Mahalia Jackson

Mahalia Jackson
Jackson circa 1962, photographed by Carl Van Vechten
Background information
Birth name	Mahala Jackson
Also known as	Halie Jackson
Born	October 26, 1911(1911-10-26)[1] New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	January 27, 1972(1972-01-27) (aged 60) Evergreen Park, Illinois, U.S.
Genres	Gospel
Occupations	Singer
Years active	1927–1971
Labels	Decca Coral Apollo Columbia
Associated acts	Albertina Walker Aretha Franklin Dorothy Norwood Della Reese Cissy Houston

Mahalia Jackson ( /məˈheɪljə/ mə-hayl-yə; October 26, 1911^[1] – January 27, 1972) was an African-American gospel singer. Possessing a powerful contralto voice,^[2] she was referred to as "The Queen of Gospel".^[1][3][4] Jackson became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world, and was heralded internationally as a singer and civil rights activist; entertainer Harry Belafonte called her "the single most powerful black woman in the United States".^[5] She recorded about 30 albums (mostly for Columbia Records) during her career, and her 45 rpm records included a dozen "golds"—million-sellers.

Early life

Born as Mahala Jackson and nicknamed "Halie", Jackson grew up in the Black Pearl section of the Carrollton neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana. The three-room dwelling on Pitt Street housed thirteen people and a dog. This included Little Mahala (named after her aunt, Mahala Clark-Paul whom the family called Aunt Duke), her brother Roosevelt Hunter, whom they called Peter, and her mother Charity Clark, who worked as both a maid and a laundress. Several aunts and cousins lived in the house as well. Aunt Mahala was given the nickname "Duke" after proving herself the undisputed "boss" of the family. The extended family (the Clarks) consisted of her mother's siblings – Isabell, Mahala, Boston, Porterfield, Hannah, Alice, Rhoda, Bessie, their children, grandchildren and patriarch Rev. Paul Clark, a former slave. Mahalia's father, John A. Jackson, Sr. was a stevedore (dockworker) and a barber who later became a Baptist minister. He fathered four other children besides Mahalia – Wilmon (older) and then Yvonne, Pearl and Johnny, Jr. (by his marriage shortly after Halie's birth). Her father's sister, Jeanette Jackson-Burnett, and husband, Josie, were vaudeville entertainers.

When she was born Halie suffered from genu varum, or "bowed legs". The doctors wanted to perform surgery by breaking Halie's legs, but one of the resident aunts opposed it. Halie's mother would rub her legs down with greasy dishwater. The condition never stopped young Halie from performing her dance steps for the white woman her mother and Aunt Bell cleaned house for.

Mahalia was five when her mother, Charity, died, leaving her family to decide who would raise Halie and her brother. Aunt Duke assumed this responsibility, and the children were forced to work from sunup to sundown. Aunt Duke would always inspect the house using the "white glove" method. If the house was not cleaned properly, Halie was beaten. If one of the other relatives was unable to do their chores, or clean at their job, Halie or one of her cousins was expected to perform that particular task. School was hardly an option. Halie loved to sing and church is where she loved to sing the most. Halie’s Aunt Bell told her that one day she would sing in front of royalty, a prediction that would eventually come true. Mahalia Jackson began her singing career at the local Mount Mariah Baptist Church. She was baptized in Mississippi by Mt. Mariah's pastor, the Rev. E. D. Lawrence, then went back to the church to "receive the right hand of fellowship."

Career

Mahalia Jackson, photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1962.

