SS 433

SS 433

Artist's impression of SS 433
Observation data Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation	Aquila
Right ascension	19h 11m 49.56s[1]
Declination	+04° 58′ 57.6″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)	14.2[1]
Characteristics
Spectral type	A7Ib
Variable type	Variable star
Astrometry
Distance	18000±700 ly (5500±200[2] pc)
Other designations
V* V1343 Aql, GAL 039.7-02.0, 2MASS J19114957+0458578, USNO 659, 1A 1909+04, 87GB 190920.8+045332, NEK 40.1-02.1, 3A 1909+048, GPS 1909+049, RGB J1911+049, BWE 1909+0453, GRS 039.60 -01.80, RX J1911.7+0459, 4C 04.66, 1H 1908+047, 1RXS J191149.7+045857, 2E 1909.3+0453, HBHA 204-02, AAVSO 1906+04, 2E 4204, INTEGRAL1 110, TXS 1909+048, 1ES 1909+04.8, INTREF 969, 4U 1908+05.
Database references
SIMBAD	data

SS 433 is one of the most exotic star systems observed. It is an eclipsing X-ray binary system, with the primary most likely a black hole, or possibly a neutron star.^{[3], pp. 23–24.} The spectrum of the secondary companion star suggests that it is a late A-type star.^[4] SS 433 is a microquasar, the first discovered.^[5]

SS 433's designation comes from its catalogers, Case Western Reserve astronomers Nicholas Sanduleak and C. Bruce Stephenson. It was the 433rd entry in their 1977 catalog of stars with strong emission lines.^[5]

Location

SS 433 lies within supernova remnant W50, which is thought to be approximately 10,000 years old.^[6] The primary, whether black hole or neutron star, is the remnant collapsed stellar core of the supernova explosion which created W50. SS 433 is located approximately 18,000 light-years away from us,^[2] in the constellation of Aquila, is 14th magnitude in the visible spectrum,^[1] and is both an X-ray and a radio source.

System

The compact central object is consuming the companion star which rapidly loses mass into an accretion disc formed around the central object. The accretion disc is subject to extreme heating as it spirals into the primary and this heating causes the accretion disc to give off intense X-rays and opposing jets of hot hydrogen along the axis of rotation, above and below the plane of the accretion disc. The material in the jets travels at 26% of the speed of light.^{[3], pp. 23–24; [7], p. 508.} The companion star presumably had lower mass than the original primary object and was therefore longer lived. Estimates for its mass range from 3^{[3], p. 25} to 30^[8] solar masses. The primary and secondary orbit each other at a very close distance in stellar terms, with an orbital period of 13.1 days.^{[7], p. 510.}

Observational data

The jets from the primary are emitted perpendicular to its accretion disk. The jets and disk precess around an axis inclined about 79° to a line between us and SS 433. The angle between the jets and the axis is around 20°, and the precessional period is around 162.5 days.^[3] Precession means that the jets sometimes point more towards the Earth, and sometimes more away, producing both blue and red Doppler shifts in the observed visible spectrum.^{[7], p. 508.} Also, the precession means that the jets corkscrew through space in an expanding helical spray.^[9] As they impact the supernova remnant clouds, they distort W50 into an elongated shape.^[10]

Observations in 2004 by the Very Long Baseline Array for 42 consecutive days gave new data and understanding of the action of the jets. It appears that the jets are sometimes impacting material shortly after being created and thus brightening. The material the jets are impacting appears to be replaced some of the time, but not always, leading to variations in the brightening of the jets.^[11][12]

The spectrum of SS 433 is affected not just by Doppler shifts but also by relativity: when the effects of the Doppler shift are subtracted, there is a residual redshift which corresponds to a velocity of about 12,000 kilometers per second. This does not represent an actual velocity of the system away from the Earth; rather, it is due to time dilation, which makes moving clocks appear to stationary observers to be ticking more slowly. In this case, the relativistically moving excited atoms in the jets appear to vibrate more slowly and their radiation thus appears red-shifted.^{[7], p. 508.}

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} SIMBAD, entry for SS 433. Accessed on line September 14, 2007.
2. ^ ^{a b} Symmetry in the Changing Jets of SS 433 and Its True Distance from Us, Katherine M. Blundell and Michael G. Bowler, Astrophysical Journal 616, #2 (December 2004), pp. L159–L162.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Observational Manifestations of Precession of Accretion Disk in the SS 433 Binary System, Anatol Cherepashchuk, Space Science Reviews 102, #1 (2002), pp. 23–35.
4. ^ Identification of the Mass Donor Star's Spectrum in SS 433, T. C. Hillwig, D. R. Gies, W. Huang, M. V. McSwain, M. A. Stark, A. van der Meer, and L. Kaper, Astrophysical Journal 615, #1 (November 2004), pp. 422–431.
5. ^ ^{a b} SS 433, David Darling, entry in The Internet Encyclopedia of Science, accessed on line September 14, 2007.
6. ^ Observation of Very High Energy Gamma Rays from SS433/W50 with CANGAROO-II Telescope, Seiichi Hayashi, Fumiyoshi Kajino and Tsuguya Naito, in The Universe Viewed in Gamma-Rays, proceedings, University of Tokyo Workshop, 2002, ed. R. Enomoto, M. Mori and S.Yanagita, Tokyo: Universal Academy Press, 2003. ISBN 4-946443-75-4.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Observations of SS 433, Bruce Margon, in Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics, volume 22, Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1984, pp. 507–536. DOI 10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002451.
8. ^ INTEGRAL observations of SS433: Results of a coordinated campaign, A. M. Cherepashchuk, R. A. Sunyaev, S. N. Fabrika, K. A. Postnov, S. V. Molkov, E. A. Barsukova, E. A. Antokhina, T. R. Irsmambetova, I. E. Panchenko, E. V. Seifina, N. I. Shakura, A. N. Timokhin, I. F. Bikmaev, N. A. Sakhibullin, Z. Aslan, I. Khamitov, A. G. Pramsky, O. Sholukhova, Yu. N. Gnedin, A. A. Arkharov, and V. M. Larionov, Astronomy and Astrophysics 437, #2 (July 2005), pp. 561–573.
9. ^ Gigantic Cosmic Corkscrew Reveals New Details About Mysterious Microquasar, press release, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, October 26, 2004, accessed on line September 14, 2007.
10. ^ Interaction of Jets with a Supernova Remnant in the SS 433/W50 System, Kenji Murata and Noriaki Shibazaki, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 48 (1996), pp. 819–825.
11. ^ VLBA "Movie" Gives Scientists New Insights On Workings of Mysterious Microquasars, press release, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, January 5, 2004. Accessed online September 14, 2007.
12. ^ Exploring the Jet Proper Motions of SS433, K. Schillemat, A. Mioduszewski, V. Dhawan, M. Rupen, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 36 (2004), p. 1515.

Further reading

• Observations of SS 433, Bruce Margon, in Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics, volume 22, Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1984, pp. 507–536. DOI 10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002451.
• The Quest for SS433, David H. Clark. New York: Viking, 1985. ISBN 0-670-80388-X.

• High-mass X-ray binary
• Image SS 433

Coordinates: 19^h 11^m 49.56^s, +04° 58′ 57.6″