- 1999 Orissa cyclone
-
1999 Orissa cyclone Super cyclonic storm (IMD) Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHS) 
Formed October 25, 1999 Dissipated November 3, 1999 Highest winds 3-minute sustained:
260 km/h (160 mph)
1-minute sustained:
260 km/h (160 mph)Lowest pressure < 912 mbar (hPa; 26.93 inHg) Fatalities ~15,000 direct Damage $4.5 billion (1999 USD) Areas affected India, Myanmar Part of the 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season The 1999 Orissa cyclone, also known as Cyclone 05B, and Paradip cyclone, was the deadliest Indian Ocean tropical cyclone since the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, and deadliest Indian storm since 1971. The Category Five storm made landfall just weeks after a Category 4 storm hit the same general area.
A tropical depression formed over the Malay Peninsula on October 25. It moved to the northwest and became a tropical storm on October 26. It continued to strengthen into a cyclone on October 27. On October 28, it became a severe cyclone with a peak of 160 mph (260 km/h) winds. It hit India the next day as a 155 mph (250 km/h) cyclone. It caused the deaths of 15,000 people, and heavy to extreme damage in its path of destruction.
Contents
Meteorological history
Storm path
A tropical disturbance developed in the South China Sea in mid-to-late October. It tracked westward and organized itself enough to have the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on October 23. But the system failed to organize itself any further in the Pacific, and the TCFA was cancelled. When the system reached the Andaman Sea on October 25, another TCFA was issued. Shortly after, the convective area consolidated, and it became Tropical Depression 5B on October 25 over the Malay Peninsula. The depression tracked northwestward under the influence of the Subtropical ridge to its north. Warm water temperatures and favorable upper level winds allowed further strengthening, and it became Tropical Storm 5B on October 26, 210 miles (345 km) south-southwest of Yangon, Myanmar.[1]
The storm passed to the south of Myanmar and continued to strengthen, and intensified to a cyclone on the 27th in the open Bay of Bengal. On October 28, the cyclone rapidly intensified to a peak of 160 mph (260 km/h) winds, the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane.[1] The system was the first storm to be given the new meteorological label "super cyclonic storm" by the IMD.[2]
Just prior to its Indian landfall, the cyclone weakened slightly to a 155 mph (250 km/h) cyclone with an estimated minimum central pressure of <912 mbar.[3] On October 29, the cyclone hit the Indian state of Orissa near the city of Bhubaneswar. The ridge to the north blocked further inland movement, and the cyclone stalled about 30 miles (50 km) inland of the ocean. It slowly weakened, maintaining tropical storm strength as it drifted southward. The cyclone re-emerged into the Bay of Bengal on October 31, and dissipated on November 3 over the open waters.[1]
Preparations
Tens of thousands of families from the coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, and Ganjam were forced to evacuate their homes before the storm's arrival. More than 44,500 people took shelter in twenty three Red Cross cyclone shelters. [1].[4] Cuttack and Khorda further inland were also severely affected.[3]
Impact and Records
05B with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h)The cyclone dumped heavy torrential rain over southeast India, causing record breaking flooding in the low-lying areas.[1] The storm surge was 26 feet (8 meters).[5] struck the coast of Orissa, traveling up to 20 km inland.[4] 17,110 km² (6,600 mi²) of crops were destroyed,[6] and an additional 90 million trees were either uprooted or had snapped.[7]
Approximately 275,000 homes were destroyed,[6] leaving 1.67 million people homeless.[7] Another 19.5 million people were affected by the supercyclone to some degree.[7] A total of 9,803 people officially died from the storm, with 40 others still missing,[1] though it is believed that 15,000 people died.[8] 8,119 of those fatalities were from the Jagatsinghpur district. Another 3,312 people were injured. 2,043 out of 5,700, or 36% of the residents of Padmapur perished.[5] The number of domestic animals fatalities was around 2.5 million,[7] though the number of livestock that perished in the cyclone amounted to only 406,000.[1] The high number of domestic animal deaths may have possibly had to do with around 5 million farmers losing their livelihood. The damage across fourteen districts in India[7] resulted from the storm was approximately $4.5 billion (1999 USD, $5.1 billion 2005 USD).[3]
Ten people in Myanmar were reported to have been killed by the tropical cyclone, while another 20,000 families were left homeless.[9]
When Cyclone 05B reached its peak intensity of 912 mb, it became the most intense Tropical Cyclone of the North Indian Basin.