1920s–1940s

In 1927, at the age of sixteen, Jackson moved from the south to Chicago, Illinois, in the midst of the Great Migration. After her first Sunday church service, where she had given an impromptu performance of her favorite song, "Hand Me Down My Silver Trumpet, Gabriel", she was invited to join the Greater Salem Baptist Church Choir. She began touring the city's churches and surrounding areas with the Johnson Gospel Singers, one of the earliest professional gospel groups.^[6] In 1929, Jackson met the composer Thomas A. Dorsey, known as the Father of Gospel Music. He gave her musical advice, and in the mid-1930s they began a fourteen-year association of touring, with Jackson singing Dorsey's songs in church programs and at conventions. His "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" became her signature song.^[7]

In 1936, Jackson married Isaac Lanes Grey Hockenhull ("Ike"), a graduate of Fisk University and Tuskegee Institute, who was 10 years her senior. Mahalia refused to sing secular music, a pledge she would keep throughout her professional life.^{[citation needed]} She was frequently offered money to do so and she divorced Isaac in 1941 because of his unrelenting pressure on her to sing secular music and his addiction to gambling on racehorses.^{[citation needed]}

In 1931, Jackson recorded "You Better Run, Run, Run". Not much is known about this recording and it is impossible to find. Biographer Laurraine Goreau cites that it was also around this time she added 'i' to her name, changing it from Mahala to Mahalia, pronounced /məˈheɪliə/. At age 26, Mahalia's second set of records was recorded on May 21, 1937 under the Decca Coral label,^[8] accompanied by Estelle Allen (piano), in order; "God's Gonna Separate The Wheat From The Tares," "My Lord," "Keep Me Everyday," and "God Shall Wipe All Tears Away." Financially, these were not successful, and Decca let her go.

In 1947, she signed up with the Apollo label, and in 1948 recorded the William Herbert Brewster song "Move On Up a Little Higher", a recording so popular that stores could not stock enough copies of it to meet demand, selling an astonishing eight million copies.^[9] (The song was later honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998).^[10] The success of this record rocketed Jackson to fame in the U.S. and soon after in Europe.^{[citation needed]} During this time she toured as a concert artist, appearing more frequently in concert halls and less often in churches. As a consequence of this change in her venues, her arrangements expanded from piano and organ to orchestral accompaniments.

Other recordings received wide praise, including: "Let the Power of the Holy Ghost Fall on Me" (1949), which won the French Academy's Grand Prix du Disque; and "Silent Night, Holy Night", which became one of the best-selling singles in the history of Norway. When Jackson sang "Silent Night" on Denmark's national radio, more than twenty thousand requests for copies poured in.^[11] Other recordings on the Apollo label included "He Knows My Heart" (1946), "Amazing Grace" (1947), "Tired" (1947), "I Can Put My Trust in Jesus" (1949), "Walk with Me" (1949), "Let the Power of the Holy Ghost Fall on Me" (1949), "Go Tell It on the Mountain" (1950), "The Lord's Prayer" (1950), "How I Got Over" (1951), "His Eye Is on the Sparrow" (1951), "I Believe" (1953), "Didn't It Rain" (1953), "Hands of God" (1953), and "Nobody Knows" (1954).^[12]

1950s–1970s

In 1950, Jackson became the first gospel singer to perform at New York's Carnegie Hall when Joe Bostic produced the "Negro Gospel and Religious Music Festival".^{[citation needed]} She started touring Europe in 1952 and was hailed by critics as the "world's greatest gospel singer".^{[citation needed]} In Paris she was called the Angel of Peace, and throughout the continent she sang to capacity audiences. The tour, however, had to be cut short due to exhaustion. Jackson began a radio series on CBS and signed to Columbia Records in 1954. A writer for Down Beat music magazine stated on November 17, 1954: "It is generally agreed that the greatest spiritual singer now alive is Mahalia Jackson."^[13] Her debut album for Columbia was The World's Greatest Gospel Singer, recorded in 1954, followed by a Christmas album called Sweet Little Jesus Boy, and Bless This House in 1956.

With her mainstream success, Jackson was criticized by some gospel purists who felt she had watered down her sound for popular accessibility.^{[citation needed]} Jackson had many notable accomplishments during this period, including her performance of many songs in the 1958 film, St. Louis Blues, and singing "Trouble of the World" in 1959's Imitation of Life; recording with Percy Faith. When Mahalia Jackson recorded The Power and the Glory with Faith, the orchestra arched their bows to honor her in solemn recognition of her great voice.^{[citation needed]} She was the main attraction in the first gospel music showcase at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1957, which was organized by Joe Bostic and recorded by the Voice of America, and performed again in 1958 (Newport 1958). She was also present at the opening night of Chicago's Old Town School of Folk Music in December 1957.^[14] In 1961, she sang at U.S. President John F. Kennedy's inaugural ball. She recorded her second Christmas album Silent Night (Songs for Christmas) in 1962. By this time, she had also become a familiar face to British television viewers as a result of short films of her performing that were occasionally shown. Historian Noel Serrano stated; "God touched the vocal chords of this Great Woman and placed a special elixir to sing for His honor and Glory!"^{[citation needed]}

