Sea of Japan naming dispute

Sea of Japan naming dispute
The waters that are bordered by Sakhalin in the north-east, Japan in the east and south, Korea in the west and continental Russia in the north are marked with a question mark.
The dispute concerns the international name of this body of water.

The international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan, North Korea, Russia, and South Korea is disputed. The Japanese government supports the use of the name "Sea of Japan", while South Korea supports the name "East Sea", and North Korea supports the name "East Sea of Korea". Currently, most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan (or equivalent translation) by itself, or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea, often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name.

The involved countries (especially Japan and South Korea) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name(s). Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name. South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea, Sea of Korea, or another similar variant. South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule, at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs. Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century, long before its occupation of Korea. Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps, but the two countries have produced divergent research results. Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other.

Contents

Arguments

A map of the Far East by Matteo Ricci in 1602 describing the sea as the Sea of Japan.

Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claims.

Arguments based on historical maps

Arguments from Korea

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Korea, the name East Sea has been used in Korea for over 2,000 years, including in History of the Three Kingdoms' (三國史記, 1145), the monument of King Gwanggaeto, and "Map of Eight Provinces of Korea" (八道總圖, 1530).[1] The first documented map to name the area the Sea of Japan was the world map drawn by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in China (1602). No Japanese record published up to the late-18th century indicated any name for the body of water.[2] Furthermore, South Korea has pointed out that a few 19th-century Japanese maps referred to the sea as the Sea of Joseon (Korea), including the "Simplified Map of Japan's Periphery" (日本邊界略圖, 1809) and "New World Map" (新製輿地全圖, 1844).[1] South Korea argues there was no standard name prior to Japan's military expansion in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Additionally, it specifically states that the name Sea of Japan was not widely used, even in Japan, as late as the mid 19th century.[3][dubious ] Thus, South Korea argues that the current name reflects active promotion by Japan during a time when Korea could not represent its interests internationally.[4]

Arguments from Japan

The Japanese government claims that the name Sea of Japan was internationally established by the early 19th century, during a period in which Japan was under an isolationist policy (Sakoku).[5] Accordingly, they state, Japan could not have, at that time, had an influence on the international community regarding the naming of the sea.[6]

Surveys of antiquarian maps

The comparison of surveys of antiquarian maps by the government of Japan and South Korea[7]
Century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Unknown Total
Surveyed by Japan Korea Japan Korea Japan Korea Japan Korea Japan Japan Korea
Surveyed in US FR DE Total Total US FR DE Total Total US FR DE RU Total Total US FR DE RU UK Total Total FR US FR DE RU UK Total Total
Sea of Japan 1 0 1 2 - 3 14 5 22 17 47 24 23 2 96 36 1059 206 487 27 50 1829 69 10 1110 254 516 29 50 1959 122
East Sea 0 0 3 3 - 0 0 0 0 39 5 0 7 1 13 341 1 0 3 0 0 4 60 0 6 0 13 1 0 20 440
Sea of Korea 0 2 0 2 2 4 2 8 94 49 159 5 307 92 6 37 4 8 147 7 188 68 198 9 8 471
Oriental Sea 0 0 3 3 4 20 14 38 14 4 57 - 75 2 0 3 - - 5 8 20 32 77 - - 129
Sea of China 3 5 12 25 16 11 36 18 86 28 8 6 8 1 56 10 0 5 1 0 - 32 - 4 22 56 39 1 - 203 54
Others 0 5 13 3 18 41 17 16 - 80 22 4 - - 12 42 43 - - 146
No entry
and not
determined
32 - 44 76 83 - 83 166 116 - 152 4 272 109 - 120 5 - 234 - 340 - 399 9 - 748
Total 36 7 68 111 29 106 74 140 320 125 301 83 422 13 819 467 1285 217 655 36 58 2251 141 29 1728 410 1285 49 58 3530 762
A 1723 French map describing the sea as Mer de Coree (Sea of Korea).
A 1792 Japanese map "Chikyu Zenzu" drawn by Shiba Kōkan. The sea is described as "Inland Sea of Japan" (日本内海) and the Pacific Ocean is described as "East Sea of Japan" (日本東海).
A 1700 French map describing the sea as Mer Orientale (Oriental Sea).

To provide evidence for the date when Sea of Japan came to be used internationally, both South Korea and Japan have undertaken surveys of various historical maps.

