- List of diasporas
History provides us with many examples of notable
diaspora s."Note: the list below is not definitive, and includes groups that have not been given significant historical attention. Whether the migration of some of the groups listed fulfills the conditions required to be considered a diaspora may be open for debate".
A
* Afghan people - fled their country throughout the 20th century and the long civil wars, especially to nearby
Pakistan ,India andIran . Since 1980, over half a million Afghans migrated to Europe (many toGreat Britain ), while a quarter a million went toNorth America (the U.S. and Canada), and less than 50,000 settled inAustralia .
* TheAfrican diaspora - Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants.SeeAfro-Brazilian for blacks in Brazil,African Americans ,African Canadian s,Afro-Caribbean s,Afro-European s andAfro-Latin American s. Africans from theMagreb are usually counted differently.
*Albanians - 3.5 million live inAlbania , with estimated 8,5 million world total (Italy ,Greece ,Turkey , Brazil, Argentina, the United States and Canada). The largest concentration of Albanians outside the country is in neighbouringKosovo . Other Albanian enclaves are in coastalCroatia ,Greece ,Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ,Montenegro ,Romania ,Russia ,Turkey ,Ukraine andBosnia and Herzegovina . Another large area of ethnic Albanians, known as the "Arbereshe" lived in southernItaly , especially in regions ofAbruzzo ,Calabria ,Campania andSicily for over eight centuries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, repeated large waves of Albanian emigration took place as Albanians moved to Northern and Western Europe (France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the U.K.), the former Soviet Union, North America (the U.S. and Canada), Australia and across Asia (the former Ottoman Empire in the Middle East).
*Arab diaspora - around 30 million Arabs have left the Arab world escaping hotspots, and conflicts areas, those who have migrated from theArab World , now reside inWestern Europe , theAmericas (e.g.Detroit has the largestArab-American community), Australia and elsewhere. (See especially Lebanese and Syrians).
*Argentine diaspora - People fromArgentina known as "Argentines" whom live overseas in communities across western Europe (esp. Spain, Italy, Germany, France and the U.K.), North America (the U.S., Canada and Mexico) and elsewhere (i.e. Australia), mainly are political refugees from military rule in the late 1970s and 1980s, (see alsoArgentine American s).
*Armenian diaspora -Armenians living in their ancient homeland, which had been controlled by theOttoman Empire for centuries, fled persecution, massacres and genocide during several periods of forced emigration, from the 1880s to the 1920s. Many Armenians settled in theUnited States (a majority of whom live in the state ofCalifornia ),France ,Iran ,Lebanon ,Russia andSyria .
*Assyrians - a pre-ArabSemitic Christian population of theMiddle East (originally they lived inSyria , as well inIran ,Iraq ,Lebanon ,Israel ,Jordan ,Egypt andTurkey ). In the 20th century, millions of Assyrians left the Middle East due to ongoing ethnic, political and religious persecution. Assyrian communities flourish in the United States, Canada, throughout Europe, Brazil, Africa, India, China, Japan and Australia.
*Australian diaspora - 750,000 Australian expatriates live outside ofAustralia , mostly business executives and retirees seeking a new place to live. There are large Australian communities in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and North America, and smaller groups in Europe, Africa (i.e. South Africa), the Middle East (i.e theUnited Arab Emirates ), east and south Asia (i.e.Thailand ), and Latin America (i.e.Argentina ).B
*
Basque diaspora -Basques who left the Basque Country in northern Spain and southwest France, usually tothe Americas (esp. the western U.S., Mexico, Argentina and Chile) for economic or political reasons. There are also Basque Catholic missionaries across the world, as wellBasque fishermen in Canada (Newfoundland), Northern Europe, East Asia, Australia andOceania .
*Bosnian diaspora - grew substantially during theBosnian war . It mainly consists ofBosniaks but also out ofBosnian Croats ,Bosnian Serbs , Bosnian Jews, Bosnian Albanians and Bosnian Roma. ManyBosnians live in theUSA , mostly in large cities likeNew York ,Washington, D.C. ,Boston, Massachusetts , andLos Angeles, California ; and many live inAustralia ,Canada ,Denmark ,Germany ,Sweden ,Norway ,Italy ,Austria ,Croatia ,Serbia ,Switzerland and many other places.
* British diaspora - During the last four hundred years millions of English, Scots, Irish, and Welsh have migrated all over the world, for a great variety of reasons, especially to theUnited States ,Canada ,Australia ,New Zealand andSouth Africa . That explains the use of the English language and the large number of British names in the places mentioned.
*Bulgarian diaspora - an estimated one million ethnicBulgarians are dispersed around the world, the majority in Europe such as in neighboring nations ofRomania ,Greece ,Serbia ,Turkey and theformer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . About 200,000 in the U.S., with 50,000 others in Canada and 20,000 in Mexico. Other large Bulgarian diaspora communities are in France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the UK, and smaller numbers are found in Argentina and Australia.C
*The
Cape Verdean diaspora refers to historicalemigration fromCape Verde . Today, more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself. Diaspora communities include those in theUnited States ,Portugal ,the Netherlands ,France ,Italy ,Spain , etc.
*Chechens - fledChechnya during the 1990s insurrection againstRussia . The majority of displaced Chechens fled toAzerbaijan ,Armenia and theRepublic of Georgia , but tens of thousands of Chechen refugees migrated to Europe, North America and across the Middle East. Previous waves of migration took Chechens to Jordan, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia in 1820 or 1890.