At the March on Washington in 1963, she sang in front of 250,000 people "How I Got Over" and "I've Been 'Buked, and I've Been Scorned". Martin Luther King, Jr. made his famous "I Have a Dream" speech there. She also sang "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" at his funeral after he was assassinated in 1968. Jackson sang to crowds at the 1964 New York World's Fair and was accompanied by "wonderboy preacher" Al Sharpton.^[15] She toured Europe again in 1961 (Recorded Live in Europe 1961), 1963–1964, 1967, 1968 and 1969. In 1970, she performed for Liberian President William Tubman.

Her last album was What The World Needs Now (1969). She ended her career in 1971 with a concert in Germany, and when she returned, made one of her final television appearances on The Flip Wilson Show. Jackson devoted much of her time and energy to helping others. She established the Mahalia Jackson Scholarship Foundation for young people who wanted to attend college. For her efforts in helping international understanding, she received the Silver Dove Award. Chicago remained her home until the end. She opened a beauty parlor and a florist shop with her earnings, while also investing in real estate ($100,000 a year at her peak).^[16]

Death

Mahalia Jackson died in Chicago on January 27, 1972 of heart failure and diabetes complications. Two cities paid tribute, Chicago and New Orleans. Beginning in Chicago, outside the Greater Salem Baptist Church, 50,000 people filed silently past her mahogany, glass-topped coffin in final tribute to the queen of gospel song.^[17] The next day, as many as could – 6,000 or more – filled every seat and stood along the walls of the city's public concert hall, the Arie Crown Theater of McCormick Place, for a two-hour funeral service. Mahalia's pastor, the Rev. Leon Jenkins, Mayor Richard J. Daley, and Mrs. Coretta Scott King eulogized Mahalia during the Chicago funeral as "a friend – proud, black and beautiful".^{[citation needed]} Sammy Davis, Jr. and Ella Fitzgerald paid their respects. Dr. Joseph H. Jackson, president of the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc., delivered the eulogy at the Chicago funeral. Aretha Franklin closed the Chicago rites with a moving rendition of "Precious Lord, Take My Hand".

Three days later, a thousand miles away, the scene repeated itself: again the long lines, again the silent tribute, again the thousands filling the great hall of the Rivergate Convention Center in downtown New Orleans this time. Mayor Moon Landrieu and Louisiana Governor John J. McKeithen joined gospel singer Bessie Griffin; Dick Gregory praised 'Mahalia's "moral force" as main reason for her success",^{[citation needed]} and Lou Rawls sang "Just a Closer Walk With Thee". The funeral cortège of 24 limousines drove slowly past her childhood place of worship, Mt. Moriah Baptist Church, where her recordings played through loudspeakers. It made its way to Providence Memorial Park in Metairie, Louisiana where Jackson was entombed.^[18] Despite the inscription of Jackson's birth year on her headstone as 1912, she was actually born in 1911. Among Mahalia's surviving relatives is her great-nephew, Indiana Pacers forward Danny Granger.

