SPAD S.XIII

S.XIII
SPAD S.XIII in the colors and markings of Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, U.S. 94th Aero Squadron. This aircraft is on display at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force near Dayton, Ohio.
Role	biplane fighter
National origin	France
Manufacturer	SPAD
Designer	Louis Béchéreau
First flight	4 April 1917[1]
Primary users	Aéronautique Militaire Royal Flying Corps (Royal Air Force from April 1918) US Army Air Service

The SPAD S.XIII was a French biplane fighter aircraft of World War I, developed by Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD) from the earlier highly successful SPAD S.VII. It was one of the most capable fighters of the war, and one of the most-produced, with 8,472 built and orders for around 10,000 more cancelled at the Armistice.^[2]

Design and development

The S.VII had entered service in September 1916, but by early 1917 it had been surpassed by the latest German fighters, leading French flying ace, Georges Guynemer to lobby for an improved version. SPAD designer Louis Béchereau initially produced the cannon-armed S.XII, which had limited success, and finally the S.XIII.

The S.XIII differed from its predecessor by incorporating a number of aerodynamic and other refinements, including larger wings and rudder, a more powerful Hispano-Suiza 8B engine fitted with reduction gearing, driving a larger "right-hand" clockwise-rotation propeller, and a second 0.303 Vickers machine gun for added firepower. The sum of these improvements was a notable improvement in flight and combat performance. It was faster than its main contemporaries, the British Sopwith Camel and the German Fokker D.VII, and was renowned for its ruggedness and strength in a dive. The manoeuvrability of the type was however relatively poor, especially at low speeds. A steep gliding angle and a very sharp stall made it a difficult aircraft for novice pilots to land safely.

Operational history

The SPAD S.XIII first flew on 4 April 1917, and in the following month, was already being delivered to the French Air Service. Other Allied forces were quick to adopt the new fighter as well, and nearly half of the 893 purchased for the United States Army Air Service were still in service in 1920. It was also exported to Japan, Poland, and Czechoslovakia after the war.

The S.XIII was flown by famous French fighter pilots such as Georges Guynemer and Rene Fonck, and also by Italian ace Francesco Baracca. Aces of the United States Army Air Service who flew the Spad XIII include Eddie Rickenbacker (America's leading ace with 26 confirmed victories) and Frank Luke (18 victories).

• 

  SPAD XIII Georges Guynemer

• 

  SPAD XIII René Fonck

• 

  SPAD XIII Edward Rickenbacker

• 

  SPAD XIII David "Duffy" Lewis

Operators

Spads, 1930s magazine illustration

 Argentina

(Two aircraft)

 Belgium

 Brazil

 Czechoslovakia

(Post-war)

 Finland

(One aircraft)

 France

 Greece

 Italy

 Japan

 Poland

(Post-war)

 Russian Empire

Siam (Thailand)

Kingdom of Spain

 Turkey

 United Kingdom

• Royal Flying Corps^[3]
  • No. 19 Squadron RFC - One aircraft
  • No. 23 Squadron RFC - December 1917—May 1918.

 United States

 Uruguay

Specifications (SPAD S.XIII)

Data from Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft - 1913 to the Present Day^[4][5]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in)
• Wingspan: 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)
• Height: 2.60 m (8 ft 6.5 in)
• Wing area: 21.1 m² (227 ft²)
• Empty weight: 566 kg (1,245 lb)
• Loaded weight: 856 kg (1,888 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 845 kg (1,863 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 8Be 8 cylinder vee-type, 220 hp (164 kw)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 218 km/h (117 knots, 135 mph) at 2,000 m (6,560 ft)
• Service ceiling: 6,650 m (21,815 ft)
• Rate of climb: 2 m/s (384 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 40.56 kg/m² ()

Armament

• Guns: 2 x .303-cal. (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns

See also

Related development

• S.VII
• S.XI
• S.XII
• S.XVII
• S.XXI
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Fokker D.VII
• Sopwith Camel
• S.E.5a
• Ansaldo Balilla
  

References

Notes

1. ^ Winchester 2006, p. 23.
2. ^ Sharpe 2000, p. 272.
3. ^ Bruce 1982, pp. 561—564.
4. ^ Winchester 2006, p. 18.
5. ^ Sharpe 2000, p. 272.

Bibliography

• Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30084-X.
• Sharpe, Michael. Biplanes, Triplanes, and Seaplanes. London: Friedman/Fairfax Books, 2000. ISBN 1-58663-300-7.
• Winchester, Jim. Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft - 1913 to the Present Day. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-7607-7957-0.

External links

• Air Force Association Fact Sheet (pdf)
• Spad S. XIII shown in Belgique maximum card
• Spad XIII in the United States Air Service with pursuit group histories