*Cherokee s - a Native American tribe indigenous to theSoutheastern United States , whose official tribal organization isCherokee Nation based inOklahoma ,United States , which has 800,000 members as of 2005. However, anthropological and genetic experts in Native American studies have argued that there could be over one million more Cherokee descendants scattered acrossNorth America (the largest number inCalifornia ). The beginnings of the Cherokee diaspora was from their forced removal in the "Trail of Tears ". Later, thousands of "Americanized" Cherokee farmers were forced to settle across the Americas as the result of theDawes Act . In the 20th century, many Cherokees served in theU.S. Army duringWorld War I ,World War II , theKorean War and theVietnam War . These soldiers left some descendants by intermarriage with "war brides" in Europe and east Asia. Some Cherokees and other American Indians might emigrated to Europe and elsewhere through the British and Spanish empires.
*Chile an diaspora - A small but widespread community, mostly ofpolitical refugees who fled theAugusto Pinochet regime after the 1973 coup. Overseas Chilean communities are in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, France, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden and the U.S., but smaller communities are found in Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Russia and the Netherlands. (see alsoChilean American s).
* Chinese diaspora - number over 50 million worldwide. The largest overseas Chinese communities are in Asia.Thailand ,Malaysia ,Indonesia ,Singapore ,Philippines ,Vietnam andMyanmar (in descending order of ethnic Chinese population size) have at least 1 million ethnic Chinese each. Two countries outside Asia, namely theUnited States (esp. States ofCalifornia ,Hawaii ,New York andWashington State) and Canada (Toronto ,Montreal and Vancouver) have populations over 1 million in size. Other sizable communities may be found inJapan ,Cambodia ,Brazil ,Mexico ,Panama ,Russia ,France , theUnited Kingdom , theRepublic of Ireland ,Australia ,New Zealand andSouth Africa , each with over 100,000 ethnic Chinese.
*Circassians - fledCircassia - Kabardey, Cherkes, Adigey Republics and Shapsug Area in 1864. Exiled 90% of Circassians are by Russian Colonialists toOttoman Empire or imperialTurkey ... The Circassian Diaspora is over four million worldwide, with large Circassian communities inBulgaria ,Cyprus ,Egypt ,Greece ,Israel ,Jordan ,Lebanon ,Romania ,Syria ,Russia as well the formerUSSR , and 100,000 Circassians in North America (the United States and Canada), as well over 10,000 Circassians inAustralia .
*Colombian diaspora - over five million Colombians, either displaced by war, left for economic opportunity, and placed in exile to avoid political persecution. The Colombian diaspora lives across the Americas (i.e. Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica, and South American nations, especially Venezuela), and across Europe (i.e. Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom). The largest overseas Colombian population is the U.S. where they are over 2 millionColombian American s, one of the largestLatino nationalities in the country.
* Congolese diaspora
*Cornish people migrated fromCornwall to other parts ofEngland and countries such as theUnited States ,Canada ,Australia ,New Zealand ,South Africa andMexico . The diaspora was caused by a number of factors, but due mainly to economic reasons and the lack of jobs in the 18th and 19th centuries when many Cornish people, or “Cousin Jacks” as they were known, migrated to various parts of the world in search of a better life. (see alsoCornish emigration )
*Crimean Tatar diaspora - formed after the annexation of theCrimean Khanate byRussia , in 1783.
*Croatian diaspora
* Cuban diaspora - the exodus of over one millionCubans (the largest community is inMiami, Florida ,United States ) following theCuban Revolution of 1959. (See alsoCuban American s).D
*
Dutch diaspora - the Dutch originally came from theLow Countries and northernFrance . Millions of Dutch descendants live in the United States (Dutch American ), Canada, Australia, New Zealand,Indonesia ,India (Sri Lanka ), Africa (Zaire when it was the Belgian Congo until 1960), the Caribbean (Aruba andNetherlands Antilles which is officially Dutch territory), and South America (Suriname formerly was Dutch until independence in 1975), but Dutch descendants are found inBrazil andArgentina . The four million white (European)Afrikaaners ofSouth Africa are descendants of Dutch, FrenchHuguenot and German settlers brought over to the colonial Dutch East India company in the 16th century (seeSouth African diaspora ).E
* Ecuadorian diaspora - People from
Ecuador who reside in countries across the Americas (i.e. the U.S., seeEcuadorian American s, also in Canada, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil), Europe (esp. Spain and Italy, with some in France and elsewhere), and smaller numbers in Japan and Australia.
*Estonians - Over 5 million known ethnic Estonians live/reside outsideEstonia after the Nazi invasion of 1940 and the Soviet annexation of 1945, both led to massive deportations across the former USSR (many went to Siberia) and refugees went to the US, followed by Canada, Sweden, Finland, Germany, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, the UK and smaller numbers to China, Japan, Australia and Mexico.F
*
Fiji Indian diaspora - people ofIndia n origin leftFiji following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000 to settle primarily inAustralia ,New Zealand ,United States andCanada . Smaller numbers have settled inEngland and otherPacific islands.
* Filipino diaspora - left thePhilippines forJapan ,Hong Kong (China ),Southeast Asia ,Australia ,Guam andNorthern Marianas , theUnited States (esp.Hawaii and in states ofCalifornia ,Oregon ,Washington andAlaska - seeFilipino Americans ),Canada ,Mexico ,France ,Germany ,Italy ,Spain ,United Kingdom , and theMiddle East (theUAE ,Bahrain andQatar ). Overseas workers have their own political party in thePhilippine Congress .