Jackson's estate was reported at "more than a million dollars".^{[citation needed]} Some reporters estimated that record royalties, television and movie residuals, and various investments made it worth more. The bulk of the estate was left to a number of relatives – many of whom cared for Mahalia during her early years. Among principal heirs were relatives including her half-brother John Jackson and aunt Hannah Robinson. Neither of her ex-husbands, Isaac Hockenhull (1936–1941) or Sigmund Galloway (1964–1967), were mentioned in her will.^[19]

Legacy and honors

Mahalia Jackson's music was never played widely on any but traditional gospel and traditional Christian radio stations. Her music was heard for decades on Family Radio. Her good friend Martin Luther King Jr said, "A voice like hers comes along once in a millennium."^{[citation needed]} She was a close friend of Doris Akers, one of the most prolific gospel composers of the 20th century. In 1958, they co-wrote the hit, "Lord, Don't Move the Mountain". Mahalia also sang many of Akers' own compositions such as, "God Is So Good to Me", "God Spoke to Me One Day", "Trouble", "Lead On, Lord Jesus", and "He's a Light Unto My Pathway", helping Akers to secure her position as the leading female Gospel composer of that time. In addition to sharing her singing talent with the world, she mentored the extraordinarily gifted Aretha Franklin. Mahalia was also good friends with Dorothy Norwood and fellow Chicago-based gospel singer Albertina Walker. She also discovered a young Della Reese. On the twentieth anniversary of her passing, Smithsonian Folkways Recording commemorated Jackson with the album I Sing Because I'm Happy, which includes interviews about her childhood conducted by Jules Scherwin.

American Idol winner and Grammy Award-winning R&B singer Fantasia Barrino has been cast to play Mahalia Jackson in a biographical film about her life. The movie will be based on the 1993 book Got to Tell It: Mahalia Jackson, Queen of Gospel. The film is said to be directed by Euzhan Palcy, according to The Hollywood Reporter.^[20]

The National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences created the Gospel Music or Other Religious Recording category for Jackson making her the first Gospel Music Artist to win the prestigious Grammy Award.^{[citation needed]}

In December 2008, she was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.

A prominent namesake in her native New Orleans is the Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts, which was remodeled and reopened on January 17, 2009, with a gala ceremony featuring Placido Domingo, Patricia Clarkson, and the New Orleans Opera directed by Robert Lyall.^[21]

Selective awards and honors

Grammy Award history

Mahalia Jackson Grammy Award History[22][23]
Year	Category	Title	Genre	Label	Result
1976	Best Soul Gospel Performance	"How I Got Over"	Gospel	Columbia	Winner
1972	Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award[24]				Winner
1969	Best Soul Gospel Performance	"Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah"	Gospel	Columbia	Nominee
1963	Best Gospel Or Other Religious Recording, Musical	"Make a Joyful Noise Unto The Lord"	Gospel	Columbia	Nominee
1962	Best Gospel Or Other Religious Recording	"Great Songs of Love and Faith"	Gospel	Columbia	Winner
1961	Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording	"Everytime I Feel the Spirit"	Gospel	Columbia	Winner

Grammy Hall of Fame

Mahalia Jackson was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor artists whose recordings are at least twenty-five years old and have "qualitative or historical significance."^[25]

Grammy Hall of Fame Award
Year Recorded	Song	Genre	Label	Year Inducted
1947	"Move On Up a Little Higher"[citation needed]	Gospel (Single)	Apollo	1998

Honors

Mahalia Jackson Honors
Year	Category	Honor	Result	Notes
1998	U.S. Postal Service	32¢ Postage Stamp[26]	Honored	Issued July 15, 1998
1997	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame		Inducted	"Early Influence"
1988	Hollywood Walk of Fame	Star		at 6840 Hollywood Blvd.
1978	Gospel Music Hall of Fame		Inducted
2008	Louisiana Music Hall of Fame		Inducted

Well-known songs

• "What Child Is This"
• "How I Got Over"
• "Trouble of the World"
• "Silent Night"
• "Go Tell It on the Mountain"
• "Amazing Grace", (Apollo 194, 1947)
• "Move On Up A Little Higher", (Apollo 164, 1947)
• "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" (performed this song at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral)
• "Remember Me"^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• "Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho"
• "Holding My Saviour's Hands"
• "Roll Jordan, Roll"
• "The Upper Room"
• "We Shall Overcome"
• "I'm on My Way to Canaan"
• "You'll Never Walk Alone"
• "His Eye is on the Sparrow"
• "What a Friend We Have in Jesus"
• "Didn't it Rain"
• "Wait Till My Change Comes", (Apollo 110, 1946)
• "He Knows My Heart", (Apollo 145, 1946)