South Korea surveyed ancient maps archived in the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the University of Southern California (USC) East Asian Map Collection, the U.S. Library of Congress, the National Library of Russia, and the French National Library examined 762 maps. They found that 440 maps had used Sea of Korea (Corea), Oriental Sea, or East Sea, 122 had used Sea of Japan, and 200 had used other terms.[8]

Japan has conducted a number of surveys of different collections. Their study of 1,332 maps from the Berlin Library found that 279 used Sea of Korea, Oriental Sea, or East Sea (or some combination thereof), 579 used Sea of Japan exclusively, 47 used China Sea (with or without other names), 33 used another term, and 384 used no term.[9] A study of the Struck collection (a collection of antiquarian maps owned by a European map collector) found that, out of 79 maps, 35 used Sea of Japan, nine used the Sea of Korea, two used Oriental Sea, and 33 were unmarked.[9] A survey of four Russian libraries and document archives found that, of 51 maps, 29 used Sea of Japan, eight used Sea of Korea, one used Korea Strait, one used East Sea, one used Sea of China, and 11 used no name.[10] A survey of 1,213 maps from the U.S. Library of Congress that gave a name for this body of water found that 87 percent used Sea of Japan, eight percent used Sea of Korea, five percent used other terms, and none used Oriental Sea or East Sea.[11] Meanwhile, a survey of 58 maps from the British Library and the University of Cambridge that gave a name for this body of water found that 86 percent used Sea of Japan, 14 percent used Sea of Korea, and none used Oriental Sea, East Sea, or other terms.[11] A survey of 215 maps in the French National Library that gave a name for this body of water found that 95 percent used Sea of Japan, three percent used Sea of Korea, none used Oriental Sea or East Sea, and two percent used other terms.[11]

Geographical arguments

Japan argues that, the name Sea of Japan has been and should be used because the marginal sea is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago.[12] Korea argues that the adjective "East" describes its geographical position east of the Asian continent, although it is west of Japan and south of Russia. It states that this is analogous to the North Sea, which lies north of the European continent, but west of Scandinavian countries and east of Great Britain.[4] However Koreans call the sea on their east side the East Sea (동해, donghae), [13] on their south side the South Sea (남해, Namhae),[14] and on their west side the West Sea (서해, Seohae). [15][16][17][18]

Arguments relating to ambiguity

In Chinese, the sea is called the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea is called East Sea.

The Japanese Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japanese Coast Guard has claimed that the name East Sea is unsuitable as an international geographic name, because the local name for a variety of seas can be translated into English as East Sea. Examples include Dōng Hǎi (东海), the Chinese name for the East China Sea; Biển Đông, the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea; and the Baltic Sea, which means East Sea in several European languages such as German (Ostsee), Swedish (Östersjön) and Finnish (Itämeri).[6] In addition, East Sea (東海 Tōkai?) is not the Sea of Japan but the Pacific Ocean in the Japanese context. The regions on the east coast of Japan were named accordingly as Tōkaidō region and Tōkai region.

Position of international bodies

The main two international organizations which have been involved in the naming dispute are the International Hydrographic Organization and the United Nations.

International Hydrographic Organization

The International Hydrographic Organization is an organization that coordinates with member countries over hydrographic issues. One of the organization's functions is to help set international standards on the naming and delineation of nautical regions. In 1929, the organization (then called the International Hydrographic Bureau) published "IHO Special Publication 23" (IHO SP 23), which established the name of the sea as Sea of Japan; however, at that time, Korea could not participate in the IHO because it was under Japanese rule.[19] South Korea officially joined the IHO in 1957.[20]

In 1974, IHO released Technical Resolution A.4.2.6. This resolution stated that:

It is recommended that where two or more countries share a given geographical feature (such as a bay, a strait, channel or archipelago) under different names, they should endeavor to reach agreement on a single name for the feature concerned. If they have different official languages and cannot agree on a common name form, it is recommended that the name forms of each of the languages in question should be accepted for charts and publications unless technical reasons prevent this practice on small scale charts.

