Inverse limit

In mathematics, the inverse limit (also called the projective limit) is a construction which allows one to "glue together" several related objects, the precise manner of the gluing process being specified by morphisms between the objects. Inverse limits can be defined in any category.

Formal definition

Algebraic objects

We start with the definition of an inverse (or projective) system of groups and homomorphisms. Let (I, ≤) be a directed poset (not all authors require I to be directed). Let (A_i)_i∈I be a family of groups and suppose we have a family of homomorphisms f_ij: A_j → A_i for all i ≤ j (note the order) with the following properties:

1. f_ii is the identity in A_i,
2. f_ik = f_ij o f_jk for all i ≤ j ≤ k.

Then the pair ((A_i)_i∈I, (f_ij)_{i≤ j∈I}) is called an inverse system of groups and morphisms over I, and the morphisms f_ij are called the transition morphisms of the system.

We define the inverse limit of the inverse system ((A_i)_i∈I, (f_ij)_{i≤ j∈I}) as a particular subgroup of the direct product of the A_i's:

$\varprojlim_{i\in I} A_i = \Big\{\vec a \in \prod_{i\in I}A_i \;\Big|\; a_i = f_{ij}(a_j) \mbox{ for all } i \leq j \mbox{ in } I\Big\}.$

The inverse limit, A, comes equipped with natural projections π_i: A → A_i which pick out the ith component of the direct product for each i in I. The inverse limit and the natural projections satisfy a universal property described in the next section.

This same construction may be carried out if the A_i's are sets, rings, modules (over a fixed ring), algebras (over a fixed field), etc., and the homomorphisms are homomorphisms in the corresponding category. The inverse limit will also belong to that category.

General definition

The inverse limit can be defined abstractly in an arbitrary category by means of a universal property. Let (X_i, f_ij) be an inverse system of objects and morphisms in a category C (same definition as above). The inverse limit of this system is an object X in C together with morphisms π_i: X → X_i (called projections) satisfying π_i = f_ij o π_j for all i ≤ j. The pair (X, π_i) must be universal in the sense that for any other such pair (Y, ψ_i) there exists a unique morphism u: Y → X making all the "obvious" identities true; i.e., the diagram

must commute for all i ≤ j. The inverse limit is often denoted

$X = \varprojlim X_i$

with the inverse system (X_i, f_ij) being understood.

Unlike for algebraic objects, the inverse limit might not exist in an arbitrary category. If it does, however, it is unique in a strong sense: given any other inverse limit X′ there exists a unique isomorphism X′ → X commuting with the projection maps.

We note that an inverse system in a category C admits an alternative description in terms of functors. Any partially ordered set I can be considered as a small category where the morphisms consist of arrows i → j if and only if i ≤ j. An inverse system is then just a contravariant functor I → C. And the inverse limit functor $\varprojlim:C^{I^{op}}\rightarrow C$ is a covariant functor.

Examples

• The ring of p-adic integers is the inverse limit of the rings Z/pⁿZ (see modular arithmetic) with the index set being the natural numbers with the usual order, and the morphisms being "take remainder". The natural topology on the p-adic integers is the same as the one described here.
• The ring $\textstyle R[[t]]$ of formal power series over a commutative ring R can be thought of as the inverse limit of the rings $\textstyle R[t]/t^nR[t]$, indexed by the natural numbers as usually ordered, with the morphisms from $\textstyle R[t]/t^{n+j}R[t]$ to $\textstyle R[t]/t^nR[t]$ given by the natural projection.
• Pro-finite groups are defined as inverse limits of (discrete) finite groups.
• Let the index set I of an inverse system (X_i, f_ij) have a greatest element m. Then the natural projection π_m: X → X_m is an isomorphism.
• Inverse limits in the category of topological spaces are given by placing the initial topology on the underlying set-theoretic inverse limit. This is known as the limit topology.
  • The set of infinite strings is the inverse limit of the set of finite strings, and is thus endowed with the limit topology. As the original spaces are discrete, the limit space is totally disconnected. This is one way of realizing the p-adic numbers and the Cantor set (as infinite strings).
• Let (I, =) be the trivial order (not directed). The inverse limit of any corresponding inverse system is just the product.
• Let I consist of three elements i, j, and k with i ≤ j and i ≤ k (not directed). The inverse limit of any corresponding inverse system is the pullback.

