People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations

PR China-Pakistan relations

Pakistan	China

Pakistani Surveyor General Chaudry Mohammad Aslam with Chinese Premiere Zhou En Lai, Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Chairman Mao Zedong at a reception at the residence of Chairman Mao following the conclusion of the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement.

People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to break relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and recognize the PRC. Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, both countries has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a extremely close and supportive relationship.^[1][2][3] Since then, the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan and each considers the other a close strategic ally.^[4][5]

Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership that links a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan, partially dependent on China for its economic and military strength, with China attempting to balance competing interests in the region. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, military assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972 and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan’s largest sup­plier of arms and its third-largest trad­ing partner.^[6][7] Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving Pakistan's civilian nuclear program.^[8]

Favorable relations with China is a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China supported Pakistan's opposition to the Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan and is perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to NATO and the United States. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defense forces. China supports Pakistan's stance on Kashmir while Pakistan supports China on the issues of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Taiwan. Lately, military cooperation has deepened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates.

Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep water port at Gwadar. Both countries have an ongoing free trade agreement. Pakistan has served as China's main bridge between Muslim countries. Pakistan also played an important role in bridging the communication gap between China and the West by facilitating the 1972 Nixon visit to China.

Background

Pakistan has a long and symbiotic relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two countries have been mutually supportive. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the hallmark of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet and other sensitive issues such as human rights.^[9]

The JF-17 Thunder is a joint Pakistan-China project.

The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues. Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make possible the 1972 Nixon visit to China. Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to India and the United States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world.^[10]

China also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. During the Pakistan-Indian tensions in 2008, it implied that it would support Pakistan in the event of a war. Pakistan's military depends heavily on Chinese armaments, and joint projects of both economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support Pakistan's nuclear program, and has been accused of giving nuclear technology to Pakistan.^[11]

Diplomatic relations

Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the defeat of the Republic Of China in 1949.^[12] While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognized China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. However, with escalating border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter perceived Indian encroachment. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.

Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support towards Pakistan.

Disputed territory ceded to China in 1963.

Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. America under US President Richard Nixon supported Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.^[13] However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The Pressler Amendment in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon.^[14] Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favor of India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.

With the war in Afghanistan leading to renewed relations with the U.S., there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favors China over the United States.^[15] Washington has been accused deserting Pakistan in favor of a policy that favors stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.^[16]

Since 9/11, Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese. This is partially due to Pakistan's strategy of playing off the two powers against each other, but also a genuine effort to prevent America's influence in the region from becoming too strong. In return, the Chinese hope to strengthen Pakistan as a counterbalance to American and Indian influence.

Military relations

The People's Republic of China enjoys strong defense ties with Pakistan.^[17] This relationship between two adjoining Asian countries is important in the world's geo-strategic alliances. The strong defense ties are primarily to counter regional Indian and American influence, and was also to repel Soviet influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through ongoing defence projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.

Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army, helping establish munition factories, providing technological assistance and modernizing existing facilities.^[18] The countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which include collaborating in the development of JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS systems, Al-Khalid tanks and the Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises.^[19]

Gwadar Port.

China is the largest investor in the Gwadar Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz.^[20] It is viewed warily by both America and India as a possible launchpad for Chinese naval operations in the Indian Ocean.^[21] However the Gwadar Port is currently delayed due to a multilateral diplomatic standoff between the project leaders and the Singapore government.

China has offered Pakistan military aid in order to fight against terrorism in Pakistan. Pakistan has purchased military equipment from China in order to bolster their efforts against Islamic militants.^[22]

In the past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in Western countries made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire materials and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere. China has supplied Pakistan with equipment to advance their nuclear weapons program, such as the Chinese help in building the Khushab reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the completion of the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid 1990s.^[23] China may also have supplied nuclear technology to the Pakistanis, enabling Pakistan to become a nuclear state with an estimated 100 warheads as of 2011.^[11][24]

China has become increasing concerned about al-Qaeda linked terrorism originating in Pakistan and is seeking to setup military bases on Pakistani soil to deal with the problem.^[25]

Economic relations

Economic trade between Pakistan and China are increasing at a rapid pace and a free trade agreement has recently been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, although in recent years China has pledged to vastly increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure. Among other things, China has been helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure through the building of power plants, roads and communication nodes.^[26]

