List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 2008. As of the 2008 Games in Beijing, all of the current 205 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Games, and athletes from Australia, France,ref label|FRA|H|a Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerlandref label|Eq56|L|e have competed in all twenty-six Summer Olympic Games.

History

Early years

Early Games were not clearly documented with respect to participating nations. Competitors from 11 to 16 different nations participated in the inaugural 1896 Games, in Athens. Eleven nations (Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) are mentioned in the official report for the Games,cite book |author=De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos |title=The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 |publisher=Charles Beck |location=Athens |year=1897 |chapter=Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that 14 nations were represented. [cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896 |title=Athens 1896 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-03-11] The NOCs for Bulgariacite web |title=Olypic "sic" Games Athens 1896 |url=http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 |publisher=Bulgarian Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-02-04] and Chilecite web |title=La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos |url=http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm#chile |publisher=Comité Olímpico de Chile |language=Spanish |accessdate=2008-02-04] each claim that they were represented by a single athlete in Athens.Other sources also list Egypt, Italy, and the Turkish Empire.cite book |title=The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary |last=Mallon |first=Bill |coauthors=Widlund, Ture |pages=pp. 22–23 |publisher=McFarland |year=1998 |isbn=0-7864-0379-9 |chapter=1896 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries |chapterurl=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf |accessdate=2008-03-11] [cite web |title=Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians |first=Herman |last=De Wael |date=2005-06-13 |url=http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/topath96.html |accessdate=2008-03-11]

The IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics, in Paris, [cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1900 |title=Paris 1900 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-03-11] but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.cite book |title=The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary |last=Mallon |first=Bill |pages=pp. 23–26 |publisher=McFarland |month=December |year=1997 |isbn=978-0786403783 |chapter=1900 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries |chapterurl=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1900.pdf |accessdate=2008-02-04] [cite web |title=Herman's Top Paris 1900 Olympians |first=Herman |last=De Wael |date=2002-10-10 |url=http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/toppar00.html |accessdate=2008-03-11] The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis, were poorly organized, with participation of only 12 nations,cite book |title=The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary |last=Mallon |first=Bill |pages=pp. 23–24 |publisher=McFarland |month=February |year=1999 |isbn=978-0786405503 |chapter=1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries |chapterurl=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf |accessdate=2008-02-04] [cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904 |title=St. Louis 1904 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-03-11] and many events contested only by athletes from the host United States.Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official "Games of the Olympiad" by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908cite book |author=Cook, Theodore Andrea |title=The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report |publisher=British Olympic Association |location=London |month=May |year=1909 |pages=p. 656 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.cite book |title=The Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 Official Report |author=(ed). Bergvall, Erik |publisher=Wahlström and Widstrand |location=Stockholm |month=December |year=1913 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf |pages=p. 889 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated "Australasia".The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.

Inter-war years

After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated,cite book |title=Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report |publisher=Belgian Olympic Committee |year=1957 |language=French |pages=pp. 168–170 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.

The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,cite book |title=Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel |author=(ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français |publisher=Librairie de France |location=Paris |language=French |pages=p. 79 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam, where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.cite book |title=The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report |author=(ed.) G. Van Rossem |publisher=J. H. De Bussy |location=Amsterdam |year=1928 |pages=pp. 87–88 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] Because of the economic effects of the Great Depression, competitors from only 37 nations—with less than half the number of participants that competed in Amsterdam—travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.cite book |title=The Games of the X^th Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 |publisher=Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932 |year=1933 |pages=p. 374 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932s.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.cite book |last=Diem |first=Carl |title=XI^th Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 Official Report |publisher=Wilhelm Limpert |location=Berlin |year=1937 |pages=pp. 596–597 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II, in 1939.

Post-war years and Cold War era

Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan.cite book |title=The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad |author=(ed.) Lord Burghley |publisher=Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad |location=London |year=1951 |pages=pp. 546–547 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/OR1948.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and the return of Germany and Japan.cite book |title=The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 |author=(ed.) Kolkka, Sulo |year=1955 |publisher=Organising Committee for the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 |location=Helsinki |pages=244–255 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott.cite book |title=The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 |publisher=The Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956 |year=1958 |location=Melbourne |pages=pp. 260–261 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04]
Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Interestingly, because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.cite book |title=The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956 |publisher=Esselte Aktiebolag |year=1959 |location=Stockholm |pages=p. 23 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/or1956eq.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04]

