- Council of State of the Netherlands
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Netherlands 
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In the Netherlands, the Council of State (Raad van State) is a constitutionally established advisory body to the government which consists of members of the royal family and Crown-appointed members generally having political, commercial, diplomatic, or military experience. The Council of State must be consulted by the cabinet on proposed legislation before a law is submitted to the parliament. The Council of State Administrative Law section also serves as a court of appeal for citizens against executive branch decisions. The Queen is President of the Council of State but she seldom chairs meetings. The Vice-President of the Council of State chairs meetings in the Queens' absence. Under Dutch Constitutional Law the Vice-President of the Council is acting Head of State when there is no Monarch; e.g. if the Royal Family were to become extinct.
Vice-Presidents of the Council of State
Name Period Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp 1814-1816 Joihan Hendrik Mollerus 1817-1829 Willem II van Oranje-Nassau 1829-1840 Hendrik Jacob van Doorn van Westcapelle 1841-1848 Willem Gerard van de Poll 1848-1858 Ænæus Mackay 1862-1876 Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen 1876-1893 Johan Æmilius Abraham van Panhuys 1893-1897 Johan Willem Meinard Schorer 1897-1903 Peter Joannes van Swinderen 1903-1912 Joan Röell 1912-1914 Willem Fredrik van Leeuwen 1914-1928 Fredrik Alexander Carel van Lynden van Sandenburg 1928-1932 Frans Beelaerts van Blokland 1933-1956 Bram Rutgers 1956-1959 Louis Beel 1959-1972 Marinus Ruppert 1973-1980 Willem Scholten 1980-1997 Herman Tjeenk Willink 1997-Present Categories:- Dutch political institutions
- High Councils of State
- Administrative courts
- Government stubs
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