Both countries are keen on strengthening the economic ties between the two, and have promised to 'propel' cross-border trade. This has led to investment in Pakistan's nascent financial and energy sectors, amidst a surge of Chinese investment designed to strengthen ties. Pakistan has in turn been granted free trade zones in China.^[27]

The economic relationship between Pakistan and China is composed primarily of Chinese investment in Pakistani interests. China's increasing economic clout has enabled a wide variety of projects to be sponsored in Pakistan through Chinese credit. Pakistani investment in China is also encouraged, and cross-border trade remains fluid.^[16]

In 2011 China Kingho Group canceled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.^[28]

Views

The support with which China and Pakistan give each other is considered important in global diplomacy, and has been compared to Israel – United States relations.^[29] According to a Pew survey of Pakistan public opinion last year, 84 percent of respondents said they had a favorable view of China and 16 percent had a favorable view of the United States. These results showed that Pakistan is the most pro-China country in the world.^[30] Similarly, the Chinese state-run media has portrayed Pakistan in a favorable light in regional issues.

Pakistan and China have long praised the close ties the two countries have with each other. China has been referred to by Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf as their "time-tested and all-weather friend", while in return Chinese president Hu Jintao has referred to Pakistan as "a good friend and partner".^[31] These statements are noted by some observers as occurring after Pakistani relations with the United States or India have become strained, such as after Osama Bin Laden was killed by American forces without Pakistan's prior permission.^[16]

Issues

The ETIM is a Waziri based mujihadeen organization that is said to be allied with the Taliban,^[32] which has received funding from rogue elements in the ISI.^[33] As these militants are labeled as terrorists from the Chinese province of Xinjiang, Pakistan's inability to prevent this is a potential source of conflict.^[34][35]

The U.S. War On Terror has the Chinese wary of U.S. influence in the region, and as Pakistan is a US ally and major recipient of US military and economic aid, China is obligated to step up its support in order to maintain its influence in the region. As political alliances shift, Pakistan may have allies in the United States and China that may begin to see each other as rivals.

Similarly, the warming of Sino-Indian relations puts Pakistan's traditional alliance with China against India at risk. While the level of cooperation between Pakistan and China is far closer than that of India, it poses a future problem for Pakistan-China relations.

2011 Hotan Attack

Main article: 2011 Hotan attack

The 2011 Hotan Attack was a series of coordinated bomb and knife attacks that occurred in Hotan, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China on July 18, 2011. While many had always suspected Pakistani involvement in terrorism in Xinjiang, the 2011 Hotan attack marked the first incident of acknowledgement of this by authorities in China.^[36]

Timeline

Important events:

1950 - Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.

1951 - Beijing and Karachi establish diplomatic relations.

1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border disputes.

1970 - Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the 1972 Nixon visit to China.

1978 - The Karakoram Highway linking the mountainous Northern Pakistan with Western China officially opens.

1980s - China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the Afghan guerrillas fighting Soviet occupational forces.

1986 - China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation agreement.

1996 - Chinese President Jiang Zemin pays a state visit to Pakistan.

1999 - A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in Punjab province, is completed.

2001 - A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the MBT-2000 (Al-Khalid) MBT is completed.

2002 - The building of the Gwadar deep sea port begins, with China as the primary investor.

2003 - Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore^[37]

2007 - The Sino-Pakistani joint-ventured multirole fighter aircraft - the JF-17 Thunder (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.

2008 - Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.^[31]

2008 - China and Pakistan sign an free trade agreement.

2008 - Pakistan and China to build a railway through the Karakoram Highway, in order to link China's rail network to Gwadar Port.

2008 - The F-22P frigate, comes into service with the Pakistani Navy.^[38]

2009 - The ISI arrest several suspected Uyghur terrorists seeking refuge in Pakistan.

2010 - Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.

2010 - China donates $260 million in dollars to flood hit Pakistan and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.