South Korea has argued that this resolution is relevant to the debate about the Sea of Japan and implies that both names should be used; Japan, however, argues that the resolution does not apply to the Sea of Japan, because it does not specify this body of water and only applies to geographical features for which sovereignty is shared between two or more countries.[11]

The IHO agreed to conduct a survey available evidence in 2011, and is expected to release results at the end of 2011. Previously, South Korea had been pushing the IHO to recommend only using the term East Sea, but announced on 2 May 2011, that it now preferred the gradual approach of using both names now, and eventually dropping the Sea of Japan name.[21]

On 8 August 2011, a spokesman for the United States Department of State stated that the United States Board on Geographic Names considered the official name of the sea to be "Sea of Japan." According to Yonhap, the US has officially recommended to the IHO that "Sea of Japan" remain as the official name for the sea.[22] In response to this failure of the Korean campaign, Korean Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan suggested advocating other historical names, such as "Sea of Korea".[23]

United Nations

While the United Nations has never directly addressed the issue of establishing an official, standardized name for the sea, several resolutions and statements by the UN have had relevance to the topic. Japan joined the United Nations in 1956, while South and North Korea both joined in 1991.[24]

In 1977, the third UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names (UNCSGN) adopted Resolution III/20, entitled "Names of Features beyond a Single Sovereignty". The resolution recommended that "when countries sharing a given geographical feature do not agree on a common name, it should be a general rule of cartography that the name used by each of the countries concerned will be accepted. A policy of accepting only one or some of such names while excluding the rest would be inconsistent as well as inexpedient in practice." As with IHO Technical Resolution A.4.2.6, South Korea and Japan disagree about whether or not this policy applies to the Sea of Japan.[11]

In 1992, during the 1992 Sixth UNCSGN, the South Korean government, in their first time participating in UNCSGN, requested that the name of the sea be determined through consultation, which the North Korean representative concurred with. The Japanese representative stated that the name of the Sea of Japan had already been accepted worldwide and that any change would introduce confusion. The conference recommended that the parties work together on the issue outside of the conference.[25]

In 1998, South Korea raised the issue again at the Seventh UNCSGN. Japan, however, opposed the method by which the South Korean government proposed the issue, arguing that they had not followed the proper procedure for doing so. Following some debate, Korea withdrew the issue, and instead recommended that the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names work so that a resolution could be submitted to the Eighth UNSCGN conference. The president of the conference urged that Japan, South Korea, and North Korea work towards a mutually acceptable agreement.[26]

At the Eighth UNCSGN in 2002, South Korea and Japan presented a number of papers to the conference regarding their positions on the naming issue. South Korea asked for a resolution to adjudicate the name, while Japan asked that the name be decided through resolution outside of the conference. No resolution was passed, and the Committee again urged the countries to develop a mutually agreeable solution. The Chairman further noted that standardization could only occur after consensus had been reached.[27] The same situation occurred at the Ninth conference in 2007. South Korea and North Korea both proposed a resolution by the UNCSGN, while Japan expressed a desire to settle the matter outside of the conference, and the Committee urged the members to seek a mutual agreement.[28]

On 23 April 2004, the United Nations affirmed in a written document to the Japanese government that it will continue using the name Sea of Japan in its official documents.[29] However, it agreed to leave the topic open for further discussion. In a letter to South Korea, it was explained that the UN was not determining the validity of either name, but wished to use the term most widely used until the parties resolved the disagreement. The letter further stated, "The use of an appellation by the Secretariat based on the practice is without prejudice to any negotiations or agreements between the interested parties and should not be interpreted as advocating or endorsing any party's position, and can in no way be invoked by any party in support of a particular position in the matter." [30]

Response of media and publishers

A number of maps, encyclopedias, and other publications have switched to using both names. For example, the Manual of Style of the National Geographic Society states that disputed place-names in international waters or jointly controlled by two or more countries should use the conventional name first with other names following in parentheses.[31] As such, their policy on this sea states that "The internationally accepted name is Sea of Japan, although Korea prefers East Sea. When scale permits, Geographic maps show the alternative name East Sea in parentheses after Sea of Japan."[32]

In 2006, Google put both names on Google Earth, using East Sea near the Korean coast and Sea of Japan near the Japanese coast.[33] In the 2007 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the primary article is called "Sea of Japan". A secondary article called "East Sea" notes "see Japan, Sea of." On the encyclopedia's map of Japan and other Asia maps, Sea of Japan appears as the primary label and East Sea appears as a secondary label in parentheses. However, on the map of Korea the name East Sea appears as the primary label and Sea of Japan appears as a secondary label in parentheses.[34] Other examples of publishers who use similar systems include Microsoft Encarta,[35] the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,[36] and About.com.[37]