* French diaspora - Over 100 million French-speaking and ethnic French people in the world, about 55 million in MetropolitanFrance in Europe, 3 million in Belgium known as theWalloons , 3 million in western cantons ofSwitzerland and 2 million others in adjacent areas ofLuxembourg , the kingdoms ofAndorra andMonaco , and parts of westernItaly , southwestGermany and northernSpain . This includes the remnants of French 'colons' in formerly French territories ofNorth Africa the independent nations ofAlgeria ,Morocco andTunisia and inSoutheast Asia (formerlyFrench Indochina ) now independent nations ofCambodia ,Laos andVietnam , and millions of those of French ancestry in North America (i.e. a major contributor of settlement in the U.S. and 8 million French-Canadians inCanada ), South America (ethnic descendant communities like inArgentina ), Africa (theAfrikaaners of Dutch and French origins inSouth Africa ) and Oceania (i.e.New Caledonia andFrench Polynesia ).
**French Canadian diaspora - includes hundreds of thousands of people who leftQuebec for theUnited States (most went to New England states ofMaine ,Massachusetts ,New Hampshire andVermont ), as well asOntario andWestern Canada , between about 1840 and 1930. In addition, since the 1970sFlorida and other portions of theSoutheastern United States have had sizable French-Canadian communities, consisting chiefly of retired senior citizens.
** TheAcadian diaspora - theGreat Expulsion ("Grand Dérangement") occurred when the British expelled about 10,000 Acadians (over three-fourths of the Acadian population ofNova Scotia ) between 1755 and 1764. The British split the Acadians between different colonies to impose assimilation.G
* Galicians - left their country for mainly economic reasons to other areas of
Spain , and tothe Americas (esp.Argentina ,Brasil ,Canada ,Costa Rica ,Cuba ,Dominican Republic ,Mexico ,Puerto Rico , theUnited States andVenezuela ) and later, Western Europe (Germany ,Switzerland ,France ,Belgium ,the Netherlands and theUnited Kingdom ) in the 1950s and 1960s. Galicians also went to Africa,Australia ,New Zealand and east Asia: China, Japan and thePhilippines which was a former Spanish colony from 1540 to 1898. Galicien Diáspora. Photographic documentary long term project of Galicien diáspora, Galegos na diáspora,(1989, Álvarez, Delmi) www.delmialvarez.com/diaspora. Thousand of Galicians emigrated around the world from the 19th century. The project is the only one documental work began from 1989 till today.
* German diaspora - an estimated 100 millionethnic Germans originally from the historic German-speaking homeland ofGermany ,Austria ,Switzerland andLiechtenstein , and includes parts ofBelgium ,Denmark ,France (esp. the region ofAlsace ),Hungary ,Italy ,Luxembourg , theNetherlands ,Lithuania ,Poland ,Romania ,Russia ,Ukraine ,Slovenia ,Croatia andSerbia . InWorld War II , the Soviets expelled over 10 million ethnic Germans from theSudetenland ,Czechoslovakia (nowCzech Republic ) and former German provinces which were annexed by Poland,Slovakia and the formerUSSR (Belarus ). In the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, millions of Germans left German lands especially to theAmericas (i.e. the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Panama and Venezuela). Large numbers also migrated to Australia, where they now form the fourth largest ethnic group, with nearly 750,000 people claiming German descent. Other smaller German communities in Africa or theMiddle East (Egypt, Israel, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania),east Asia /Oceania (China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia and New Zealand), and across the former Soviet Union (i.e.Kazakhstan ).
**Mennonites -Christian s rooted in the 16th and 17th centuryAnabaptist movement of theProtestant Reformation in northern Europe. Various groups of Mennonites migrated to the North America eastern Europe and Asia. There are Mennonite settlements in Central and South America and over a million Mennonite adherents worldwide.
*Gerash i diasporas - The people of Gerashi origin (ofIran ) who have migrated to the Arab States of the southern Persian Gulf in search of necessities and basic human rights. It has continued since the early 20th century bombing of the city byReza Shah and the federal forces.
*Greek diaspora - refers to any ethnic Greek populations living outside the borders ofGreece andCyprus as a result of modern or ancient migrations. There is a Department of Diaspora Affairs in the Greek government. Millions of Greeks live in North America (the United States and Canada), Africa, Australia, the Asian continent, across Europe and the Middle East. Historically Greek enclaves inTurkey andEgypt were nearly abandoned afterWorld War I and Greek-Egyptian migration since 1960. In addition, many Greek Cypriots migrated to Britain in the twentieth century.H
* Haitian diaspora - To escape the horrible enviroment in their country, most Haitians have fleed to the
Bahamas ,Cuba , theDominican Republic ,French Guiana , and theUSA . There are also smaller numbers inBelgium ,France ,Spain , andVenezuela .
*Hungarian diaspora - lives in numerous communities across Europe, former USSR, North America and Australia. Historic Hungary extended into parts ofCzech Republic ,Slovakia ,Romania ,Serbia andUkraine . For over 300 years, either they migrated west for economic opportunities or as political refugees, such as the failedHungarian revolution of 1956 against theCommunist government, when over 200,000 Hungarians fled the country for asylum in theUnited States ,Canada , theUnited Kingdom ,France ,Switzerland ,Germany ,Austria andBrazil .
* Hongkonger diaspora - lives in communities in cities such as London, Toronto, Vancouver and Sydney. SeeHongcouver andyacht people .I
*
Icelandic diaspora: at an estimated number of 150,000, half of which are in Canada. SeeIcelanders .
*India n Diaspora: SeeNon Resident Indian (NRI),Person of Indian Origin (PIO),Overseas Indian
* Indochinese diaspora - includes the refugees from the numerous wars that took place inSoutheast Asia , such asWorld War II and theVietnam War .