2010 - Wen Jiabao visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of deals were signed.^[39]

2011 - Pakistan is expected to buy air to air SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter fleet

References

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2. ^ "Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html. Retrieved October 12, 2008. 
3. ^ "China-Pakistan relations". China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content_732562.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-14. 
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5. ^ "China, Pakistan joined in bonds of brotherhood". People's Daily. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384378.html. Retrieved May 18, 2011. 
6. ^ Pakistan wants China to build it a naval base
7. ^ China to Fast-Track Jets for Pakistan
8. ^ China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful'
9. ^ Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center, p 212
10. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-OIC_relations#China.27s_representation_in_OIC_through_Pakistan
11. ^ ^{a b} China tested N-weapons for Pak: US insider The Times of India 6 September 2008
12. ^ Pakistan and China Relations
13. ^ Shalom, Stephen R., The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971
14. ^ http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=larry_pressler_1
15. ^ Global Security and Pakistan Foreign Policy Makers Urged to tie strongly with China compared to US
16. ^ ^{a b c} "Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S". CNN. 2011-05-17. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD. Retrieved 2011-07-12. 
17. ^ Islamic Republic News Agency, IRNA (2010-06-19). "Pakistan enjoys strong defense ties with China". IRNA - Islamic Republic News Agency. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-30. 
18. ^ Afridi, Jamal; Bajoria, Jayshree (2010-07-06). "China-Pakistan Relations". Backgrounder. Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070/chinapakistan_relations.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
19. ^ "Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
20. ^ Niazi, Tarique (2005-02-28). "Gwadar: China's Naval Outpost on the Indian Ocean". Association for Asian Research. http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2528.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
21. ^ Gwadar, Pakistan — the most important city you’ve never heard of, New York Post.
22. ^ "China offers Pakistan military aid to fight terrorism". Zee News Ltd. 2008-04-26. http://www.zeenews.com/news439060.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
23. ^ "Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program". Strategic Security Project. Federation of American Scientists. 2002-12-11. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
24. ^ DeYoung, Karen (2011-01-31). "Pakistan doubles its nuclear arsenal". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/30/AR2011013004682.html. 
25. ^ "China seeks military bases in Pak's restive tribal region." PTI, 26 October 2011.
26. ^ Chaudhry, Muhammad Naeem (2009-01-16). "Pakistan, China agree to propel level of economic cooperation". Associated Press of Pakistan. http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55954&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
27. ^ "China, Pakistan service trade agreement to take effect next month". Xinhua. 2009-09-10. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12031914.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
28. ^ "US finds new friend in Uzbekistan after Pakistan fallout." Telegraph Media Group Limited, 30 September 2011.
29. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101028135728235512.html
30. ^ "Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit". Reuters. 13 December 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213. 
31. ^ ^{a b} "Olympic Torch Hits China-Friendly Pakistan". CBS. February 11, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/16/world/main4018992.shtml. 
32. ^ http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx
33. ^ "Pakistani agents 'funding and training Afghan Taliban'". BBC News. 13 June 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10302946. 
34. ^ http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists
35. ^ "Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit". Reuters. 13 December 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213?pageNumber=2. 
36. ^ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/china-claims-terrorists-trained-in-pakistan/story-e6frg6n6-1226106224890
37. ^ Khan, Bahzad Alam (2004-12-16). "China, Pakistan sign 7 accords in vital sectors: •Oil, gas exploration •high-level trade •Gwadar port improvement". Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/16/top5.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
38. ^ "Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak". Press Trust of India (IBN Live). 2009-07-31. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brothers-in-arms-china-gives-warship-to-pak/98275-2.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
39. ^ Express, APP (2010-12-18). "Gilani, Jiabao inaugurate Pak-China Friendship Centre". APP. http://dailytimespakistan.com/china-pm-inaugurates-pak-china-friendship-centre/. Retrieved 2010-12-30. 

External links

• Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center
• CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations
• Pakistan: Sino-Pakistan relations higher than Himalayas
• Pakistan, China ink 11 agreements to bolster cooperation in diverse fields
• President Zardari, Premier Wen agree further cementing strategic partnership
• Pakistan, China agree to propel level of economic cooperation
• Pakistan, China sign agreement on trade in services
• China to invest $ 1.7 bln to generate low cost hydel electricity in Pakistan
• Text of Pak China joint statement
• China vows to advance relations with Pakistan: State Councilor Dai Bingguo
• Pak-China time-tested friendship to be further strengthened: PM
• China's top political advisor vows to boost ties with Pakistan
• China, Pakistan pledge to strengthen ties
• Pakistani president hosts reception to mark new China's 60th anniversary
• Pakistan launches China Culture Week
• China, Pakistan service trade agreement to take effect next month
• Pak cultural troupe heads for China for Asian Arts Festival
• China to boost strategic partnership with Pakistan: Vice President
• China, Pakistan eye closer military ties
• China, Pakistan seek closer parliamentary ties
• China, Pakistan vow to enhance anti-terrorism co-op
• China, Pakistan hold 3rd strategic dialogue