Tropical cyclone naming

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Tropical cyclones have officially been named since 1945 and are named for a variety of reasons, which include to facilitate communications between forecasters and the public when forecasts, watches, and warnings are issued. Names also reduce confusion about what storm is being described, as more than one can occur in the same region at the same time.^[1] The official practice of naming tropical cyclones started in 1945 within the Western Pacific and was gradually extended out until 2004, when the India Meteorological Department started to name cyclonic storms within the North Indian ocean. Before the official practice of naming of tropical cyclones began, significant tropical cyclones were named after annoying politicians, mythological creatures, saints and place names. Names are drawn in order from predetermined lists (see Lists of tropical cyclone names) and are usually assigned to tropical cyclones with one, three or ten minute sustained windspeeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph) depending on which area it originates. However, standards vary from basin to basin with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while within the Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale force winds occurring around the center before they are named.

History of tropical cyclone naming

Before the official naming of tropical cyclones began in each basin, significant tropical cyclones were named after annoying politicians, mythological creatures, saints and place names, or were just simply numbered with a set of code letters before it.^[1][2]

Atlantic

George R. Stewart's 1941 novel, Storm, gave impetus to the idea of naming tropical cyclones.^[3] From 1950 the United States Weather Bureau (USWB), began to assign names to tropical cyclones that were judged to have intensified into tropical storms.^[4][5] Storms were originally named in alphabetical order using the World War II version of the Phonetic Alphabet.^[4] In 1953 a new set of 23 women's names were used, to avoid any confusion as a secondary phonetic alphabet had been developed.^[4][5] After the active but mild 1953 Atlantic hurricane season, public reception to the idea seemed favorable, so the same list was adopted for the next year with only one change; Gilda for Gail.^[4] After storms like Carol and Hazel got a lot of publicity during the 1954 season, forecasters developed a new set of names in time for the 1955 season.^[4] However before this could happen, a tropical storm developed on January 2, 1955 and was named as Alice.^[4] The new set of names was developed and were used during 1955 beginning with Brenda and continued through the alphabet to Zelda.^[4] For each season before 1960, a new set of names was developed before in 1960 forecasters decided to begin rotating names in a regular sequence and thus four alphabetical lists were established to be repeated every four years.^[4][6] The sets followed the example of the western Pacific typhoon naming lists and excluded names beginning with the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z.^[6] These four lists were used until 1972 when National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), replaced them with nine lists designed to be used annually from 1972.^[7] In 1977, NOAA decided to relinquish control over the name selection and allow a regional committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to select the names. The WMO decided that the names would be used from 1979, with six new lists which contained male names and some Spanish and French names to reflect all the cultures and languages used within the Atlantic Ocean.^[5][6] Since 1979 the same six lists have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.^[5] In 2002, subtropical cyclones started to be assigned names from the main list of names set up for that year. In 2005 as all the names preselected for the season were exhausted, the contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet for names had to be used.^[8] Since then there have been a few attempts to get rid of the Greek names as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones and are generally unknown and confusing to the public.^[9] However none of the attempts have succeeded and thus the Greek alphabet will be used should the lists ever be used up again.^[9][10]

Eastern Pacific

Beginning in 1960, tropical cyclones that were judged by the USWB to have intensified into a tropical storm, with winds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph), started to be assigned female names.^[11] The original naming lists were designed to be used year after year in sequence before, early in the 1965 season, it was decided to rotate the same lists every four years.^[12] In 1977, after protests by various women's rights groups, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the WMO to select new sets of names.^[6] The WMO selected six lists of names which contained male names and rotated every six years.^[6] They also decided that the new lists of hurricane name would start to be used in 1978 which was a year earlier than the Atlantic.^[13] Since 1978 the same lists of names have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.^[11] As in the Atlantic basin, should the names preselected for the season be exhausted the contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet for names would be used.^[11][14] However unlike in the Atlantic basin the contingency plan has never had to be used, although in 1985 to avoid using the contingency plan, the letters X, Y, and Z were added to the lists.^[14] Since the contingency plan was used during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, there have been attempts to get rid of the Greek names as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones and are generally unknown and confusing to the public.^[9][10] However none of the attempts have succeeded and thus the Greek letters will still be used should the lists ever be exhausted.^[9][10]