** The Vietnamese diaspora - fled communist rule inVietnam following their victory in theVietnam War (seeSouth Vietnam ) went to the United States (seeVietnamese Americans ), the migration peaked in the 1980s and 1990s (esp. the largest Vietnamese-American community is inOrange County, California ). The Vietnamese also went to Canada, France (and overseas territories), Germany (also the Vietnamese guest workers in the former CommunistEast Germany ), Italy, the Middle East, Australia, and other Asian countries (most went toHong Kong , when it was a British colony, before the handover to the People's Republic of China in 1997, andMacau , which was under Portuguese rule until the handover to the People's Republic of China in 1999).
** The wave of Hmong tribes fromLaos ,Laotians ,Cambodians and Thai refugees and economic immigrants (Vietnamese who arrived since 1990) arrived inNorth America (i.e. the US and Canada), Europe (esp.France ), across Asia (most went toThailand ), Oceania (Australia ) and South America (concentrated inFrench Guiana ).
*Indonesia n diaspora - refers to any ethnic inIndonesia living outside of their homeland, the majority of Indonesian expatriates live in the U.S.,Japan , theU.A.E. ,Australia , and theNetherlands , esp.South Moluccans , a predominantlyChristian ethnic group found asylum and religious freedom by the thousands in Holland since the 1950s.
** Minangkabau diaspora - two of three Minangkabau people live in diaspora.Matrilineal system indirectly caused the diaspora in Minangkabau community. Nowadays, over a million Minangkabau people living outside of Indonesia, mainly inMalaysia andSingapore , but they recently joined the Indonesian emigration toAustralia , China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines.
** Javanese diaspora - occurred in theDutch colonial era. Vast numbers of Javanese send to other of Dutch colony as coulies. Most of them send toSuriname ,New Caledonia , and EastSumatra , but others live in Europe, North America, the Middle East, South Africa and Australia.
** Indo diaspora - During and after theIndonesian National Revolution , which followed the World War II, (1945-1965) around 300.000 people, pre-dominantly Indos, left Indonesia to go to the Netherlands. This migration was called repatriation. The majority of this group had never set foot in the Netherlands before.
*Iraqi diaspora - Refugees from Iraq have increased in number since the US-led invasion into Iraq in March 2003. As of November 4, 2006, theUNHCR estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing toSyria andJordan each month. There are over 200,000 Iraqi refugees said to resided inEgypt and 100,000 more in thePersian Gulf states.
*Irish diaspora - consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States (seeIrish Americans ), the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, and nations of the Caribbean and continental Europe, where small but vibrant Irish communities continue to exist. The diaspora contains over 80 million people and it is the result of mass migration from Ireland, due to past famines and political oppression. The term first came widely into use in Ireland in the 1990s when the then-President of Ireland ,Mary Robinson began using it to describe all those of Irish descent. Notable people of the global Irish diaspora are United States presidentsJohn F. Kennedy ,Ronald Reagan ,Bill Clinton andChile an liberatorBernardo O'Higgins .
*Italian diaspora - occurred between 1870 and 1920 due to the economic crises on the peninsula, reaching the number of 10 million emigrants. Vast numbers ofItalians (Sicilians, people from Veneto and other depressed areas) emigrated toBrazil ,Argentina theUnited States (seeItalian Americans ),Canada ,Australia , and elsewhere in the Americas (i.e. Chile, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico and Venezuela), Europe (i.e. the UK,Malta , France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), smaller numbers of Italians went toSouth Africa andIsrael (italian jews), and small Italian expatriate communities once thrived until the mid 20th century in (Algeria ,Egypt ,Eritrea ,Ethiopia ,Libya ,Morocco ,Syria ,Tunisia andTurkey ). See alsoSicily and Sicilian. The real diaspora of the 20th century came after the end of World War II, with 350,000 Italians leaving their homeland on the eastern front after the capture of Istria and Dalmatia by the Yugoslavs. Most of them were relocated in Italy itself; a lower percentage flew overseas (the racerMario Andretti for example).J
*
Jaffnese/Ceylonese Diaspora - refers to the diaspora of Sri Lankan Tamils, especially those post-1983 due to the civil conflict in Sri Lanka. This has created huge Tamil communities in countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries. In many ways, the Jaffnese Diaspora is compared to the Jewish Diaspora, both historically, socially and economically. It is a subset of the greaterTamil Diaspora .
*Japanese diaspora - Brazil (seeJapanese Brazilian ), the United States (seeJapanese Americans ), Canada (SeeJapanese Canadian ) and the Philippines (seeJapanese Filipino s), as well sizable communities inPeru (seeJapanese Peruvian ), Argentina (seeAsian Argentine ),Chile andEcuador , and smaller numbers of Japanese inAustralia ,New Zealand ,Cuba andMexico are the countries with the highest numbers ofJapanese people outside Japan. The largest community of ethnic Japanese is inHawaii where they make up a quarter of the state's population. However, there are smaller Japanese communities around the world that developed in the late 20th century such as throughout western Europe, easternRussia andSouth Africa . The Japanese population used to have nicknames to indicate generational levels: "Issei"-foreign born parents, next is "Nisei"-1st generation born outside Japan or children, and "Sansei"-2nd generation born outside Japan or grandchildren.
**Okinawans - An Asian people closely related to the Japanese in terms of culture and language, from the island of Okinawa, politically part of Japan since 1878. After WWII, the U.S. briefly ruled Okinawa from 1945 to its' return to Japanese rule in 1972. Since then, tens of thousands of Okinawans settled in the U.S. and in the 1960s, massive settlement programs of Okinawan farmers intoLatin America , the majority inBolivia ,Brazil ,Ecuador ,Paraguay andPeru .