In popular culture

• She appears in the 1960 film, Jazz on a Summer's Day – an artistic documentary filmed at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival. She sings three gospel numbers at the end of the film, including "The Lord's Prayer."
• In the 1958 movie St. Louis Blues, she played the character Bessie May and sang on the church choir.
• In the movie An American Crime, the song "Tell The World About This" is played on the first day of court.
• In the movie Jungle Fever, the character played by Ossie Davis tries to distract himself from his son Gator's (Samuel L. Jackson) crack cocaine addiction by listening to Mahalia Jackson albums by the hour.
• In the 1959 film Imitation of Life, Mahalia Jackson portrays the choir soloist, singing "Trouble of the World" at Annie's funeral. She has no speaking lines, but her singing performance highlights the climactic scene.
• In the 1964 Film The Best Man, Mahalia plays herself, singing at a Democratic Covention in a two-minute clip.
• In the The Boondocks episode "Return of the King", a still-living Martin Luther King, Jr. laments over losing his iTunes password when he tried to download Mahalia Jackson's catalog.
• In the 1970 musical documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is, Elvis Presley jokes about replacing his female backing group the Sweet Inspirations with The Supremes, "and Mahalia Jackson singing lead with them".
• She is referenced in the Denis Leary song "Elvis & I" when Leary sings "He says what the hell is Lisa Marie thinking with Michael Jackson crap, she should have married Jane or LaToya or Tito or even Mahalia Jackson".
• In the 1994 "Wake Up Show Anthem" for the Los Angeles radio station 92.3FM The Beat, the rapper Ras Kass mentioned Jackson in his freestyle verse: "Come equip, your losing your paraphernalia/I'm a hip hop Apostle singing the Gospel like Mahalia Jackson".
• She was an early influence on Northern Irish singer Van Morrison, whose song "Summertime in England" (from 1980s Common One) refers to her by name: "The voice of Mahalia Jackson came through the ether."
• In the Donna Summer song, "Dinner with Gershwin", she wants to 'sing hymns with Mahalia'.
• Duke Ellington, with whom she occasionally recorded, paid tribute to her on his New Orleans Suite album with the song, "Portrait of Mahalia Jackson".
• When an interviewer asked Lester Young whether Mahalia is comparable to legendary blues vocalist Bessie Smith, he found it difficult to answer on account of the believed tension between the gospel and blues form of music.
• In Harry Connick, Jr.'s song "Oh, My NOLA", he pays homage and makes reference to Louis Armstrong and her in the line "How proud would Satchmo and Mahalia be/To know that their memory was safe with me."

