Diplom

This article is about an academic degree awarded in German speaking countries and countries under influence of the former Austrian empire . For the general degree or certificate, see Diploma.

A Diplom (from Greek: δίπλωμα diploma) is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland (only for engineers), Greece, Hungary, Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Also applied in Brazil for engineers.

History

The Diplom originates from the French Diplôme (Diplôme de l'ordre impérial de la légion d'honneur ) describing a certificate devised during the Second French Empire to bestow honours upon outstanding citizens and soldiers of the imperial French army to promote them into the Legion of Honour since 1862. The Magister degree was the original graduate degree at German speaking universities. In Germany the Diplom dates back to the pre-democratic period: In October 1899 the engineering degree Diplom was annonced by a supreme decree of the German emperor Wilhelm II in his function as the King of Prussia on the advent of the Centenary of the Prussian Technical College in Berlin. The Diplom was subsequently adopted by the Technische Hochschulen (Institutes of Technology) which had received university status following this Prussian decree.^[1] Later, all German universities adopted the Diplom as their degree in Science or Engineering.

In East Germany, the Diplom was the only first degree and was also granted in disciplines such as medicine or law, which at West German universities were completed with a staatsexamen. Nowadays such diploms are still granted to students of such disciplines, although most universities only grant the diplom status (for example "Magisterjurist" in law) on request. Some universities also grant a master's degree to such students on request.

With the implementation of the Bologna process, the Diplom and Magister are increasingly being replaced by Bachelor's or Master's degrees. In Germany Bachelor's degrees, rarely called Bakkalaureus, are awarded in most cases after three years of regular studies. Master's degrees are awarded in most cases after five years of study. Master's degrees are sometimes called Magister, like the former German graduate degree, but they differ in structure.

Germany, Austria and Switzerland

Before the introduction of the Bachelor's and Master's degree in Austria and Germany, the standard Science, Engineering or Business degree was the Diplom and could be, in several variations, obtained at several types of institutes of higher education.

Obtained at a university, the degree is simply called a Diplom or rarely a Diplom (Univ.) and took usually between four and six years (240 – 300 ECTS Credits), depending on subject and curriculum. Obtained at a so called University of Applied Sciences (or Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and took mostly four years (240 ECTS Credits). The following text deals with these two kind of degrees. (For further kind of Diploma degrees see the section below.)

The Diplom was usually awarded in the natural sciences, business and in engineering, while students of humanities, arts and languages finished with a Magister. The degree in social sciences differed from university to university.

The Diplom used to be the first academic degree many German undergraduate students received. The duration of the programme differed depending on subject and university. An official average duration (Regelstudienzeit) was set by law in each German state, usually being 4 years for a Diplom (FH) and 4 or 4.5 years for a Diplom / Diplom (Univ.). In exceptional cases, universities were allowed to set longer average durations of study for certain subjects (HGRP1995 § 26 (3),^[2] NHG2007 § 6 (3),^[3] HmbHG2001 §53 (3)^[4]). However, due to the curriculum set by most universites in Germany, the 4 or 4.5 years for a Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) were in most cases exceeded.^[5] Although being a first degree, because of its actual duration, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) was and is in Germany and Austria not considered as an equivalent to a Bachelor's but rather to a Master's degree.

A holder of a Diplom obtained at a university is, depending on subject, for example referred to as "Diplom-Ingenieur" (Diplom-Engineer), "Diplom-Kaufmann" (Diplom-Merchant), "Diplom-Biologe" (Diplom-Biologist) and so on. Sometimes the postfix "(Univ.)" is added. If the Diplom has been obtained at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), usually the postfix "(FH)" has to be added.

To obtain a Diplom at a university, students had to complete two separate periods of study. The first one was a two year period of coursework in courses of mainly (but not only) introductory nature, the Grundstudium (meaning basic studying period). After (and during) this period, in addition to exams for passing the modules, students attained a series of usually four intermediate exams to obtain the Vordiplom (meaning pre-diploma). The second period, the Hauptstudium (meaning main period of study), consisted of two years of coursework in courses of advanced level, an additional period of several months in which a thesis had to be written and eventually a series of usually four^[6] final exams. It was not unusual for student to need more than two years for the coursework of the Hauptstudium. An obtained Vordiplom and the completion of the coursework of the Hauptstudium were the requirements to register for working on the thesis and for the final exams. However, access to courses of the Hauptstudium was usually not restricted to students who had already obtained the Vordiplom.
The extend of the final exams and the exams to obtain the Vordiplom was set by each university individually in its regulations. Normally, the content of two different modules of the preceding period of coursework was examined in each of the examinations, which could be oral or less often in writing. Most students needed approximately six months to complete the final exam period.
The thesis which followed an independent (although supervised) research project had officially to be completed in not more than 3 to 9 months (depending on subject and university).^[7] However, the actual time students worked on these projects could again exceed the official duration by several months.