*Jewish diaspora - in its historical use, refers to the period between the Romaninvasion and subsequent occupation ofLand of Israel beginning AD 70, to the establishment of Israel in 1948. In modern use, the 'Diaspora' refers to Jews living outside of the Jewish state ofIsrael today. Not all Jews, though, regard themselves as part of a diaspora community.
** Jewish groups and histories greatly vary from one another in each country, notably large communities represented in the global Jewish diaspora:Polish Jews ,Jews in France ,German Jews ,Russian Jews ,Jews in Italy ,Jews in the United Kingdom ,Jews in the Netherlands ,Jews in Hungary ,Jews in Romania ,Greek Jews ,Oriental Jews (from the Middle East),Moroccan Jews ,Egyptian Jews ,Ethiopian Jews (the Falasha),Iranian Jews ,Indian Jews , a small Chinese Jewish group,Jewish Americans the world's largest in this current time,Jewish Canadians ,Jews in Latin America ,South African Jews and Jewish Australians.
**Sephardic Diaspora - in 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand ofSpain expelled all persons who were not members of the Roman church specifically Jews and Christians of Jewish origin. The Sephardi resettled across Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, but others went to Germany and the Netherlands, and some went to Britain, North and South America, and other colonies of the British and Spanish empires by the late 16th century.
** Jewish return to the Land of Israel began massively since the end of theNineteenth century . By 1947, there were around 600,000 Jews inPalestine . In 1948, the State ofIsrael was established.K
*
Korean diaspora - a people from the Korean peninsula located betweenChina andJapan . The first wave of Korean diaspora was during the Japanese colonial occupation (1910-1945), the peace treaty division of theKorean peninsula into two republics, theKorean War (1950-53) produced a wave of millions of war refugees who fled to theUnited States ,Canada , China, Japan, thePhilippines ,South Vietnam until 1975, and theUSSR , nowRussia . Today, Korea remains a politically divided geographic unit.South Korea was under military rule 1953-1987, now a civiliandemocracy , but economic problems and a sense for adventure made over 500,000 South Koreans emigrate to the United States and Canada, and 100,000 more toEurope ,Australia andSouth America (i.e.Brazil andArgentina ).North Korea remains under an isolationist military state underCommunism since 1948, while millions of political refugees fled to nearby China for freedom in the late 20th century.
*Kurdish diaspora - Kurdish diaspora is the Kurdish populations found in regions outside their ancestral homelandKurdistan .L
*
Lebanese diaspora
* Lithuanian diaspora - the majority of post-WWII Lithuanians live in North America (Canada and the United States) and across Europe (France, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, Netherlands and England), but are scattered acrossRussia and the formerUSSR , and smaller numbers in Mexico and Brazil. The Lithuanians and their ethnological kin, theLatvians may be the oldest Indo-European speaking peoples known and may resided in the Baltic states for 5,000 years.
* Latvian diaspora - the majority of Latvians whom left Latvia in WWII reside in North America (the US and Canada), across Europe mainly in Eastern countries and the former USSR with just as many in western and Scandinavian nations, and the rest in former Latvian lands in the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Belarus). The most Russified of the three Baltic states, Latvia struggles with the issue of national identity after one million ethnic Russians settled there since 1940.M
*
Macedonian diaspora - formed from Macedonian refugees and economic migrants from Macedonia, to theUnited States ,Australia ,Canada ,Germany ,Sweden ,New Zealand ,South Africa ,Argentina ,Italy ,Greece , and many other states. There are approximately 2,500,000 Macedonians worldwide, with more than a third living outside theRepublic of Macedonia .
*Maghreb i diaspora - consists of people from theNorth Africa n countries, notablyAlgeria ,Morocco andTunisia . The largest Maghrebi community outside of North Africa is in France, where it is estimated that North Africans make up the majority of the country's Muslim population. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4405790.stm]
*Maltese diaspora: occurred after the World War II and well into the 1960s and 70s due to the political climate at the time. Many Maltese left the island for the United Kingdom, Australia and America where sizable communities exist to this day. While not all leftMalta with the intention of never returning, those that did not continued to think of Malta as their mother country. To this day, successive generations of Maltese-Australians and Maltese-Americans maintain a link with their ancestral home.
*Mexican Americans (Mexican diaspora )- over 20 million people of Mexican ancestry live in the United States, ranging from recent immigrants since the 1970s to long-established Americans of Spanish or Mexican descent. The majority of Mexican Americans live especially in theAmerican Southwest , which borders withMexico , an area that belonged to Mexico from 1821-1848. They were fundamental to development in the states ofCalifornia ,Texas ,Arizona andNew Mexico in the 20th century.Los Angeles is said the second largest Mexican city, while the populace ofSan Antonio, Texas is over half of Mexican descent. Also known by other ethnic self-titles, like "Chicanos ", "La Raza ", "Tejanos ", and "Californios ", however are officially calledHispanic s andLatino s in terms of ethnic/cultural origins, but Mexican Americans had a large "mestizo " or mixed European/Native American heritage.
*Moldovan diaspora - A diaspora indicating most of theMoldovans who have moved out ofMoldova . Most found their homes in theSoviet Union and the Baltics. There is also a diaspora in Western European countries such asIreland ,Spain ,Portugal ,Italy , and theNetherlands .
*Moravian Church - has a nickname "the Moravian Diaspora"Fact|date=September 2007 named from a religious, not ethnic' identity, having been founded in the province ofMoravia , now in theCzech Republic . During the 16th and 17th centuries, religious persecution drove the majority of church members to other countries, and by the late 18th and 19th centuries, the church had managed to grow, thrive and survive. There are hundreds of thousands of Moravian church members in small communities in Europe (the Netherlands), the Americas (the United States), Africa (South Africa), east Asia (South Korea), the Indian subcontinent (India), and Oceania (Australia). However, the vast majority of these would consider themselves natives of the country where they live - the nickname (presumably) being of only historic interest.
