19]

Insecticide

The finely ground seeds are prepared in suspension which is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine as insecticide against insect pests.[20] A 5% water suspension of the seeds is as effective as o.1 % benzene hexachloride spray when used against the ten-spotted grape leaf-beetle, Oides decempunclata; and also more potent than phenothiazine against the fifth-instar small white butterfly, Pieris rapae.[21] The dried powder of the root are also effective against bean aphids, silkworm and Mexican bean beetle.[22] Isolation of rotenone and other rotenoids from the root leaves no doubt for its insecticidal property as these compounds are well established insecticides.[2][3]

Anthelmintic

The crushed concoction of M. pachycarpa leaves are used by some native tribals of north-east India, and the root bark is also directly eaten for treating intestinal infection. Experimental evidence revealed that the plant extract is highly effective against the tapeworm Raillietina echinobothrida.[12][23]

References

  1. ^ Singhal AK, Sharma RP, Thyagarajan G, Herz W, Govindan SV (1980). "New prenylated isoflavones and a prenylated dihydroflavonol from Millettia pachycarpa". Phytochemistry 19 (5): 929–934. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(82)80103-9. 
  2. ^ a b Singhal AK, Sharma RP, Baruah JN, Govindan SV, Herz W (1982). "Rotenoids from roots of Millettia pachycarpa". Phytochemistry 21 (4): 949–951. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(82)80103-9. 
  3. ^ a b Ye H, Chen L, Li Y, Peng A, Fu A, Song H, Tang M, Luo H, Luo Y, Xu Y, Shi J, Wei Y. (2008). "Preparative isolation and purification of three rotenoids and one isoflavone from the seeds of Millettia pachycarpa Benth by high-speed counter-current chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A 1178 ((1-2)): 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.060. PMID 18082754. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235248%232008%23988219998%23677614%23FLA%23&_cdi=5248&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2eee1bf0a263f06378c19f9f67a2aceb. 
  4. ^ Ye H, Zhong S, Li Y, Tang M, Peng A, Hu J, Shi J, He S, Wu W, Chen L (2010). "Enrichment and isolation of barbigerone from Millettia pachycarpa Benth. using high-speed counter-current chromatography and preparative HPLC". Journal of Separation Science 33 (8): 1010–1017. doi:10.1002/jssc.200900641. PMID 20187026. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123301902/abstract. 
  5. ^ a b Okamoto Y, Suzuki A, Ueda K, Ito C, Itoigawa M, Furukawa H, Nishihara T, Kojima N (2006). "Anti-estrogenic activity of prenylated isoflavonoids from Millettia pachycarpa: implications for pharmacophores and unique mechanisms". Journal of Health Science 52 (2): 186–191. doi:10.1248/jhs.52.186. http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/52(2)/52_186.pdf. 
  6. ^ a b Ito C, Itoigawa M, Kumagaya M, Okamoto Y, Ueda K, Nishihara T, Kojima N, Furukawa H. (2006). "Isoflavonoids with antiestrogenic activity from Millettia pachycarpa". Journal of Natural Products 69 (1): 138–141. doi:10.1021/np050341w. PMID 16441086. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10017649527/en. 
  7. ^ a b Ito C, Itoigawa M, Kojima N, Tokuda H, Hirata T, Nishino H, Furukawa H. (2004). "Chemical constituents of Millettia taiwaniana: structure elucidation of five new isoflavonoids and their cancer chemopreventive activity". Journal of Natural Products 67 (7): 1125–1301. doi:10.1021/np030554q. PMID 15270565. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/np030554q. 
  8. ^ Southon IW, Bisby FA (1994). Phytochemical Dictionary of the Leguminosae. Taylor & Francis Ltd, p. 485. ISBN 0412397706
  9. ^ Tattersfield F, Martin JT, Howes FN (1940). "Some fish-poison plants and their insecticidal properties". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) 1940 (5): 169–180. doi:10.2307/4111566. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4111566. 
  10. ^ Srivastava RC (2010). "Traditional knowledge of Nyishi (Dafla) tribe of Arunachal Pradesh". Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9 (1): 26–37. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/7150/1/IJTK%209(1)%2026-37.pdf. 
  11. ^ Hiroshi Y (2000). Segawa's Illustrated Ethnography of Indigenous Formosan People: The Tsou. SMC Publishing Inc., Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 9576385547
  12. ^ a b Lalchhandama K (2010). Pharmacology of Some Traditional Anthelmintic Plants: Biochemical and Microscopic Studies. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. ISBN 9783838350264
  13. ^ Perry LM (1980). Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. ISBN 9780262160766
  14. ^ Haifan Zhang (1996). "Observation on curative effect of Huteng Tang (Huzhang and Millettia Combination) in treating side effects caused by cancer chemotherapy". The Practical Journal of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine 9 (3): 137. 
  15. ^ Dorsher P, Peng Z (2010). Chinese medicinal herbs use in Managing cancer. In: (Cho WCS, ed) Supportive Cancer Care with Chinese Medicine. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 55-75. ISBN 9789048135547
  16. ^ Wu T, Fu J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Han J. (2009). "The effects of phytosterols/stanols on blood lipid profiles: a systematic review with meta-analysis". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 18 (2): 179–86. PMID 19713176. 
  17. ^ Racette SB, Lin X, Lefevre M, Spearie CA, Most MM, Ma L, Ostlund RE Jr. (2010). "Dose effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a controlled feeding study". Am J Clin Nutr. 91 (1): 32–38. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28070. PMC 2793103. PMID 19889819. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19889819. 
  18. ^ Gabay O, Sanchez C, Salvat C, Chevy F, Breton M, Nourissat G, Wolf C, Jacques C, Berenbaum F. (2010). "Stigmasterol: a phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties". Am J Clin Nutr. 18 (1): 106–116. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.019. PMID 19786147. 
  19. ^ Ito C, Murata T, Itoigawa M, Nakao K, Kumagai M, Kaneda N, Furukawa H. (2006). "Induction of apoptosis by isoflavonoids from the leaves of Millettia taiwaniana in human leukemia HL-60 cells". Planta Med. 72 (5): 424–429. doi:10.1055/s-2005-916259. PMID 16557456. http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-916259. 
  20. ^ Eisenberg A, Amato J, Dengtao (2009). "Kam local indigenous knowledge and sustainable resource management in Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces". Ethnobotany Research & Applications 7: 067–113. http://www.erajournal.org/ojs/index.php/era/article/view/230/198. 
  21. ^ Chiu SH (1950). "Effectiveness of chinese insecticidal plants with reference to the comparative toxicity of botanical and synthetic insecticides". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1 (9): 276–286. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740010906. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112601975/abstract. 
  22. ^ Prakash A, Rao J (1997). Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. CRC-Press, pp. 229-230. ISBN 0873718259
  23. ^ Roy B, Lalchhandama K, Dutta BK (2008). "Scanning electron microscopic observations on the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Millettia pachycarpa on Raillietina echinobothrida". Pharmacognosy Magazine 4 (13): 20–26. http://www.phcog.com/article.asp?issn=0973-1296;year=2008;volume=4;issue=13;spage=20;epage=26;aulast=Roy;type=0. 

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