Participation by African and Latin American nations increased significantly during the 1960s. A total of 84 nations were represented at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Rome,cite book |title=The Games of the XVII Olympiad Rome 1960, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Volume 2 |author= (ed.) Giacomini, Romolo |pages=p. 56 |publisher=Carlo Colombo |location=Rome |month=May |year=1963 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v2pt1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] 94 nations at the 1964 Games, in Tokyo,cite book |title=The Official Report of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, Volume II |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad |location=Tokyo |month=October |year=1966 |pages=pp. 2–13 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v2pt1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04] and 112 nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City.cite book |title=The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico 1968, Volume 3: The Games |author=(ed.) Trueblood, Beatrice |publisher=Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad |year=1969 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/1968v3pt1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] The 1968 Games also marked the first time that West Germany and East Germany competed as independent teams. For the previous three Olympiads (1956–1964), the two NOCs were jointly represented by a united German team.cite journal |author=(ed.) Berlioux, Monique |title=The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=93–94 |year=1975 |month=July–August |pages=pp. 290–306 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore93/ore93zb.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-08] The 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, featured 121 nations, the highest total yet.cite book |title=The official report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972, Volume 3 The competitions |author=(ed.) Kunze, Herbert |publisher=proSport |location=Munich |year=1974 |pages=pp. 541–563 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-04]

The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.cite book |title=Games of the XXI Olympiad Montréal 1976 Official Report, Volume I Organization |author=(ed.) Chantigny, Louis |publisher=COJO 76 |location=Montreal |year=1978 |pages=pp. 139–150 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/1976v1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa. [cite journal |author=(ed.) Berlioux, Monique |title=Africa and the XXIst Olympiad |journal=Olympic Review |issue=109–110 |year=1976 |month=November–December |pages=pp. 584–585 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore109/ore109h.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-08] The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 81 nations participated.cite book |title=Games of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980, Volume 3 Participants and Results |author=(ed.) I. T. Novikov |publisher=Fizkultura i Sport |year=1981 |location=Moscow |pages=pp. 610–639 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and many of their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.cite book |title=Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, Volume 2 Competition Summary and Results |publisher=Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee |author=(ed.) Perelman, Richard B. |year=1985 |pages=pp. 224–227 |isbn=0-9614512-0-3 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/1984v2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.cite book |title=Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 Official Report, Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results |author=(ed.) Lee Kyong-hee |publisher=Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee |month=September |year=1989 |pages=pp. 150–161 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05]

Recent Games

Several events in the 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympic Games. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936 at the 1992 Games, in Barcelona.cite book |title=Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume IV The Games |author=(ed.) Cuyàs, Romà |publisher=COOB'92 |year=1992 |pages=pp. 396–397 |isbn=84-7868-097-7 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/1992s4.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] The remaining twelve ex-republics of the Soviet Union competed together as the Unified Team for these Games. A single German team competed for the first time since 1964, after the German reunification in 1990, while the breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in the Olympic debut of new nations.

The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations,cite book |title=The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results |author=(ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. |publisher=Peachtree Publishers |location=Atlanta |year=1997 |isbn=1-56145-150-9 |pages=pp. viii–ix |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05] including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Games,cite book |title=Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad, Volume Three: Results |publisher=Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games |year=2001 |isbn=0-9579616-1-8 |chapter=National Olympic Committees |pages=pp. 1–5 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Results.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05 ] and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.cite book |title=Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad, Volume Two: The Games |author=(ed.) Skarveli, Efharis; Zervos, Isabel |publisher=Athens 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games |month=November |year=2005 |isbn=960-88101-7-5 |pages=pp. 528–529 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-05 ]

A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition. [cite news |title=Brunei excluded from Beijing Games |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-08-08 |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK32791920080808 |accessdate=2008-08-15]

List of nations

Description

This list includes all 205 current NOCs, [cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/noc/index_uk.asp |title=National Olympic Committees |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-03-11] arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games. [cite journal |title=IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs |last=Mallon |first=Bill |coauthors=Karlsson, Ove |journal=Journal of Olympic History |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2004 |month=May |pages=pp. 25–28 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv12n2/johv12n2l.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-08]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself. A select number of obsolete nations are also included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations:
*Soviet Union — now represented by fifteen successor NOCs
*Czechoslovakia — now represented by two successor NOCs
*East Germany and West Germany — participated as two distinct teams for six Olympiads, but also together as a united team for three Olympiads
*Yugoslavia — now represented by six successor NOCs
*Serbia and Montenegro — now represented by two separate NOCs