*Mormons , a religious group whom have a different brand ofChristianity are adherents of theChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints with its headquarters the Mormon Temple inSalt Lake City ,Utah , as well smaller other churches based onMormonism . An estimated 60 percent of all Mormons live in theUnited States , while about three-fourths of the population of Utah are Mormon and form large minorities in 8 other Western U.S. states. The onset of Mormonism was a small following of Christians who followed the teachings ofJoseph Smith , founder of the early Mormon church in the early 19th century often migrating and lived in the states ofNew York ,Ohio ,Illinois andMissouri by 1840. The Mormons were expelled by mob violence (Joseph Smith was killed) and persecution by neighbors in the 1840s and their new leaderBrigham Young took the Mormons throughout the Great Plains and Rockies to settle the Salt Lake Valley in the western US in 1847. They are fundamental to the development of Utah and other Western states, while Utah became a state in 1896. Today, an estimated 5 to 10 million Mormons are found around the world, after missionary activity and conversion programs extended the L.D.S. and other Mormon-based churches worldwide, the largest concentrations of Mormons other than the U.S. areMexico ,Canada ,South America , theSouth Pacific (esp. inFiji ,Samoa andTonga ),Scandinavia , Britain andEast Asia , but the fastest growth in Mormonism in the late 20th century was inAfrica ,India andEastern Europe .N
*
New Caledonia Kanak s - aMelanesian people native to the overseas French territory brought toAustralia andNew Zealand , and acrossPolynesia (The French territory ofTahiti ) as agricultural workers in newly-founded plantations during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most Kanak laborers in Australia were deported back to New Caledonia in the 1910s due to racial fears of Kanaks live among the country's white European-descent majority. Today, an estimated 30,000 Australian descendants of Kanaks live in the state ofQueensland , where the main concentration of Australian plantation agriculture took place.P
* Palestinians - where forced out of
Palestine during the1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (seePalestinian diaspora ,Palestinian exodus ,Palestinian refugee s andIsraeli-occupied territories ).
* Pakistani Diaspora - People who are originally from Pakistan and have settled abroad. Are mainly economic migrants and settled mainly in theMiddle East and Britain. The total population is approximately 3 million.
* Persian Diaspora - A.k.a.Iranians are a major community inLos Angeles , , the major number of Persians in Los Angeles are located in Westwood, akaLittle Persia , even the mayor of Beverly Hills is Persian. Other large Iranian communities exist throughout the U.S., Canada, Europe, the Middle East, east Asia and Australia, make up a total of ten million belonged to the Persian/Iranian diaspora, the majority are political refugees who fled the overthrow of theMohammad Reza Pahlavi regime in 1978 and Islamic Revolution of 1979.
* Peruvian diaspora - People who originally came fromPeru . The largest Peruvian communities are in the United States (seePeruvian American s), Canada, Europe (i.e. Spain and France), Japan and Australia.
* Filipino diaspora - Spelled either "Pilipino" or "Filipino". There are millions of people aboard around the world that are originally from thePhilippines . The largest concentration ofFilipinos of multiple ethnicities from the archipalego country is in the United States, Canada, Australia, Britain and Spain, but widely scattered across East and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America (esp. Mexico) and Europe (such as Italy and northern countries).
* "Polonia " - the diaspora of thePoles started with the emigrations after thepartitions of Poland ,January Uprising and theNovember Uprising , enlarged by the Nazi policies, and later by the establishment of theCurzon line . Historic Poland extended into nearby countries:Belarus ,Czech Republic ,Estonia ,Latvia ,Lithuania ,Russia andUkraine . For over 600 years, large waves of PolishÉmigré s, refugees and guest workers moved across Europe, established themselves inAustria ,Belgium ,Croatia ,Denmark ,France ,Germany ,Greece ,Italy ,Luxembourg , theNetherlands ,Serbia ,Spain ,Sweden ,Switzerland and theUK . 19th and 20th century Polish immigration extended into the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Israel and Australia, as well across the formerUSSR . See alsoPolish Americans for the 9 million of Polish descent in the USA.
* The Portuguese diaspora - main countries are in Europe:Portugal ,Spain ,France ,the Netherlands ,Germany ,Luxembourg ,Switzerland ,Andorra and theUK . Former Portuguese African and Asian colonies (Angola ,Cape Verde ,Guinea-Bissau ,India ,Macau ,Mozambique ,Sao Tome and Principe ,Sri Lanka andTimor-Leste ). Portuguese settled the country ofBrazil in Latin America, but Portuguese colonies and communities in the western hemisphere:Argentina ,Canada , theCaribbean islands,Chile ,Guyana ,Hawaii ,Mexico ,Panama ,Suriname ,Uruguay andVenezuela are well noted. See alsoPortuguese Americans for the diaspora in the United States.
* Puerto Rican diaspora - a mass migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States mainland began during the first half of the twentieth century and has become a subject often studied in colleges, because of Puerto Ricans who achieved success in the United States. The largest Puerto Rican communities in mainland U.S. are inNew York City ,New Jersey andFlorida , but other Puerto Ricans live in all 50 states includingHawaii , and also a smaller community inCanada .