Central Pacific

Beginning in 1950 tropical cyclones that were judged by the Joint Hurricane Warning Center to have intensified into a tropical storm, with winds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph), started to be assigned names.^[12] Between 1950 and 1957, tropical storms were given names from the Hawaiian language before the decision was made in 1957 to take names from the Western Pacific list.^[12] In 1979, Hawaiian names were reinstated for tropical depressions intensifying in tropical storms within the Central Pacific.^[12] Five sets of Hawaiian names, using only the 12 letters of the Hawaiian alphabet, were drafted with the intent being to use the sets of names on an annual rotation basis.^[12] However as no tropical cyclones had formed in this region between 1979 and 1981, the original lists were scrapped and replaced with four sets of names.^[12] Also, the plan of how to allocate the names was changed to allow all the names to be used consecutively.^[12] The naming lists were used until 2007 the lists were revised in conjunction with the University of Hawaii with one-third of the names being retired or replaced.^[12]

Western Pacific

In 1945, the United States armed services, publicly adopted a list of names that they would name tropical depressions that intensified into tropical storms within the western Pacific.^[1] During the 1959 season the US armed services combined to form the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) who took on responsibility for naming all tropical storms between the 100°E and 180.^[15] Initially the lists of names only consisted of female names before in April 1979, the naming lists were revised to include male names.^[1] In 1998 the WMO's/ESCAP typhoon committee, decided that the current naming lists were too English and decided that they would control the list of names with the names assigned to tropical storms by the Japan Meteorological Agency instead of the JTWC.^[15][16][17]

In 1963 the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration decided to start naming tropical depressions with the names of Filipino women which ended in "ng," when they formed or moved into their area of responsibility.^[1] They continued the practice of naming tropical depressions, until the 2001 season when they started to name tropical cyclones with male names and scrapped the requirement for them to end in "ng".^[18]

North Indian ocean

After the 1999 Orissa Cyclone, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on North Indian tropical cyclones during its annual session in 2000, agreed to start assigning names to Cyclonic Storms that developed within the basin.^[19] As a result of this, the panel requested that each member country submit a list of 10 names to a rapporteur by the end of 2000.^[20] At the 2001 session, the rapporteur reported that of the eight countries involved, only India had refused to submit a list of names as it had some reservations, about assigning names to tropical cyclones.^[20] The panel then studied the names and felt that some of the names would not be appealing to the public or the media and thus requested that members submit new lists of names.^[20] In 2002, the rapporteur reported that there had been a poor response by member countries in resubmitting their lists of names, over the next year each country, bar India submitted a fresh list of names.^[20] By the 2004 session, India had still not submitted its names despite promising to do so, however the rapporteur presented the lists of names that would be used with a gap left for India's names.^[20] The rapporteur also recommended that the naming lists were used on an experimental basis during the season, starting in May or June 2004.^[20] The naming lists were then completed in May 2004, after India submitted their names, however the lists were not used until September 2004 when the first tropical cyclone was named Onil by RSMC New Delhi.^[19][21]

South-West Indian ocean

Formal naming of tropical cyclones, in the South-West Indian Ocean began midway through the 1959-60 season, with the first name Alix, assigned to a cyclone in January 1960.^[22] Over the years, there have been various selection processes for selecting the names, that will be assigned to tropical and subtropical storms during the season.^[23] During the 1980s and 1990s, names were chosen by national meteorological services of the region, in turn for several seasons, with Madagascar's meteorological service, choosing the names at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s, while the Seychelles meteorological service selected the names towards the end of the 1990s.^[23] However since the start of the 2000-01 season, the names have been selected a couple of seasons in advance by the WMO's tropical cyclone committee for the South West Indian Ocean.^[23] Until the WMO took over selecting the names, all off the names were female, since then, both men and women names have been used.^[23] Unlike other basins; RSMC La Reunion does not name tropical cyclones as they intensify into tropical or subtropical storms instead they advise either the meteorological service of Mauritius or Madagascar, who then assigns a name.^[24]

Australian region

Tropical lows or tropical depressions that intensify into tropical cyclones within the Australian region have been named since the 1963-64 tropical cyclone season.^[25] Between 1963-64 and 1974–75, female names were used exclusively by the warning centers, before the current convention of alternating male and female names began at the start of the 1975-76 cyclone season.^[25][26] Until the start of the 2007-08 season, tropical cyclones were assigned names by the tropical cyclone warning centers in Perth, Darwin, Port Moresby and Brisbane from four different lists.^[2] However during the 2007-08 season TCWC Jakarta started to name tropical cyclones before at the start of 2008-09 season, TCWC Perth, Darwin and Brisbane merged their lists into one list.^[27][28]

Southern Pacific

Within the Southern Pacific, tropical depressions that develop into tropical cyclones have been officially named since the 1964-65 tropical cyclone season.^[29] However some records show that names have been assigned on an irregular basis since the start of the 1955-56 season.^[30][31] Female names were used exclusively until the start of the 1974-75 season, when the current convention of alternating male and female names began.^[29] Names are developed by a regional committee of the WMO and are assigned by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited.^[32]

Other areas

Tropical cyclone formation is rare within the Mediterranean sea, South Atlantic, and to the east of the 120th meridian west in the Southern Pacific, and as a result there are no official naming lists for these areas. In 2004, 2010 and 2011 when tropical cyclones formed within the South Atlantic they were named as Catarina, Anita and Arani.