The curriculum for a Diplom (FH) degree, obtained at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) used to be more application-oriented, in comparison to what was expected for a Univ. Diplom degree. The programme was slightly shorter and often one semester was spent by the students doing an internship.

The Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually a prerequisite for preparing a doctorate (Doktorarbeit). However, under certain conditions, holders of a Diplom (FH) are also eligible for doctoral studies. In German speaking countries and countries, which Germany has bilateral agreements with—regarding the recognition of academic qualifications, the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually accepted as admission into doctorate programs.

In Switzerland, the Diplom was the typical first degree at the two federal institutes of technology and at the Swiss universities of applied sciences. Since 2004, these Swiss degrees are no longer offered since they are replaced by Bologna style Bachelor's and Master's degrees.

Further kinds of Diploma (Germany)

While the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and the Diplom (FH) were the most common Diplom degrees in Germany, further Diploma did and do exist. Those are:

• Diplom (BA) - The Diplom (BA) was not an academic degree, but instead a qualification designation which students received after completing a three year programme at a so called University of Cooperative Education (Berufsakademie). These colleges combined coursework with apprenticeships.
• Diplom (DH) - In the German state of Baden-Württemberg, the Universities of Cooperative Education were transfered into the Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University (Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg) in 2009. Former students of a University of Cooperative Education can transfer their qualification designation Diplom (BA) into the academic degree Diplom (DH)
• Diplom I - The University of Kassel used to offer this academic degree, which is basically a minor Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) obtained after a shortened programme of study.
• Diplom II - The equivalent to a Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) obtained from the University of Kassel.

International Comparison and Bologna degrees (Germany and Austria)

International Comparison

Acceptance of the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and the Diplom (FH) varies from country to country and from university to university. Usually holders of any of the both degrees are considered for admission to postgraduate (not necessarily doctoral) studies.

• A bilateral agreement between Germany and France sets the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) as equivalent to the French Maîtrise.^[8]
• In the Netherlands the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is usually accepted as equivalent to the Dutch doctorandus^[8] or the Dutch Master's degree.^[9]
• In the United States, the Department of Education calls the German Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) an equivalent to the Master's degree.^[10] Evaluations by U.S. universities vary. For example, for admission to graduate studies, the University of Arizona,^[11] the University of Central Florida^[12] and the University of Wisconsin-Madison^[13] require (at least) the Vordiplom plus an additional year of study. The Oregon State University^[14] and the University of Southern California^[15] consider holders of a Diplom (not differing between (FH) and (Univ.)) for admission to graduate studies. In contrast to this, the University of California, Los Angeles^[16] requires the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and considers the Vordiplom, the Diplom (FH) or a German Bachelor's degree as not sufficient.
• In Canada the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) is at most universities the prerequisite to enter a Canadian Master's program,^{[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]} and corresponds to a Canadian Bachelor's/Bachelier degree.
• In Denmark the Diplom (FH) awarded after 4 years of tuition is considered as being equivalent to a Danish Bachelor's degree, whereas the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) awarded after at least 4½ years of tuition merits a Kandidatuddannelse.^[25] The German Diplom must not be confused with a Danish Diplomuddannelse which is equivalent to a Bachelor's degree.^[26]
• In the United Kingdom the University of Aberystwyth,^[27] the University College London^[28][29] and the University of Sheffield^[30] consider both the Diplom (FH) and the Diplom (Univ.) as being equivalent to a Bachelor's degree, while the University of Edinburgh only states that it considers both degrees as sufficient to enter postgraduate programmes.^[31]
• In the Republic of Ireland, both the Diplom (FH) and the Diplom are recognized as being equivalent to a Bachelor's Honours degree.^[32]
• In Norway, the Norwegian Statistical Office classifies the Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) as being equivalent to a Norwegian Master's degree.^[33]
• In Sweden, the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education considers a German Diplom as sufficient for the admission to a Swedish Master's program.^[34] On the Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate Conference in 2005 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Malmqvist et al.^[35] stated that, the Swedish Civilingenjör engineering degree programs "are 4½ year integrated engineering programs roughly equivalent to Master of Science or Diplom-Ingenieur degrees".^[36]

Comparison between Diplom and Bologna Degrees in Austria, Germany and Switzerland

Current German legislation states that the old degrees Diplom / Diplom (Univ.) and Magister provide the same qualification as the newly introduced German Master's degree, while the Diplom (FH) provides the same qualification as the German Bachelor's degree.^[37] The following chart illustrates a comparison when the old degree (Diplom, Diplom (FH)) and the new European degrees (Bachelor/Master) are obtained with some sample durations of studies.

