Solar power in the European Union

Map of solar electricity potential in Europe

Solar power in the European Union

Solar power consists of photovoltaic and solar thermal power.

During 2010, the European solar heating yield was 17.3 TWh, annual turnover 2.6 Billion € and employment 33,500 persons (1 job for 80 kW new capacity). Turnover is concentrated in local small and medium businesses.^[1]

Photovoltaic solar power

Main article: Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic cells in use on top of a building in Berlin.

PV in Europe (MW_peak)^[2][3][4][5]

#	Country	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
1	Germany	1,910	3,063	3,846	6,019	9,959	17,370
2	Spain	58	118	733	3,421	3,438	3,808
3	Italy	46	58	120	458	1,157	3,478
4	Czech Republic	0	1	4	55	463	1,953
5	France	26	33	47	104	335	1,054
6	Belgium	2	4	22	71	574	787
7	Greece	5	7	9	19	55	205
8	Slovakia	0	0	0	0.07	0.2	144
9	Portugal	3	4	18	68	102	131
10	Austria	24	29	27	32	53	103
11	Netherlands	51	51	53	57	68	97
12	United Kingdom	11	14	19	23	30	75
13	Slovenia	0.2	0.4	1	2	9	36
14	Luxembourg	24	24	24	25	26	27
15	Bulgaria			0.8	1	6	17
16	Sweden	4	5	6	8	9	10
17	Finland	4	4	5	6	8	10
18	Denmark	3	3	3	3	5	7
19	Cyprus	0.5	1	1	2	3	6
20	Romania		0.2	0.3	0.5	0.6	2
21	Poland	0.3	0.4	0.6	1	1	2
22	Hungary	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.7	2
23	Malta	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	2	2
24	Ireland	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.6
25	Lithuania	0	0	0	0.06	0.07	0.1
26	Estonia	0	0	0	0.01	0.05	0.08
27	Latvia	0	0	0	0.004	0.008	0.008
EU 27 (GWp)		2.17	3.42	4.94	10.38	15.86	29.33

PV per capita 2010[5]
#	Country	W/capita
1	Germany	212.3
2	Czech Republic	185.9
3	Spain	82.8
4	Belgium	72.6
5	Italy	57.6
6	Luxembourg	54.3
7	Slovakia	26.5
8	Greece	18.2
9	Slovenia	17.8
10	France	16.3
11	Portugal	12.3
12	Austria	12.2
13	Cyprus	7.8
14	Netherlands	5.8
15	Malta	4.0
16	Bulgaria	2.3
17	Finland	1.8
18	Denmark	1.3
19	United Kingdom	1.2
20	Sweden	1.1
21	Hungary	0.2
22	Ireland	0.1
23	Romania	0.1
24	Estonia	0.1
25	Poland	0.0
26	Lithuania	0.0
27	Latvia	0.0
EU27 (W/capita)		58.5

The need for the strategic development of photovoltaic systems in the EU has led to the creation of PV-NET, a network that gathers representatives from all the sectors of the research and development community concerned with the photovoltaic solar energy industry (see solar cell). The network promotes communication between speakers through the organisation of specialised conferences, workshops and congresses.

This interaction has led to the editing of a waybill, finished in 2003 with the aim of providing a solid basis for EU leaders and European citizens to base their decisions and policy making and in order to help reach the objective set by the European Commission to multiply the use of photovoltaic systems by thirty times by 2010. In 2002, the world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. At the end of 2004, 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed.

In 2010, Spain had the largest photovoltaic power station in the world – 60 MWp Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park, which was completed in 2008. Germany is on the top of installed capacity with 17,370 MW (almost two thirds of whole EU27 capacity) and also for installed capacity per capita with 212 W.^[5]

Solar thermal

Main article: Solar heating

Solar heating in Europe* (MW_thermal)^[6][7]