Other countries

Russia calls this sea Япо́нское мо́ре (Yapónskoye móre, Japanese Sea).[38][39] Chinese government websites exclusively use the name 日本海 (rìběnhǎi, Japan Sea).[40] In 2003, the French Defense Ministry issued nautical maps that included both terms Sea of Japan and East Sea.[41] It reverted to Sea of Japan as a single name in the map issued in 2004.[42]

As of August 2006, the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) continues to advocate the use of Sea of Japan without qualification in U.S. government publications. The World Factbook published by the Central Intelligence Agency follows the BGN's guidance.[43]

Compromise names

On 18 November 2006, during the APEC summit in Hanoi, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun informally proposed to the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe that the sea be called instead the “Sea of Peace” or "Sea of Friendship". However, in January 2007 Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuhisa Shiozaki opposed the idea saying there was "No need to change name of Sea of Japan".[44]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Naming of the East Sea". Northeast Asian History Foundation. 2007. http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=160. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  3. ^ "Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea". South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. May 2009. http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/political/images/res/east_sea.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  4. ^ a b "Working Paper 48 of the UNGEGN Twentieth Session". United Nations. 17–28 January 2000. http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/ungegn/session-20/working-papers/working-paper-48.pdf. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  5. ^ "Issue of naming of the Sea of Japan (Study in the Russian Federation) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2010. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/study-6.html. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  6. ^ a b "Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the "Japan Sea"". Japan Coast Guard. 1 March 2005. http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  7. ^ 古地図の調査に関する出典は以下の通り
  8. ^ "Naming of the East Sea". Northeast Asian History Foundation. 2007. http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=160. Retrieved 24 August 2010. 
  9. ^ a b "The Issue of the Naming of the Sea of Japan (Study in Germany)". SEA OF JAPAN. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2010. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/study-7f.html. Retrieved 15 October 2010. 
  10. ^ "Issue of naming of the Sea of Japan (Study in the Russian Federation)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2010. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/study-6.html. Retrieved 15 October 2010. 
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  12. ^ "Sea of Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. August 2002. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/pamph0208.pdf. Retrieved 21 November 2010. 
  13. ^ "East Sea" (in Korean). Encyclopedia of Korean Ethnic Culture. http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=236866&v=43. "Sea in the east of our country." 
  14. ^ "South Sea" (in Korean). Encyclopedia Britannica. http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=121158&v=44. "Sea in the south of Korea" 
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  16. ^ Kim, Chun-gil (2005). The history of Korea. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 0313332967. http://books.google.com/books?id=h4WhAna6dlMC&pg=PA8&dq=%22east+sea%22%E3%80%80%22west+sea%22%E3%80%80%22south+sea%22+korea&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22east%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22west%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22south%20sea%22%20korea&f=false. "Koreans have named the seas on its three sides the East Sea, the South Sea, and the West Sea. However, on most maps, the West Sea is called the Yellow Sea, and the East Sea is called the Sea of Japan. Therefore, the Korean government has waged a campaign with mapmakers around the world to have the Sea of Japan changed to the Korean term, the East Sea." 
  17. ^ Olsen, Edward A. (2005). Korea, the divided nation. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN 0275983072. http://books.google.com/books?id=CoITbXnIRrcC&pg=PA4&dq=%22east+sea%22%E3%80%80%22west+sea%22%E3%80%80%22south+sea%22+korea&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22east%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22west%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22south%20sea%22%20korea&f=false. "The peninsula, or what Koreans refer to as a bando (literally half an island), is surrounded by water to the west, south, and east. Logically, Koreans refer to these as the West Sea (Suh hae), South Sea (Nam hae), and East Sea (Dong hae). However, most non-Koreans refer to the West Sea adjoining China's northern coast as Yellow Sea and call the East Sea dividing the peninsula from the Japanese archipelago, the Sea of Japan. The latter is a particularly sensitive issue among Koreans, North and South, who are adamant that the rest of the world also should call it the East Sea." 