Tropical cyclone renaming

When a tropical cyclone moves from one basin to another

Generally, when a tropical storm moves from one warning center's area of responsibility to another, its original name will be retained.^[32][33] However, before 2001, the National Hurricane Center, used to rename tropical storms when they moved from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific or vice versa.^[34] Also when a tropical cyclone moves from the Australian region into the South-West Indian Ocean, the Mauritius Meteorological Service will rename it.^[24][32] However when a tropical cyclone moves from the South-West Indian Ocean into the Australian region, it is not renamed.^[24] Prior to the 1984–85 season, tropical cyclones were renamed when they crossed 80°E. After the Australian region was shortened for the start of the 1985–86 season, tropical cyclones were renamed when they crossed the 90°E instead of 80°E.^[24][35]

Uncertainties of the continuation

When the remnants of a tropical cyclone redevelop, the redeveloping system will be treated as a new tropical cyclone if there are uncertainties of the continuation, even though the original system may contribute to the forming of the new system. An example of this is Severe Tropical Cyclone Wasa-Arthur and Tropical Storm Upana-Chanchu in 2000.^[36][37]

Human error

Sometimes, there may be human faults leading to the renaming of a tropical cyclone. This is especially true if the system is poorly organized, such as Tropical Storm Ken-Lola in 1989, or if it passes from the area of responsibility of one forecaster to another.^[38]

Retirement

Main article: List of retired tropical cyclone names

Those cyclones that have their names retired tend to be exceptionally destructive storms that often become household names in the regions they affected. Within the North Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Australian region, the names of significant tropical cyclones are removed from the lists and retired in a meeting of the WMO's regional committee.^[32][33] As a name is generally not used more than once and fresh naming lists are developed each year, there is no need for significant tropical cyclone names to be retired within the South-West Indian Ocean.^[23][24] There currently is not a public policy of retiring names in the North Indian Ocean,^[39] as it is rare for a name to be assigned within TCWC Port Moresby's area of responsibility, so the name is automatically retired regardless of any damage caused.^[32]

See also

• Lists of tropical cyclone names
• List of tropical cyclones
• List of historic tropical cyclone names
• List of retired tropical cyclone names
• George R. Stewart
• Storm