Derived functors of the inverse limit

For an abelian category C, the inverse limit functor

$\varprojlim:C^I\rightarrow C$

is left exact. If I is ordered (not simply partially ordered) and countable, and C is the category Ab of abelian groups, the Mittag-Leffler condition is a condition on the transition morphisms f_ij that ensures the exactness of $\varprojlim$. Specifically, Eilenberg constructed a functor

$\varprojlim{}^1:\operatorname{Ab}^I\rightarrow\operatorname{Ab}$

(pronounced "lim one") such that if (A_i, f_ij), (B_i, g_ij), and (C_i, h_ij) are three projective systems of abelian groups, and

$0\rightarrow A_i\rightarrow B_i\rightarrow C_i\rightarrow0$

is a short exact sequence of inverse systems, then

$0\rightarrow\varprojlim A_i\rightarrow\varprojlim B_i\rightarrow\varprojlim C_i\rightarrow\varprojlim{}^1A_i$

is an exact sequence in Ab.

Mittag-Leffler condition

If the ranges of the morphisms of the inverse system of abelian groups (A_i, f_ij) are stationary, that is, for every k there exists j ≥ k such that for all i ≥ j :f_kj(A_j) = f_ki(A_i) one says that the system satisfies the Ḿittag-Leffler condition. This condition implies that $\varprojlim{}^1A_i=0.$

For a discussion of the name "Mittag-Leffler" in its relation with the Mittag-Leffler theorem, see this thread on MathOverflow.

The following situations are examples where the Mittag-Leffler condition is satisfied :

• a system in which the morphisms f_ij are surjective
• a system of finite-dimensional vector spaces.

An example where this is non-zero is obtained by taking I to be the non-negative integers, letting A_i = pⁱZ, B_i = Z, and C_i = B_i / A_i = Z/pⁱZ. Then

$\varprojlim{}^1A_i=\mathbf{Z}_p/\mathbf{Z}$

where Z_p denotes the p-adic integers.

Further results

More generally, if C is an arbitrary abelian category that has enough injectives, then so does C^I, and the right derived functors of the inverse limit functor can thus be defined. The nth right derived functor is denoted

$R^n\varprojlim:C^I\rightarrow C.$

In the case where C satisfies Grothendieck's axiom (AB4*), Jan-Erik Roos generalized the functor lim¹ on Ab^I to series of functors limⁿ such that

$\varprojlim{}^n\cong R^n\varprojlim.$

It was thought for almost 40 years that Roos had proved (in Sur les foncteurs dérivés de lim. Applications. ) that lim¹ A_i = 0 for (A_i, f_ij) an inverse system with surjective transition morphisms and I the set of non-negative integers (such inverse systems are often called "Mittag-Leffler sequences"). However, in 2002, Amnon Neeman and Pierre Deligne constructed an example of such a system in a category satisfying (AB4) (in addition to (AB4*)) with lim¹ A_i ≠ 0. Roos has since shown (in "Derived functors of inverse limits revisited") that his result is correct if C has a set of generators (in addition to satisfying (AB3) and (AB4*)).

Barry Mitchell has shown (in "The cohomological dimension of a directed set") that if I has cardinality $\aleph_d$ (the dth infinite cardinal), then Rⁿlim is zero for all n ≥ d + 2. This applies to the I-indexed diagrams in the category of R-modules, with R a commutative ring; it is not necessarily true in an arbitrary abelian category (see Roos' "Derived functors of inverse limits revisited" for examples of abelian categories in which lim^n, on diagrams indexed by a countable set, is nonzero for n>1).

Related concepts and generalizations

The categorical dual of an inverse limit is a direct limit (or inductive limit). More general concepts are the limits and colimits of category theory. The terminology is somewhat confusing: inverse limits are limits, while direct limits are colimits.

References

• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989), Algebra I, Springer, ISBN 978-3540642435, OCLC 40551484 
• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989), General topology: Chapters 1-4, Springer, ISBN 978-3540642411, OCLC 40551485 
• Mac Lane, Saunders (September 1998), Categories for the Working Mathematician (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 0-387-98403-8 
• Mitchell, Barry (1972), "Rings with several objects", Advances in Mathematics 8: 1–161, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(72)90002-3, MR0294454 
• Neeman, Amnon (2002), "A counterexample to a 1962 "theorem" in homological algebra (with appendix by Pierre Deligne)", Inventiones Mathematicae 148 (2): 397–420, doi:10.1007/s002220100197, MR1906154 
• Roos, Jan-Erik (1961), "Sur les foncteurs dérivés de lim. Applications", C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 252: 3702–3704, MR0132091 
• Roos, Jan-Erik (2006), "Derived functors of inverse limits revisited", J. London Math. Soc. (2) 73 (1): 65–83, doi:10.1112/S0024610705022416, MR2197371 
• Section 3.5 of Weibel, Charles A. (1994), An introduction to homological algebra, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259, MR1269324