  18. ^ Richmond, Simon (2010). Korea. Lonely Planet. p. 20. ISBN 1741048311. http://books.google.com/books?id=h9-DOFiUI5oC&pg=PA20&dq=%22east+sea%22%E3%80%80%22west+sea%22%E3%80%80%22south+sea%22+korea&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22east%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22west%20sea%22%E3%80%80%22south%20sea%22%20korea&f=false. "East Sea (Sea of Japan), West Sea (Yellow Sea), and South Sea (East China Sea)" 
  19. ^ "IHO Special Publication 23". Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration. 2004. http://eastsea.nori.go.kr/eng/open_content/iho/magazine.asp. Retrieved 10 September 2010. 
  20. ^ "Major Historical Background Information". Japan Coast Guard. 29 January 2009. http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/keii_eng.htm. Retrieved 21 November 2010. 
  21. ^ "Gov’t goes easy on East Sea renaming demand". Korea Joongang Daily. 2 May 2011. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2935590.  (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5yNg4hY4N)
  22. ^ Jiji Press, "Sea of Japan is the official name, not East Sea: U.S.", Japan Times, 10 August 2011, p. 2.
  23. ^ "Now 'East Sea' Has Sunk, Can 'Sea of Korea' Swim?". The Chosunilbo. Aug. 15, 2011. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/15/2011081500441.html. "When asked in a press briefing if the country would consider yet another name for the East Sea, Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan said, "We can think of various ways, for example retrieving the lost historical name 'Sea of Corea' if that is helpful."" 
  24. ^ "Member States of the United Nations". United Nations. 3 July 2006. http://www.un.org/en/members. Retrieved 10 September 2010. 
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  27. ^ "Eighth UNCSGN Conference Report". United Nations. 27 August - 5 September 2002. pp. 29–30. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/8th_UNCSGN-E.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  28. ^ "Ninth UNCSGN Conference Report". United Nations. 21–30 August 2007. pp. 29–30. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf. Retrieved 23 September 2010. 
  29. ^ "The Policy of the United Nations Concerning the Naming of 'Sea of Japan'". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. June 2004. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/un0406.html. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  30. ^ "The Practice of the Secretariat of the United Nations Concerning the Naming of the Sea Area between Korea and Japan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of South Korea". South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. http://www.mofat.go.kr/pdffiles/en_Eastsea_1.htm. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  31. ^ "Place-Names". National Geographic Society. http://stylemanual.ngs.org/intranet/styleman.nsf/f2aba7b22d0d07cf8525664b00705a8f/d648a4bc9d2372388525669600713712?OpenDocument. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  32. ^ "Sea of Japan (East Sea)". National Geographic Society. http://stylemanual.ngs.org/intranet/styleman.nsf/f2aba7b22d0d07cf8525664b00705a8f/13756ea8bedd77a1852568da0066e7fd?OpenDocument. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  33. ^ Cho, Jin-Seo (2 August 2006). "Google asked to identify Korea correctly". Korea Times. http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-eastasia.asp?parentid=50214. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  34. ^ "브리태니커 백과사전,2007년판에 '동해 표기!'" (in Korean). Naver. 10 May 2007. http://sisa-issue.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=261338&g_menu=050200. Retrieved 15 October 2010. 
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  36. ^ "Japan, Sea of". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ed.). Columbia University Press. 2007. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0825981.html. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  37. ^ "Sea of Japan vs. East Sea — Letter Writing Campaign Influences Cartography". About.com. 24 February 2002. http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa022402a.htm. 
  38. ^ "ATLAS OF OCEANOGRAPHY Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan" (in Russian). Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.pacificinfo.ru/data/cdrom/2/HTML/4_00.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 
  39. ^ "Seas of the USSR" (in Russian). A. D. Dobrovolsky, BS Zalogin. Univ. Press, 1982.. http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/20.html. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 
  40. ^ "韓国国会議員、「日本海」呼称廃止を中国に求める [A South Korean lawmaker calls on China to abolish the name of the "Sea of Japan"]" (in Japanese). Japanese.China.org.cn. 20 April 2011. http://japanese.china.org.cn/politics/txt/2011-04/20/content_22403715.htm. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
  41. ^ "Q&A on the Issue of the Name "Sea of Japan"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. February 2003. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/q_a/faq14.html. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  42. ^ "フランス海軍海洋情報部刊行の海図目録 -「日本海」単独標記に-" (in Japanese). Japan Coast Guard. 13 July 2004. http://www.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/info/kouhou/h16/k20040713/0713kouhou.pdf. Retrieved 22 November 2010. 
  43. ^ "FAQ". Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/faqs.html. Retrieved 8 November 2010.  Note: expand the "Policies" tab to see details.
  44. ^ "No need to change name of Sea of Japan". The Japan Times. 10 January 2007. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070110b2.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 

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