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Chris Landsea (2010-06-01). "How are Tropical Cyclones Named?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/TCFAQ_B.txt. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Charles J. Neumann (1992). "Chapter 1: Global Overview 1.2.2 Naming of Tropical Cyclones". Global guide to tropical cyclone forecasting (World Meteorological Organization). Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIw9YPU5. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
3. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/basics/naming.shtml National Hurricane Center, "Naming Hurricanes", Accessed June 6, 2007.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2007". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tItxgNYc. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Colin J. McAdie, Christopher W. Landsea, Charles J. Neumann, Joan E. David, Eric S. Blake, Gregory R. Hammer (2009-08-20) (PDF). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Atl_1851-2006_lowres.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} Gary Padgett (2008-01-01). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: August 2007". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIvDU2EA. Retrieved 2009-12-31. 
7. ^ Gary Padgett (2008-07-11). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: November 2007 First Installment". Australian Severe Weather. http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2008/summ0711a.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
8. ^ John L. Beven II, Lixion A. Avila, Eric S. Blake, Daniel P. Brown, James L Franklin, Richard D. Knabb, Richard J. Pasch, Jamie R. Rhome, and Stacy R. Stewart (2008-03-27). "Annual Summary Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode 2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIvOkbbs. Retrieved 2010-03-10. 
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Staff Writer (2010-03-10). "New action items: 64th IHC action items: Replace Backup Tropical Cyclone "Greek Alphabet" Name List with Secondary Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Name List" (PDF). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5r3FVFUhR. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Staff Writer (2006). "RA IV Hurricane Committee 28th Session" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11–12. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. http://www.webcitation.org/5r3grtxtL. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
11. ^ ^{a b c} Eric S. Blake, Ethan J. Gibney, Daniel P. Brown, Michelle Mainelli, James L. Franklin, Todd B. Kimberlain, Gregory R. Hammer (2009-07-05) (PDF). Tropical Cyclone of the Eastern North Pacific Basin 1949–2006. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/hcs/HCS6-5_lowres.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Gary Padgett (2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: November 2007". Australian Severe Weather. http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2008/summ0711a.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-31. 
13. ^ Staff Writer (1978-05-12). "Big Blows to get his and her names". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Google News Archiv. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. http://www.webcitation.org/5r4yIDQ05e. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Gary Padgett (2002). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0202.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-14. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary January 1999". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29. http://www.webcitation.org/5t60dYVRr. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
16. ^ Staff Writer (2000-02-11). "Chinese Dragon replaces Typhoon Ted". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tItchU2T. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
17. ^ Gary Padgett (2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29. http://www.webcitation.org/5t60dYVRr. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
18. ^ Staff Writer (2001). "Alphabetical list of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. http://www.webcitation.org/5m9MxNDFM. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
19. ^ ^{a b} Unattributed (2010). "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2009". India Meteorological Department. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5om5T4KLY. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Unattributed (2004-04-15). "WMO/ESCAP panel on tropical cyclones thirty-first session". World Meteorological Organization. Economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific. p. Appendix 8. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. http://www.webcitation.org/5yuXPijp1. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 
21. ^ Unattributed (2006-04-03). "Annual report of the panel on tropical cyclones for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea to the economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific sixty-second session". Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. pp. 2. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. http://www.webcitation.org/5yvgQmut3. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 
22. ^ Unattributed (2002). "South-West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season: 2000-01". La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Météo-France. pp. 24. http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20002001.html. 
23. ^ ^{a b c d e} Unattributed (2010-07-01). "How are the names chosen?". La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Météo-France. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tI8qsiWU. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
24. ^ ^{a b c d e} Unattributed (2008). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean" (PDF). Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee. World Meteorological Organization. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-12Edition2008-English_FINAL.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-16. 
25. ^ ^{a b} Staff Writer (2010-07-01). "Frequently Asked Questions 14. When did the naming of tropical cyclones begin?". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Archived from the original on 2010-09-28. http://www.webcitation.org/5t75mBux3. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
26. ^ Staff Writer (1975-09-30). "Sex-Shift in Australia: A Cyclone Named 'Alan'". Reuters (New York Times). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B1FF63B5D137B93C3A9178BD95F418785F9. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
27. ^ Staff Writer (2008-11-06). "Tropical Cyclone Durga" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). p. 43. http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/wa/pdf/2008.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
28. ^ Staff Writer (2010-07-01). "Tropical Cyclone Names". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Archived from the original on 2010-09-28. http://www.webcitation.org/5t4ROx5se. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
29. ^ ^{a b} James P. Terry (2007). "3.4". Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0387715428, 9780387715421. http://books.google.com/?id=syqPSpliRCwC&printsec=frontcover&q. 
30. ^ Jeff Oncheonche (2004-08-12). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858–2000" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Severe Weather. http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/impacts-eastcoast.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
31. ^ Staff Writer (2010-03-13). "Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994". Vanuatu Meteorological Service. Pacific Disaster Net. http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/VUT_TC_1847_1994.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
32. ^ ^{a b c d e} Staff Writer (2009-03-10). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean" (PDF). RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee. World Meteorological Organization. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-21. 
33. ^ ^{a b} Staff Writer (2010-07-30). "Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan". World Meteorological Organization. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP30_2010_OpsPlan_En.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
34. ^ Chris Landsea (2010-06-10). "TCFAQ B5) What happens to the name of a tropical cyclone if it moves from the Atlantic regions to the Northeast Pacific, or vice versa?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIBkXhLZ. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
35. ^ G. Kingston (1986). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1985-86". Australian Meteorological Magazine (Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)) (34): 103–115. 551.515.2. http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1986/kingston.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
36. ^ Jonathan P Gill (1994-09-03). "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 1991–92". Australian Meteorological Magazine (Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)) (42): 175–182. http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1994/gill.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-27. 
37. ^ Gary Padgett (2000-10-04). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for July 2000". Typhoon 2000. http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/jul00.txt. Retrieved 2010-09-17. 
38. ^ Staff Writer (1991). "1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Ken-Lola (13W-14W)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 98–102. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIFUPlZF. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
39. ^ Staff Writer (2010-08-16). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5tIEdYM5H. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 

External links

• US National Hurricane Center
• Central Pacific Hurricane Center
• Japan Meteorological Agency
• India Meteorological Department
• Météo-France –La Reunion
• Fiji Meteorological Service
• Indonesian Meteorological Department
• Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
• Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited