Stalag

In Germany, Stalag was a term used for prisoner-of-war camps. Stalag is an abbreviation for "Stammlager", itself a short form of the full name "Mannschaftsstamm und -straflager".

Legal definitions

According to the Third Geneva Convention of 1929 and its predecessor, the Hague Convention of 1907, [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm#iart4 Section IV, Chapter 2] , those camps were only for prisoners of war, not civilians. Stalags were operated in both World War I and World War II and intended to be used for non-commissioned personnel (Enlisted ranks in US Army, Other ranks in British Commonwealth forces). Officers were held in separate camps called Oflag. In World War II, the German Air Force operated Stalag Luft in which flying personnel, both officers and non-commissioned officers were held. The German Navy operated Marlag for Navy personnel and Milag for Merchant Navy personnel.

Civilians who were officially attached to military units, such as war correspondents, were provided the same treatment as military personnel by the Conventions.

The Third Geneva Convention, Section III, Article 49, permits non-commissioned personnel of lower ranks to be used for work in agriculture and industry, but not in any industry producing war material. Further articles of Section III detailed conditions under which they should work, be housed and paid. During World War II these latter provisions were consistently breached, in particular for Russian, Polish, and Yugoslav prisoners.

Prisoners of various nationalities were generally separated from each other by barbed-wire fences subdividing each Stalag into sections. Frequently prisoners speaking the same language, for example British Commonwealth soldiers, were permitted to intermingle.

According to the Nazi ideology, Slavic people were regarded as "rassisch minderwertig" ("racially inferior").

"Arbeitskommandos"

At each Stalag the German Army set up sub-camps called "Arbeitskommando" to hold prisoners in the vicinity of specific work locations, whether factories, coal-mines, quarries, farms or railroad maintenance. These sub-camps sometimes held more than 1,000 prisoners, separated by nationality. The sub-camps were administered by the parent Stalag, which maintained personnel records, collected mail, International Red Cross packages and then delivered to the individual "Arbeitskommando". Likewise any individuals that were injured in work, or became ill, were returned to the "Lazarett" (medical care facilities) at the parent Stalag.

Best known Stalags

Stalag Luft III, a large POW camp near Sagan, Silesia, (Now Żagań, Poland), was the site of spectacular escape attempt (later filmed as "The Great Escape"). On March 24, 1944, 76 Allied prisoners escaped through a 110 m (approx 360 feet) long tunnel. 73 were recaptured within two weeks. 50 of them were executed by order of Hitler.

The largest German World War II POW camp was Stalag VII-A at Moosburg, Germany. Over 110,000 Allied soldiers were imprisoned there. It was liberated by the U.S. 14th Armored Division following a short battle with SS soldiers of the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division on 29 April, 1945.

In popular culture

The soldiers in the show "Hogan's Heroes" were imprisoned in fictitious Stalag 13 by Hammelburg. (An actual Stalag XIII was created in 1939 at Langwasser near Nuremberg from a former SA camp, but closed in 1940 and dispersed as three camps: Stalag XIII-A in Rhineland-Palatinate, and Oflag XIII-B and Stalag XIII-C both by Hammelburg. OFLAG XIII-B was a camp for officer POWs in which the son-in-law of U.S. General George S. Patton was held and a rescue attempt made by Task Force Baum.)

The WW II play "Stalag 17", which was made into the 1953 movie "Stalag 17", was set in Stalag XVII-B, located near Krems, Austria.

A castle in Saxony, Colditz Castle, in the postwar German Democratic Republic (GDR, now part of the Federal Republic of Germany) was made by the Nazis into an Oflag, Oflag IV-C, for allied officers who had previously made several unsuccessful escape attempts. Many books have been written about the daring successful and unsuccessful escapes from Colditz including "Escape From Colditz".

ee also

* Oflag
* Marlag
* List of POW camps in Germany

References

External links

* [http://www.nos-racines.fr/guefangue La GUEFANGUE - La Vie des prisonniers de guerre Français en Basse-Bavière - 1939-1945 par Roger DEVAUX]
* [http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/RollofHonour/POW/Camp_list.htm German prisoner of war camps]
* [http://www.lamsdorfreunited.co.uk Lamsdorf Reunited]
* [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitskommando_10001 Arbeitskommando 10001 in Ruckenwaldau (now Wierzbowa, Lower Silesia - Poland), Agency Camp German Stalag VIII-A.]
* [http://www.moosburg.org/info/stalag/laglist.html List of POW camps in Germany and occupied territories]