* The Punjabi diaspora - main regions are:EU (chieflyUK ),Canada ,USA , andAustralia , which took place in the 20th century.Q
*
Quebecois diaspora, seeFrench-Canadian diaspora R
*
Rhodesian diaspora.Southern Rhodesia had the distinction amongst Britain'sAfrican colonies of being a self-governingCrown Colony . As a result most Southern Rhodesians did not regardGreat Britain as home but instead regardedSouthern Rhodesia as home, though they did recognise cultural ties toGreat Britain . During and following theBush War (1966–1979, during which period the formerSouthern Rhodesia was known asRhodesia ) more than half of Rhodesia's population of European descent emigrated mainly toAustralia ,New Zealand andCanada . For manySouth Africa was the first destination, where some have settled, but most of these migrants where transient and later reached further destinations. Others recognising their cultural ties toGreat Britain emigrated there. This trend continued afterRhodesia becameZimbabwe-Rhodesia in June, 1979 and increased whenZimbabwe-Rhodesia becameZimbabwe in March, 1980 (following a brief 85 day period during which the land's name formally reverted to "Southern Rhodesia" for reasons of political expediency); it is estimated that the population of European descent decreased from a peak 275,000 in 1970, to 120,000 in 1999. British citizens resident in the region joined in this migration and did not in all cases return toGreat Britain , or in some cases did so only temporarily before moving on. Northern Rhodesians of European descent also emigrated to these same destinations, though their migration began earlier whenNorthern Rhodesia becameZambia in 1964 and was not the result of war but economic pressure. People of European descent also emigrated fromNyasaland after 1964 and followed the same routes as Northern Rhodesians, for the same reason. See:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland .
* TheRussian diaspora - The earliest significant wave of ethnic Russian emigration took place in the wake of theOld Believer schism in the 17th century. A sizable "wave" of ethnicRussians emigrated during a short time period in the wake of theOctober Revolution andRussian Civil War , known collectively as theWhite emigres . A smaller group ofRussians (often referred to byRussians as the second emigration or second wave) had also left during World War II, many were refugees or eastern workers. During the Soviet period, ethnicRussians migrated throughout the area of formerRussian Empire andSoviet Union , and after the collapse of theSoviet Union found themselves living outsideRussia .
** White Russian diaspora - named for theRussians andBelarusians who leftRussia (theUSSR 1918-91) in the wake of the1917 October Revolution andRussian Civil War , seeking to preserve pre-Soviet Russian culture, the Orthodox Christian faith, and includes exiled formerCommunist party members, such asLeon Trotsky found exile inMexico but was assassinated in 1940. The millions of Russian émigré and refugees found live inNorth America (the U.S. and Canada),Latin America , even more went toEurope (The UK, Austria, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Scandinavia, Switzerland and former Yugoslavia), some to east Asia (China andJapan ), south Asia (India andIran ) and the Middle East (Egypt andTurkey ).
* Romani Diaspora - originating in the Punjab region ofIndia , theRoma people began a mass migration toEurope ca. 1000 A.D.
*Romanians - who emigrated for the first time in larger figures between 1910 and 1925, and left in mass after the fall of communist regime in Romania in 1989, and comprise theRomanian diaspora , are found today in large numbers in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Russia, Turkey, the Netherlands, the U.K., China, Japan, Australia, the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. Today there are over 12 mil. people of Romanian descent outside the country.* Scottish diaspora - includes the
Auld Alliance and theScottish Wars of Independence which led countless Scots to emigrate to mainland Europe to escape persecution and hardship. TheHighland clearances which depopulated large parts of the Scottish Highlands and had lasting effects on Scottish Gaelic culture; theLowland Clearances which resulted in significant migration of Lowland Scots toCanada and theUnited States after 1776; theUlster-Scots , descended primarily from Lowland Scots who settledUlster during thePlantation of Ulster in the 17th century and subsequently fled to the Americas in mass numbers throughout the 18th century due to religious and cultural persecution as well as other socio-economic factors. Other Scots and Ulster Scots went to Australia, New Zealand,South Africa and a smaller but important community inArgentina . (See also British diaspora, above).
*Serbian diaspora - fromSerbia , formerYugoslavia . Over 12 million of Serbian descent live around the world, historically based in Serbia, nearbyMontenegro ,Bosnia and Herzegovina ,Croatia ,Hungary , Albania,Republic of Macedonia andRomania . The largest overseas Serbian communities are in the U.S.A (SeeSerbian American ) and Germany, as well as Austria, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Brazil and South Africa.
*Somali diaspora - includes ethnic Somalis who live inDjibouti ,Ethiopia ,Yemen ,Kenya , as well other parts of Africa. It also includes about 2.5 million people of Somali origin who live in the Middle East, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America either as expatriate nationals or as refugees from the civil war. The Somali diaspora altogether numbers between seven and nine million.
*South African diaspora - mainly consists of South African emigrants of European descent, especially those whose mother tongue (first language) isAfrikaans . South Africans of European descent whose mother tongue (first language) is English have largely emigrated toGreat Britain for the same reasons. There is also a growingmiddle class inSouth Africa of African descent, many of whom are starting to emigrate for better prospects, furthering the demographic weight of all South Africans abroad. South Africans have largely settled inGreat Britain ,Australia , theUnited States ,New Zealand ,Canada ,France ,Germany andArgentina .
*South Asian diaspora - includes millions of people fromIndia ,Myanmar ,Bangladesh ,Pakistan andSri Lanka , whose descendants live inSuriname ,South Africa ,Trinidad and Tobago ,Guyana ,Jamaica ,Kenya ,Mauritius ,Fiji ,Singapore ,Malaysia ,Thailand ,Tanzania ,Uganda , and other countries who leftBritish India in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and millions more who have moved toAustralia ,Canada ,France ,Germany ,Italy ,New Zealand , theNetherlands ,Norway ,Sweden , theUnited States , theUnited Kingdom and theUnited Arab Emirates in recent decades (seeDesi ,British Asian ,South Asian American ,Indo-Canadian ).