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Mahalia Jackson NNDB Profile". NNDB. http://www.nndb.com/people/249/000088982/. Retrieved May 9, 2007. 
2. ^ Collins, Willie (January 29, 2002). "Mahalia Jackson". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_/ai_2419200589. Retrieved February 23, 2010. 
3. ^ code:v_farquharson@kshira_interactive and j_nowicki@kshira_interactive design:k_wilson@framewerk. "Biography, PBS". Pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/americanrootsmusic/pbs_arm_saa_mahaliajackson.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
4. ^ "History.com". History.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mahalia-jackson-the-queen-of-gospel-puts-her-stamp-on-the-march-on-washington. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
5. ^ "Mahalia Jackson, Gospel Singer, And a Civil Rights Symbol, Dies ''The New York Times'', January 28, 1972". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1026.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
6. ^ Larkin, Colin. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Guinness (1995), page 2107 – ISBN 1-56159-176-9
7. ^ Lyman, Darryl. Great African-American Women, Jonathan David Company, Inc. (2005), page 132 – ISBN 0-8246-0459-8
8. ^ Dixon, Robert M. W. Blues and Gospel Records: 1890–1943, Oxford University Press (1997), page 431 – ISBN 0198162391
9. ^ Koster, Rick. Louisiana Music: A Journey from R&B to Zydeco, Jazz to Country, Blues to Gospel, Cajun psMusic... (2002), Da Capo Press, page 271 – ISBN 0-306-81003-4
10. ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Award". Grammy.org. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#m. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
11. ^ Stanton, Scott. The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians page 118
12. ^ "Decca/Apollo recordings". Webcitation.org. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/2675/discography.htm&date=2009-10-25+06:28:47. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
13. ^ "Down Beat (1954)". Webcitation.org. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/2675/pics/promo-doublesingle3.jpg&date=2009-10-26+14:13:46. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
14. ^ Terkel, Studs (November 25, 2007). "Studs recalls how 1 man's dream became a reality". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-11-25/news/0711230245_1_folk-music-ballads-sang. Retrieved November 23, 2010. 
15. ^ Interview with Al Sharpton, David Shankbone, Wikinews, December 3, 2007.
16. ^ Monday, Feb. 7, 1972 (February 7, 1972). "''Time'' magazine, "Moving On Up" (February 7, 1972)". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905760,00.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
17. ^ Ebony magazine, "Two Cities Pay Tribute To Mahalia Jackson", April 1972
18. ^ "Providence Memorial Park". Findagrave.com. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pif&GRid=535&PIgrid=535&PIcrid=68656&ShowCemPhotos=Y&. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
19. ^ Ebony, April 1972
20. ^ Wilson, Stacey (February 8, 2011). "Fantasia Lands Lead in Mahalia Jackson Biopic". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/idol-worship/fantasia-lands-lead-mahalia-jackson-97485. Retrieved February 20, 2011. 
21. ^ Theodore P. Mahne, "Star Emcee Patricia Clarkson Shares in the Excitement over Tonight's Opera Gala" in Times-Picayune, 2009 January 17, pp. C1, C3.
22. ^ Mahalia Jackson Grammy Award History Database
23. ^ "Louisiana Music at the Grammy Awards List". Satchmo.com. http://www.satchmo.com/nolavl/grammy1.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
24. ^ Lifetime Achievement Award List^{[dead link]}
25. ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame". Grammy.org. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#m. Retrieved September 15, 2011. 
26. ^ "Mahalia Jackson: 32¢ Postage Stamp". Hometown.aol.com. http://hometown.aol.com/efirpo/jackson.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^{[dead link]}

Further reading

• Jabir, Johari, “On Conjuring Mahalia: Mahalia Jackson, New Orleans, and the Sanctified Swing,” American Quarterly, 61 (Sept. 2009), 649–70.
• Tony Heilbut, The Gospel Sound: Good News and Bad Times, Limelight Editions, 1997, ISBN 0-87910-034-6.
• Horace Clarence Boyer, How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel, Elliott and Clark, 1995, ISBN 0-252-06877-7.
• Laurraine Goreau, Just Mahalia, Baby, Waco, TX: World Books, 1975.
• Jesse Jackson, Make a Joyful Noise Unto the Lord! : The Life of Mahalia Jackson, Queen of Gospel Singers, T.Y. Crowell, 1974.
• Mahalia Jackson, Movin On Up Hawthorn Books, 1966.
• Hettie Jones, Big Star Fallin' Mama : Five Women in Black Music, Viking Press, 1974.
• Jules Schwerin, Got to Tell It : Mahalia Jackson, Queen of Gospel, Oxford Univ. Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-507144-1.
• Bob Darden, People Get Ready : A New History of Black Gospel Music, New York: Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-8264-1436-2
• Jean Gay Cornell, Mahalia Jackson: Queen of Gospel Song, Champaign, IL., Garrard Pub. Co., 1974. ISBN 0-8116-4581-9
• Viale, Gene D. I Remember Gospel And I Keep On Singing. AuthorHouse. ISBN 987-1-4490-7681-8. 

External links

• Mahalia Jackson at Find A Grave
• I Sing Because I'm Happy Album Details at Smithsonian Folkways
• Mahalia Jackson at the Internet Movie Database
• Mahalia Jackson at the Notable Names Database
• bio in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
• Mahalia Jackson discography
• Mahalia Jackson: Voice Of The Civil Rights Movement by NPR

Persondata
Name	Jackson, Mahalia
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	October 26, 1911
Place of birth
Date of death	January 27, 1972
Place of death