Aftermath
Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS) immediately responded with emergency relief,[4] as did BAPS Care International (BAPSCI).[7] The Orissa state branch extended the emergency relief phase to a three-month relief operation and a six-month rehabilitation program with the help of the Federation. The overall humanitarian response spanned well into the late 2000. The Orissa State Branch (OSB) immediately shipped emergency buffer stocks from the Indian Red Cross headquarters in New Delhi.[4] BAPSCI dispatched about 2,340 volunteers to 84 villages greatly affected by the storm. BAPSCI also cremated 700 bodies and buried 3,500 cattle carcasses because many people were superstitious about touching the dead bodies of those they did not know. Three villages were "adopted" by BAPSCI in January 2000 to rebuild, Chakulia, Banipat, and Potak, all in Jagatsinghpur. A total of 200 concrete homes were constructed, as well as two concrete schools and two village tube-wells. The project was finally completed in May 2002, two and a half years after the cyclone hit.[7] As of October 30, 1999, 50,000 people were evacuated from low-lying flooded areas on the coast of the Ganjam and Jagatsinghpur districts. More people on the coast of Paradeep were evacuated by the Orissa Government.
The Federation withdrew 200,000 CHF from its Disaster Relief Emergency Fund to send to India, but the Indian Government refused the money, saying the cyclone was not a national disaster.[4]
Many people died of starvation and diseases after the storm, since rescue workers could not reach everyone in time.[10]
See also
- Tropical cyclone
- List of tropical cyclones
- Kathantara- A film related to this cyclone
References
- ^ a b c d e f http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf
- ^ R. Ramachandran (1999-11-13). "Scientific failures". India's National Magazine. Frontline. http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1624/16240280.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ a b c http://www.rmsi.com/PDF/orissasupercyclone.pdf
- ^ a b c d e Appeals: India: Cyclone - Oct 1999, India: orissa Cyclone Appeal No. 28/1999 Final Report, Situation Reports: India: Floods - Jul 2001, India: orissa Cyclone Appeal No. 28/1999 Final Report
- ^ a b Experts Say Deforestation Caused Cyclone Havoc in India
- ^ a b Troubled Times: 1999
- ^ a b c d e f g http://www.bapscharities.org/services/disaster/1990/1999supercyclone.htm
- ^ "Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2008: North America and Asia suffer heavy losses". Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. 21 January 2009. pp. 38. http://swissre.com/resources/dd6346004d4e9669ac76eecedd316cf3-sigma2_2009_e.pdf. Retrieved 18 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/rpts99/in005.pdf
- ^ "1999: Super-cyclone wreaks havoc in India". BBC News. October 29, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/29/newsid_3691000/3691573.stm. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
External links
The most powerful tropical cyclones by area of formation or impact North central Pacific Australia Cyclone Inigo (2003)
— 900 hPaNorth Indian Ocean Orissa Cyclone (1999)
— 912 hPaNortheast Pacific Hurricane Linda (1997)
— 902 hPaSouth Pacific Cyclone Zoe (2002)
— 890 hPaSouthwest Indian Ocean Cyclone Gafilo (2004)
— 895 hPaNorth Atlantic Hurricane Wilma (2005)
— 882 hPaWestern Pacific Typhoon Tip (1979)
— 870 hPaCategories:- 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- Tropical cyclones in India
- History of Orissa
- 1999 in India
- Super cyclonic storms
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