It should also be noted for comparison purposes that at the time of the Bologna process, schools in most German states started changing from 13 school years to 12 years. (An exception are the states of Saxony and Thuringia, where Gymnasium has always lasted only 12 years ever since the German Reunification.) Most of the students going for a Diplom therefore spent 13 years in school before starting their university studies, while the younger Bachelor students nowadays may start one year earlier. (However, in some states, such as Rhineland-Palatinate or Schleswig-Holstein, the first class which completes school after 12 years will graduate as late as 2016.) Regarding international comparison, one may argue that British, Irish and French high school students have school also in the afternoons which could compensate with the (former) additional year of school attendance in Germany.

1st year	2nd year	3rd year	4th year	5th year	6th year	7th year	8th year	9th year
Vordiplom		Diplom (FH) with excellent grades		additional coursework	Doctorate
Vordiplom		Diplom (FH)		2 Sem. Master	Doctorate
Vordiplom		Diplom (Universität)			Doctorate
Bachelors (Bologna only)[38]			Masters		Doctorate

Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend one to two obligatory semesters during his studies in a company where he/she does not study. These semesters are included in the table. The study time is therefore one to two semesters shorter. Bachelor studies have them included in the table too. For the Diplom (Universität) those semesters are sometimes not included in the table.

Also note: In Germany, a Diplom (Universität) student can enter a doctoral program directly (if the student meets the admission requirements). A Diplom (FH) student has to have excellent grades to directly enter a doctorate program.^[39] With the Higher Education Act of the Land Lower Saxony as of August 2010, outstanding Bachelor graduates can commence their Doctorate at the Universities of this German state.^[40] In addition, a few German graduate schools, such as the Saarbrücken Graduate School of Computer Science or the Berlin Mathematical School also admit students with a Bachelor's degree and excellent grades to their doctorate programms.

Greece

In Greece, a diploma is a 5-year (10-semester) (diplom uni) (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A) degree, formatted similarly to the German Diplom, awarded to students of the Greek Engineering Schools and Departments (called Polytechinc in Greece – not to be confused though with the polytechnics of the UK).

While every institution has its own individual approaches, the curriculum usually consists of general knowledge and essential background subjects in the first five semesters. After the end of the fifth semester, students select their academic area of interest and pursue a set of specialised courses for the next four semesters. The last semester is devoted to the preparation of a thesis on the student's chosen area of interest, which is presented before a three-member panel.

Diplomas are considered equivalent to master's degrees (MEng)and allow the holder to sit in the Technical Chamber of Greece exams without any prerequisite. It also allows the engineer to be considered for doctorate studies without taking any additional classes.

Since adoption of the 2001 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν. 2916/2001 – Ν. 3549/2007) the higher technological institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I) constitute a parallel, equivalent, and complementary part of public higher education in Greece. They confer a 4-year bachelor's degree formatted similarly to the German Diplom (FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

Grades range between 0 and 10, 5 being the passing mark. However, since grading practice differs amongst awarding institutions, a descriptive mark is used, which is more or less universal throughout Greece. For example, in the National Technical University of Athens, a grade in the diploma between 5 and 6.99 is "good" (καλώς), a grade between 7.00 and 8.99 is "very good" (λίαν καλώς) and a grade of 9.00 or more is "excellent" (άριστα).^[41] In the University of Patras^[42] the ranges are from 5 to 6.49 (good), from 6.5 to 8.49 (very good) and from 8.5 to 10 (excellent).

See also

• Diploma
• Magister
• DEA (former French degree)
• Specialist (degree), an analogous degree in Russia and CIS (former USSR)
• German Academic Exchange Service