#	Country	Add 2006	Add 2007	Add 2008	Total 2008	Total 2009	Total 2010
1	Germany	1,050	665	1,470	7,766	9,036	9,831
2	Austria	205	197	243	2,268	3,031	3,227
3	Greece	168	198	209	2,708	2,853	2,855
4	Italy	130	172	295	1,124	1,410	1,753
5	Spain	123	183	304	988	1,306	1,543
6	France	154	179	272	1,137	1,287	1,470
7	Netherlands	10	14	18	254	533	557
8	Portugal	14	18	60	223	395	526
9	Cyprus	42	46	48	485	490	491
10	Czech Republic	15	18	25	116	362	471
11	Poland	29	47	91	254	357	459
12	Denmark	18	16	23	293	339	379
13	United Kingdom	38	38	57	270	333	374
14	Sweden	20	18	19	202	295	312
15	Belgium	25	30	64	188	232	261
16	Slovenia	5	8	11	96	111	116
17	Ireland	4	11	31	52	85	106
18	Romania	0	0	6	66	80	101
19	Slovakia	6	6	9	67	73	84
20	Hungary	1	6	8	18	59	71
21	Bulgaria	2	2	3	22	56	62
22	Malta	3	4	4	25	31	37
23	Finland	2	3	3	18	20	23
24	Luxembourg	2	2	3	16	14	16
25	Latvia	1	1	1	5	6	7
26	Lithuania	0	0	1	3	3	4
27	Estonia	0	0	0	1	2	2
27	EU27 (GW)	2.10	1.93	3.33	19.08	22.80	25.14
2004–2006 The relation between collector area and rated power: 1m2 = 0.7 kW thermal

Over the next 10 years the European solar thermal will grow on average at a rate of 15% per annum. According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans the total solar thermal capacity in the EU will be 102 GW in 2020 (while 14 GW in 2006).^[1]

In June 2009, the European Parliament and Council adopted the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). For the first time, heating and cooling accounting for half of the final energy demand will be covered by a European directive promoting renewable energies. The overall renewable target is legally binding but renewable mix is free. According to the delivered national plans the highest of solar heating markets during 2010-2020 will be in Italy, Germany, France, Spain and Poland in respect to the national target in 2020 and capacity increase. Top countries per capita will be Cyprus, Greece, Austria, Italy and Belgium.^[1]

In some European countries the solar thermal market is still in its infancy. Bulgaria, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom have extremely low targets in their plans. Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Romania have not included solar thermal in their national plans at all.^[1]

Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating. Worldwide the use was 88 GW_thermal in 2005. Growth potential is enormous. The EU have been second after China in the installations. If all EU countries had used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU’s installed capacity would have been 91 GWth (130 million m², far beyond the target of 100 million m² by 2010, set by the White Paper in 1997. In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686,000 tons of oil. ESTIF’s minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5,600,000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 millions tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1,5 times around the globe.^[8]

Solar heating per capita 2010[7]
#	Country	W/ capita
1	Cyprus	611
2	Austria	385
3	Greece	253
4	Germany	120
5	Malta	90
6	Denmark	68
7	Slovenia	57
8	Portugal	49
9	Czech Republic	45
10	Netherlands	34
11	Spain	34
12	Sweden	33
13	Luxembourg	32
14	Italy	29
15	Belgium	24
16	Ireland	24
17	France	23
18	Slovakia	15
19	Poland	12
20	Bulgaria	8
21	Hungary	7
22	United Kingdom	6
23	Romania	5
24	Finland	4
25	Latvia	3
26	Estonia	1
27	Lithuania	1
EU27 (W/capita)		50

Organizations

The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) is the world's largest industry association devoted to the solar electricity market. The association aims to promote photovoltaics at the national, European and worldwide levels.^[9]

EPIA organizes the International Thin Film Conference.^[10]

See also

• Renewable energy in the European Union
• Daniel Lincot
• Dye-sensitized solar cell
• Photovoltaic Energy Development and Research Institute
• Desertec

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} [Solar Thermal Markets in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2010], European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) June 2011 p. 14-15, Figure Capacity in operation 2010/2020
2. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
3. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009
4. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER
5. ^ ^{a b c} Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER
6. ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2008, ESTIF 5/2009
7. ^ ^{a b} EurObserv'ER 203 (2011) - Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer
8. ^ Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007
9. ^ http://www.epia.org/index.php?id=4
10. ^ http://www.thinfilmconference.org

External links

• European Commission:
  • European Photovoltaics.
  • European Photovoltaic Technology Platform.
  • Europe's Energy Portal.
• European Union Photovoltaic Roadmap 2002
• Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign
• European Photovoltaic Technology Platform
• European Solar Days