** Indian diaspora - estimated at over 30 million, refers to people originating fromIndia living in other parts of the world.
**Tamil diaspora - denotes people ofTamil Nadu andSri Lankan Tamil origin who have settled in many parts of rest of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Reunion, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, French Caribbean islands, Europe, Australia and North America (US and Canada).
**Chitpavan Diaspora - Hindu converts of mixed Indian and East European (primarily Jewish) descent who migrated to India centuries ago.
** The Roma (English terms: Gypsy, Gypsies) - a traditionally 'dispersed' people inEurope , with origins inSouth Asia (or perhaps, northern India) for 800-some years, are even more 'dispersed' today, followingthe Holocaust of Nazi Germany. (See [http://www2.arnes.si/~eusmith/Romany/names.html Some names for the Roma] ) Over 10 million Roma live across Europe, the majority in Eastern countries (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Greece, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia), and estimates of 250,000 Roma are known to live in North America (the US and Canada).
* Spanish diaspora - linked to the political and economic emigrants who left Spain during the Francoist dictatorship (1930's but his death in 1975 brought democratic reform back to Spain). Notable communities were established in Argentina, Cuba, France, Italy, Mexico, Russia, the United Kingdom and across Latin America.
* Swedish diaspora. Large numbers of Swedes (and Swedish speaking Finns fromFinland also under Russian rule) migrated to the USA in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is estimated that about eight million Americans have some Swedish ancestry. Swedish Americans constitute 10% of the population ofMinnesota and other large numbers settled inWisconsin ,Illinois ,New York andPennsylvania . Large Swedish migration took place inCanada in the same time period along with other ethnicScandinavians fromNorway ,Denmark andIceland . Smaller waves of Swedish expatriates live across Europe, east Asia, Australia and Latin America, usually made up of retirees and businessmen in the late 20th century.
*Swiss diaspora , some 9% of Swiss citizens live across the globe (mostly in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and nearby nations of France, Germany, Italy and Austria).
*Syrian diaspora T
* Tibetan diaspora - began in 1959 when the
People's Republic of China invaded Tibet. Most Tibetan refugees live in the United States, India (home to the exiled Dalai Lama, still the official leader of a nation no longer in existence), and Europe (over 30,000 went toSwitzerland ).
*Tuaregs , a group ofBerbers inWestern Sahara after the end of Spanish rule (1975) and Saharauis, whom fled the Moroccan invasion and occupation of the disputed territory known as theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic .
*Turkish diaspora - refers to the Turkish people living outside of Turkey (most notably in Germany).U
*
Ukrainian diaspora , represented byUkrainians who left their homeland in several waves of emigration, settling mainly in the Americas (United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina), but also Australia, east Asia (China) and across Europe. Also includes the tens and millions of Ukrainians who migrated from Ukraine to other parts of the formerSoviet Union (mainly Russian Federation) during Soviet time.
**Ruthenians and Carpathians, self-titles for aSlavic people from the small region of Ruthenia, encompasses easternmostSlovakia , southeast parts ofPoland , northern edges ofHungary and westernmostUkraine , had preserved a unique ethnocultural identity, but lacked an independent country of their own for almost a millennia. In the late 19th century and again between World Wars I and II, over a million Ruthenians fled their homeland and settled across Western Europe (France, Germany and Austria), North America (the U.S. and Canada) and the USSR (Russia), but lesser numbers settled in East Asia (China), the Middle East (Turkey), South America (Brazil) and Australia in the late 20th century.V
* The
Venezuelan diaspora - People from Venezuela who live outside of their territory: Mainly in theUnited States ,Mexico ,Spain andItaly most of them escaping from themilitary dictatorship of the 1950s and the political repressions in the 1960s. Nowadays, there's a growing number of Venezuelans inCanada almost all of them working for theOil industry after the . "See alsoVenezuelan American "W
* Welsh diaspora - The Welsh (or their self-name "Cymru") are a Celtic people from
Wales one of the four countries of theUnited Kingdom or Great Britain whom manage to preserve more of their Celtic heritage after a millennia of English and then British rule. An estimated 5 million of Welsh ancestry live globally in areas formerly part of the British Empire (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and lesser numbers inLatin America ) and about 2 million Americans are of Welsh descent. In the 19th century, over 500,000 Welsh miners migrated out of Wales throughout the British Empire, western Europe, the Americas (the U.S. such asJackson County, Ohio was nicknamed "Little Wales") andSouth Africa for mining jobs, but others came as shepherds, factory workers and fishermen. The Welsh fought hard to preserve their culture, such as the revivedWelsh language and their sense of identity in face of forced assimilation to the Anglo-British fabric. In the late 19th century, a small but solidWelsh settlement in Argentina (migration) took place to created a Welsh community (many there are bilingual in Spanish and Welsh) that survived to this day in theArgentina n provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz.
*Western Sahara the people on the exile of Mali, France,Spain , and Italy and on Argelia (mainly Tinduf) and also Mauritania, and Niger. And on the Free Zone of theSaharaui Republic .Z
*
Zoroastrian diaspora - two waves; the first took place in theseventh century when theArab s conqueredPersia and those who fled toIndia became known as theParsee s. In addition, after theIslamic revolution of 1979, several thousand of the remaining Zoroastrians inIran fled to theUnited States and theEuropean Union , the largest being in Great Britain.Various
* Various ethnic minorities from areas under Russian and Soviet control following the Russian Revolution, continuing through the mass forced-resettlements under
Stalin .
* Various groups fled in large numbers from areas under Axis control duringWorld War II , or after the border changes following the war, and formed their own diasporas.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.