References

1. ^ http://www.tu9.de/media/docs/tu9/20100924_tu9_buch_Website.pdf
2. ^ http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~intern/downloads/Formales/Universitaetsgesetz.pdf
3. ^ http://www.studieren-in-niedersachsen.de/rechtliches/NHG.pdf
4. ^ "Landesrecht - Justiz - Portal Hamburg" (in (German)). Landesrecht.hamburg.de. http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?showdoccase=1&doc.id=jlr-HSchulGHArahmen&doc.part=X&doc.origin=bs&st=lr. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
5. ^ [1] – Example: Technical University of Berlin – derivation of actual duration of study from standard duration for the years 1994/1995 (German)
6. ^ http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/amtliche-informationen/amtl.bekanntmachungen/1997/nrX/dpo-bio.pdf
7. ^ [2] – Example: Examination regulations for the Diplom degree in Biology, University of Bonn (German)
8. ^ ^{a b} "Report 11 - B The relationship of UK degrees to those elsewhere in Europe". Leeds.ac.uk. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/ncihe/r11_069.htm. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
9. ^ http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-germany.pdf
10. ^ http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007006.pdf
11. ^ "consider". Grad.arizona.edu. http://grad.arizona.edu/admissions/admissions-requirements/all-students/comparable-degrees. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
12. ^ "UCF Graduate Studies". Ww2.graduate.ucf.edu. http://ww2.graduate.ucf.edu/CountryRequirements/index.cfm?CountrySelect=DEU. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
13. ^ "Graduate School Admission Requirements". Grad.wisc.edu. 17 February 2011. http://www.grad.wisc.edu/education/admissions/requirements.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
14. ^ "Graduate Admission Requirements by Country | Graduate School | Oregon State University". Oregonstate.edu. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/grad_school/country_reqs.php. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
15. ^ "Admission Requirement by Country - USC Graduate Admission". Usc.edu. http://www.usc.edu/admission/graduate/international/requirements.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
16. ^ http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu/gasaa/admissions/GERMANY.HTM
17. ^ Sybilla Pijet- [e-mail]. "Bureau des étudiants internationaux - Université de Montréal". Bei.umontreal.ca. http://www.bei.umontreal.ca/english/documents/0_equival.htm. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
18. ^ Behdin Nowrouzi - www.behdin.com. "Equivalent Qualifications - Department of Nutritional Sciences". Utoronto.ca. http://www.utoronto.ca/nutrisci/equiv.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
19. ^ International Student Evaluation Manual. "Faculty of Graduate Studies". Iem.grad.ubc.ca. http://iem.grad.ubc.ca/index.asp?cID=58. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
20. ^ Canada. "Graduate International Admission Qualifications - School of Graduate Studies - Concordia University - Montreal, Quebec, Canada". Graduatestudies.concordia.ca. http://graduatestudies.concordia.ca/prospectivestudents/international/giaq/. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
21. ^ "US and International - Dean of Graduate Studies - Simon Fraser University". Sfu.ca. http://www.sfu.ca/dean-gradstudies/prosp_students/international_students/. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
22. ^ "International Degree Equivalencies - Faculty of Graduate Studies - Dalhousie University". Dalgrad.dal.ca. http://dalgrad.dal.ca/prospectivestudents/admissions/internationaldegree/. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
23. ^ "Graduate Studies | University of Waterloo". Grad.uwaterloo.ca. http://www.grad.uwaterloo.ca/students/prospective/international/intl_adm_guide.asp. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
24. ^ http://fare.uoguelph.ca/files/InternationalCredentialGuidelines_000.pdf
25. ^ "Database over vurderinger af udenlandske uddannelser - Styrelsen for International Uddannelse". Ciriusonline.ciriusintra.dk. http://ciriusonline.ciriusintra.dk/vdb/cvuu/. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
26. ^ http://www.dtu.dk/upload/dtu%20kommunikation/publikationer/dtu_cdio_final2%202.pdf
27. ^ "Aberystwyth University - EU Qualifications". Aber.ac.uk. http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/postgrad/howtoapply/entryrequirements/comparability/euqualifications/. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
28. ^ "Germany". Ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prospective-students/international-students/country-information/europe/germany/entry-requirements. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
29. ^ "Entry Requirements". Ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prospective-students/international-students/country-information/europe/Austria/entry-requirements. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
30. ^ "Germany". Sheffield.ac.uk. http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/germany/entry.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
31. ^ "Postgraduate | Germany | International students". Ed.ac.uk. 28 March 2008. http://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/international/country/europe-russia/germany/postgraduate. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
32. ^ "International Qualifications Database - Qualification Recognition". Qualificationsrecognition.ie. http://www.qualificationsrecognition.ie/germany.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
33. ^ "Norge i Europa – statistikk, utdanningssystemer og høyere utdanning". Norwegian Statistical Office. 2005. http://www.ssb.no/emner/04/sa_utdanning/arkiv/sa74/kap-12.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2011. 
34. ^ [3]^{[dead link]}
35. ^ http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/local_7552.pdf
36. ^ Malmqvist J., and Sadurskis A. Quality Assurance of Engineering Education in Sweden. In Patil A.S., and Gray P.J. (eds.) – Engineering Education Quality Assurance – A Global Perspective. pp. 133–144. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, 2009
37. ^ http://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse/2003/2003_10_10-Laendergemeinsame-Strukturvorgaben.pdf
38. ^ "Bologna Declaration". European Commission. 2007. http://ec.europa.eu./education/policies/educ/bologna/bologna.pdf. Retrieved 10 May 2007. 
39. ^ "Promovieren mit FH-Diplom". http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/gleichstellungsbeauftragte/promovieren/fhdiplom.html. Retrieved 12 February 2008. 
40. ^ "Niedersächsisches Hochschulgesetz (NHG)". Lower Saxony. 2011. http://www.mwk.niedersachsen.de/download/51109. Retrieved 23 January 2011. 
41. ^ [4]^{[dead link]}
42. ^ [5]^{[dead link]}

External links