F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas

Forest Frederick Edward Yeo-Thomas
Photograph of Yeo-Thomas taken eight hours before he parachuted into occupied France in September 1943
Born	17 June 1902
Died	26 February 1964
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Air Force
Rank	Wing Commander
Awards	GC, MC & Bar, Croix de guerre (with palms), Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur

Wing Commander Forest Frederick Edward "Tommy"^[1] Yeo-Thomas, GC, MC & Bar, Croix de guerre (with palms), Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur, (17 June 1902 - 26 February 1964) was the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent codenamed "The White Rabbit" during World War II. His particular sphere of operations was Occupied and Vichy France.

Life and career

Early life

Forest Frederick Edward Yeo-Thomas was born in London to John Yeo Thomas, a coal merchant, and Daisy Ethel Thomas (born Burrows). Early in his life, his family moved to Dieppe, France. He spoke both English and French fluently. He saw action in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920, fighting alongside the Poles. He was captured by the Soviet Russian forces, and avoided execution by escaping, in the process strangling a Russian guard.

Life as an agent

Between the wars, Yeo-Thomas worked for Molyneux, a successful fashion-house in Paris. However, after the fall of France and the chaotic evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he escaped back to England, where he initially worked as an interpreter for de Gaulle's Free French forces. However, he was quickly prised away from de Gaulle by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), a newly-formed intelligence and subversion organization.

At first Yeo-Thomas worked in an administrative capacity, but SOE soon used him as a liaison officer with the Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (BCRA), the Free French intelligence agency. He was parachuted into occupied France for the first time on 25 February 1943.^[2] Both within France and back in England, Yeo-Thomas forged links with Major Pierre Brossolette and Andre Dewavrin (who went under the codename Colonel Passy), and between them they created a strategy for obstructing the German occupation of France. While working for SOE, he returned to France on 17 September 1943. He was appalled by the lack of logistical and material support which the French resistance movements such as the maquis were receiving, to the extent that he begged five minutes with Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister. Churchill, reluctant at first, but fascinated by what Yeo-Thomas told him, agreed to help him obtain resources for the resistance.

In February 1944, Yeo-Thomas was parachuted into France after flying from RAF Tempsford. However, he was betrayed and captured at the Passy metro station in Paris. He was then taken by the Gestapo to their headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch and subjected to brutal torture, including repeated submersion in ice-cold water (each time to the point that artificial respiration was required to bring him back to consciousness), innumerable physical beatings, and electric shocks applied to the genitals. Held in Fresnes prison, he made two failed attempts to escape and was transferred first to Compiègne prison and then to Buchenwald concentration camp. Within the camp, he began to organize resistance, and again made a brief escape. On his recapture, he passed himself off as a French national and was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp, Stalag XX-B,^[3] near Marienburg.^[4]

While at Buchenwald, Yeo-Thomas met Squadron leader Phil Lamason, the officer in charge of 168 Allied airmen being held there. At great risk, Yeo-Thomas assisted Lamason in getting word out of camp to the German Luftwaffe of the airmen's captivity, knowing that the Luftwaffe would be sympathetic to their situation.

Eventually, after several more failed attempts to escape, he succeeded and reached Allied lines in late April 1945.

After the war

After the war, Yeo-Thomas was to be an important witness at the Nuremberg War Trials in the identification of Buchenwald officials. He was a key prosecution witness at the Buchenwald Trial held at Dachau Concentration Camp between April and August 1947. At this trial, 31 members of the Buchenwald staff were convicted of war crimes. He was also a surprise defence witness in the war crimes trial of Otto Skorzeny, particularly on the charge of Skorzeny's improper use of American uniforms in infiltrating American lines. Yeo-Thomas testified that he had himself worn German uniforms behind enemy lines while working for the SOE.

He died at the age of 62 in his Paris apartment following a massive haemorrhage. He was buried in Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey. In March 2010 his life was commemorated with an English Heritage blue plaque erected at his flat in Queens Court where he lived in Guilford Street, Camden, Central London.^[5][6]

George Cross citation

George Cross and its ribbon bar

The London Gazette 15 February 1946 Citation:

The KING has been graciously pleased to award the George Cross to Acting Wing Commander Forest Frederick Edward YEO-THOMAS, M.C. (89215), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.

This officer was parachuted into France on 25th February, 1943. He showed much courage and initiative during his mission, particularly when he enabled a French officer who was being followed by a Gestapo agent in Paris to reach safety and resume clandestine work in another area. He also took charge of a U.S. Army Air Corps officer who had been shot down and, speaking no French, was in danger of capture. This officer returned to England on the 15th April, 1943, in the aircraft which picked up Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas.

Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas undertook a second mission on the 17th September, 1943. Soon after his arrival in France, many patriots were arrested. Undeterred, he continued his enquires and obtained information which enabled the desperate situation being rectified. On six occasions, he narrowly escaped arrest. He returned to England on the 15th November, 1943, bringing British intelligence archives which he had secured from a house watched by the Gestapo.

This officer was again parachuted into France in February, 1944. Despite every security precaution, he was betrayed to the Gestapo in Paris on the 21st March. While being taken by car to Gestapo Headquarters, he was badly "beaten up". He then underwent 4 days continuous interrogation, interspersed with beatings and torture, including immersions, head downwards, in ice-cold water, with legs and arms chained. Interrogations later continued for 2 months and Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas was offered his freedom in return for information concerning the Head of a Resistance Secretariat. Owing to his wrist being cut by chains, he contracted blood-poisoning and nearly lost his left arm. He made two daring but unsuccessful attempts to escape. He was then confined in solitude in Fresnes prison for 4 months, including 3 weeks in a darkened cell with very little food. Throughout these months of almost continuous torture, he steadfastly refused to disclose any information.

On the 17th July, Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas was sent with a party to Compiègne prison, from which he twice attempted to escape. He and 36 others were transferred to Buchenwald. On the way, they stopped at Saarbrücken, where they were beaten and kept in a tiny hut. They arrived at Buchenwald on the 16th August and 16 of them were executed and cremated on the 10th September. Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas had already commenced to organise resistance within the camp and remained undaunted by the prospect of a similar fate. He accepted an opportunity of changing his identity with that of a dead French prisoner, on condition that other officers would also be enabled to do so. In this way, he was instrumental in saving the lives of two officers.

Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas was later transferred to a work kommando for Jews. In attempting to escape, he was picked up by a German patrol and, claiming French nationality, was transferred to a camp near Marienburg for French prisoners of war. On the 16th April, 1945, he led a party of 20 in a most gallant attempt to escape in broad daylight. Ten of them were killed by gunfire from the guards. Those who reached cover split up into small groups. Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas became separated from his companions after 3 days without food. He continued alone for a week and was recaptured when only 800 yards from the American lines. A few days later, he escaped with a party of 10 French prisoners of war, whom he led through German patrols to the American lines.

Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas thus turned his final mission into a success by his determined opposition to the enemy, his strenuous efforts to maintain the morale of his fellow prisoners and his brilliant escape activities. He endured brutal treatment and torture without flinching and showed the most amazing fortitude and devotion to duty throughout his service abroad, during which he was under the constant threat of death.

Portrayals

• Michael Caine in the 1958 film Carve Her Name with Pride (minor uncredited appearance)
• Kenneth More in the BBC 1967 television mini-series The White Rabbit (1967).^[7]
• Peter Hudson in the 2008 French television mini-series La Résistance ^[8]

See also

• Stéphane Hessel
• Eugen Kogon
• Buchenwald Resistance

References

Notes

1. ^ James Hutchison, ‘Thomas, Forest Frederic Edward Yeo-(1902–1964)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2010
2. ^ "Alias Shelley". Time magazine. February 2, 1953. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817907,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved March 13, 2009.  The White Rabbit book review
3. ^ "STALAG 20b POW Camp" Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved June 7, 2011
4. ^ "POW Memoirs, WWII, Europe and North Africa: Marshall, Bruce as told by Yeo-Thomas F." War, Literature, and the Arts. Retrieved June 7, 2011
5. ^ BBC TV News report 31 March 2010, accessed 31 March 2010 - NB the spelling of the street name is incorrect on the BBC site
6. ^ Richard Norton-Taylor (2010-04-01). "Forgotten spy and escape artist extraordinaire comes in from the cold". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/31/edward-yeo-thomas-spy-plaque. Retrieved 1 April 2010. 
7. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0222651/
8. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1087885/

Bibliography

• Bruce Marshall, The White Rabbit (1952)
• Mark Seaman, Bravest of the Brave: True Story of Wing Commander Tommy Yeo-Thomas - SOE Secret Agent Codename, the White Rabbit (1997)
• Brigitte Friang, Parachutes and Petticoats (1958)
• Leo Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's Story 1941-1945 (1998)

External links

• Special Operations Executive Agents in France - Profile of Yeo-Thomas
• GC and background material

Persondata
Name	Yeo-Thomas, Edward
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	17 June 1902
Place of birth
Date of death	26 February 1964
Place of death