Table legend

B

E

H

K

N

Q

T

Y

Z

Notes

Name changes

Participation notes

1. note label|BUL|A|noneThe Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud, a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia, competed for the nation in 1896.
2. note label|CHI|B|noneChile claims that one athlete, Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz, competed for the nation in 1896.
3. note label|CZE|C|nonePrior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, athletes from "Bohemia" (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900, 1908, and 1912.
4. note label|HAI|D|noneSome sourcescite web |title=Fencing 1900 |first=Herman |last=De Wael |date=2001-01-24 |url=http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/fen1900.html |accessdate=2008-02-04] consider Léon Thiércelin, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Haitian nationality.
5. note label|IRI|E|noneSome sources consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran.
6. note label|LUX|F|noneMichel Théato's gold medal in the marathon at the 1900 Games is currently attributed to France, although it has since been discovered that he was born in Luxembourg. [Mallon 1997, p.10.]
7. note label|PER|G|noneSome sources consider Carlos de Candamo, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Peruvian nationality.
8. note label|FRA|H|anote label|FRA|H|bSources are inconsistent regarding Albert Coray's participation for France in 1904. Although the Games report refers to Coray as a "Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association", [cite book |title=The Olympic Games — 1904 |author=Charles J.P. Lucas |publisher=Woodard & Tiernan |year=1905 |location=St. Louis, MO |pages=p. 47 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904lucas.pdf |type=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-28 ] the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France, and in contradiction, the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States.cite web |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp |accessdate=2007-03-27 ]
9. note label|ANZ|I|anote label|ANZ|I|bIn the 1908 and 1912 Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated "Australasia" (ANZ). [cite journal |author=(ed.) Berlioux, Monique |title=New Zealand and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=74–75 |year=1974 |month=January–February |pages=pp. 44–59 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1974/ore74/ore74q.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-13]
10. note label|GER52|J|noneDue the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany and the Saar. The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany. East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955.cite journal |author=(ed.) Berlioux, Monique |title=The German Democratic Republic and Olympism |journal=Olympic Review |issue=95–96 |year=1975 |month=September–October |pages=pp. 362–377 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore95/ore95p.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-13]
11. note label|EUA|K|noneFor the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team, representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany competed as an independent team.
12. note label|Eq56|L|anote label|Eq56|L|bnote label|Eq56|L|cnote label|Eq56|L|dnote label|Eq56|L|eCambodia, Egypt, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland participated in the equestrian events of the 1956 Games held in Stockholm in June, but did not attend the Games in Melbourne later that year.
13. note label|MAS|M|noneAthletes from Malaya (MAL) and North Borneo competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games, prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.
14. note label|BWI|N|anote label|BWI|N|bnote label|BWI|N|cAthletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the "British West Indies" (BWI) at the 1960 Games. The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.
15. note label|SYR|O|noneSyria was part of the United Arab Republic in 1960, but it is unknown if any Syrian athletes participated as part of the UAR team.
16. note label|LBA|P|noneLibya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games, but then withdrew from competition.
17. note label|SIN|Q|noneSingapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1964 before gaining independence in 1965.
18. note label|Africa76|R|anote label|Africa76|R|bnote label|Africa76|R|cnote label|Africa76|R|dCameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed for the first three days of the 1976 Games before withdrawing in support of the boycott by most African nations.
20. note label|YEM|S|nonePrior to Yemenite unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the "Yemen Arab Republic" (YAR) in 1984 and 1988, and South Yemen participated as the "Yemen Democratic Republic" (YMD) in the 1988 Games.
21. note label|BRU|T|noneBrunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes.
22. note label|EUN|U|anote label|EUN|U|bnote label|EUN|U|cnote label|EUN|U|dnote label|EUN|U|enote label|EUN|U|fnote label|EUN|U|gnote label|EUN|U|hnote label|EUN|U|inote label|EUN|U|jnote label|EUN|U|knote label|EUN|U|lnote label|EUN|U|mAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were all represented at the 1992 Games. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and the other twelve nations participated as a combined "Unified Team" (EUN).
23. note label|IOP|V|noneBecause of United Nations sanctions, [cite web |title=United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 (Implementing Trade Embargo on Yugoslavia) |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/peace/docs/scres757.html |publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Center |accessdate=2008-08-18] athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as "Independent Olympic Participants" (IOP) at the 1992 Games. They were not permitted to compete in team sports such as basketball, handball, or water polo, and the Olympic flag was used in medal ceremonies. [cite journal |title=Decisions of the 99th Session |journal=Olympic Review |issue=299 |month=September |year=1992 |pages=pp. 415–416 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1992/ore299/ORE299j.pdf |accessdate=2008-08-14]
24. note label|TLS|W|noneAthletes from Timor-Leste competed as "Individual Olympic Athletes" (IOA) at the 2000 Games.

References

See also

* List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games
* List of IOC country codes
* Lists of National Olympic Committees by continental association:
** Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
** European Olympic Committees
** Oceania National Olympic Committees
** Olympic Council of Asia
** Pan American Sports Organisation

External links

* [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp Olympic Games] . International Olympic Committee
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/review_frmst.htm Olympic Review and Revue Olympique] . LA84 Foundation