John Williams Gunnison

Infobox Person
name = John Williams Gunnison


image_size = 150px
caption =
birth_date = birth date|1812|11|11
birth_place = Goshen New Hampshire
death_date = death date|1853|10|26
death_place = Millard County near Delta, Utah
death_cause = Murder by Pahvant Indians
resting_place_coordinates = coord|39.2807889|N|112.7780084|W [cite web | url=Gnis3|1435635 | title=Gunnison Massacre Site | work=Geographic Names Information System | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2008-09-07 ]
citizenship = United States
known_for = Exploration and surveying of Florida, the Great Lakes and the Western United States
alma_mater = United States Military Academy at West Point, New York
employer = United States Army
occupation = Captain in the Corps of Topographical Engineers - Surveyor
spouse = Martha A. Delony (1841-1853)

John Williams Gunnison (November 11, 1812 – October 26, 1853) was an American military officer and explorer.

Biography

Gunnison was born in Goshen, New Hampshire in 1812. He graduated from West Point in 1837, second in his class of fifty cadets. His military career began in Florida, where he spent a year in the campaign against the Seminoles. Due to his poor health he was reassigned to the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Initially he explored unknown areas of Florida, searching for provision routes. However, his health soon forced him out of Florida entirely.

From 1841-1849 Gunnison explored the area around the Great Lakes. He surveyed the border between Wisconsin and Michigan, the Western coast of Lake Michigan, and the coast of Lake Erie. On May 9, 1846 he was promoted to First Lieutenant.

In the Spring of 1849 Gunnison was assigned as second in command of the Howard Stansbury Expedition to explore and survey the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. That winter was particularly heavy and the expedition was unable to leave the valley. Gunnison took the opportunity to befriend some Mormons and study The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon church). When he finally returned to Washington, DC, he wrote a book titled "The Mormons or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake: A History of Their Rise and Progress, Peculiar Doctrines, Present Condition."

Gunnison returned to the Great Lakes from 1852-1853, mapping the Green Bay area, and was promoted to Captain on March 3, 1853.

Gunnison - Beckwith Expedition

On May 3, 1853 he received orders to take charge of an expedition to survey a route for a Pacific railroad between the 38th and 39th parallels. The surveying party left St. Louis, Missouri in June 1853 and arrived by mid October in Manti, Utah Territory. In Utah Territory, with Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith as assistant commander, Gunnison began the survey of a possible route, surveying areas across the Rocky Mountains via the Herfano River, through Cochetopa Pass, and by way of the present Gunnison and Green rivers to the Sevier River. His journey took him through the Tomichi Valley in Colorado, where the town of Gunnison is named in his honor. After crossing the Tomichi Valley, the survey team encountered the Black Canyon, carved by the Gunnison River which was also named in his honor. The team was forced to turn South to get around the canyon.

Attack and Massacre

The weather was beginning to turn "cold and raw" with snow flurries and Captain Gunnison sought to speed up mapping before returning to winter quarters. At Lake Sevier, the team was divided into two detachments. On the morning of October 26, 1853, Gunnison and the eleven men in his party were attacked by a band of Pahvants (Ute.) In the resulting massacre, Gunnison and seven of his men were killed. Several survivors of the attack alerted the other detachment of the survey team who rode to aid Gunnison and his party. An additional survivor of the attack and the bodies of the victims were retrieved later that day. [harvnb|Schiel|1957|pp. 101-102] The remains of the eight dead were found in a mutilated state. Killed with Gunnison were Richard H. Kern (topographer and artist), F. Creuzfeldt (botanist), William Potter (guide), Private Caulfield, Private Liptoote, Private Mehreens, and John Bellows (camp roustabout.) [harvnb|Schiel|1957|pp.20, 154-155] harvnb|Beckwith|1856|pp.72-74]

Investigations and allegations

Allegedly, Gunnison was warned by Mormons that local bands of Pahvant Utes might not be very sympathetic to his presence due to an ongoing conflict, known as the Walker War, with Utah Chief Walkara. At the time of the killings, rumors circulated that the Pahvants involved in the massacre were acting under the direction of Brigham Young and the secret militia known as Danites. Leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were initially concerned that the railway would increase the influx of non-Mormon settlers and non-Mormon economic concerns into the territory. Subsequently, however, Mormon leaders organized cadres of Mormon workers to build the railway, welcoming the income for the economically depressed settlers.

Martha Gunnison, widow of Captain Gunnison, maintained that the attack was planned and orchestrated by militant Mormons, under the direction of Brigham Young. Gunnison’s letters to his wife throughout the expedition left her with the impression that “the Mormons were the directors of my husband’s murder.” She wrote to Associate Justice W.W. Drummond, the 1855 federal appointee to the Supreme Court of the Territory of Utah. She received confirmation of this belief in his response to her letter. [harvnb|Drummond|1857|] Drummond drew this conclusion from informant and witness testimonies in several trials after the murders. He cited numerous reports by whites and natives of white attackers dressed up as Indians during the massacre. [harvnb|Fielding|1993|p. 366-368]

Young, Chief of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the Utah Territory, later arrested Indians who he claimed had allegedly perpetrated the Gunnison massacre, but eventually let all of them off without any real punishment. It is claimed that Young allegedly cut a deal with the Indians by compensating them in exchange for shifting the blame of the attack to them.

Historian Brigham D. Madsen, wrote, in the "Utah History Encyclopedia", “Despite cries of outrage by some easterners that the Mormons had instigated the attack, Lieutenant Beckwith [Gunnison’s assistant commander] concluded, as a result of his investigation, that the Mormons were not involved and that the Pahvant Indians had acted in revenge for an earlier attack upon their people by a party of white emigrants." [harvnb|Madsen|1994| ]

The Gunnison Massacre resulted in much controversy and added additional strain to the relationship between Governor Brigham Young of the Utah Territory and the Federal Government. These events eventually culminated in the Utah War wherein PresidentBuchanan sent the U.S. Army to the Utah Territory in order to stop a reported Mormon insurrection.

Legacy

Captain Gunnison was later honored when the city of Gunnison, Utah was named for him.

Publications

* cite book
last = Beckwith
first = E.G.
authorlink =
coauthors = Gunnison, J.W.
title = Report of explorations for a route for the Pacific railroad: near the 38th and 39th parallels of north latitude : from the mouth of the Kansas River, Mo., to the Sevier Lake, in the Great Basin
publisher = War Dept.
date = 1856
location = Washington [D.C.]
oclc = 8497072
url = http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFK4383.0002.001
ref=CITEREFBeckwith1856
* cite book
last = Gunnison
first = J. W.
authorlink = John Williams Gunnison
coauthors = William Gilpin
title = Guide to the Kansas gold mines at Pike's Peak, describing the routes, camping places, tools, outfits, etc.
publisher = E. Mendenhall
date = 1859
location = Cincinnati
oclc = 14140433
* cite book
last = Gunnison
first = J. W. (Lieut.)
authorlink = John Williams Gunnison
title = The Mormons, or, Latter-day saints, in the valley of the Great Salt Lake: a history of their rise and progress, peculiar doctrines, present condition, and prospects, derived from personal observation: during a residence among them.
publisher = J.B. Lippincott & Co
date = 1852
location = Philadelphia
oclc = 14155212
url = http://www.archive.org/details/orlatterdmormons00gunnrich
accessdate = 2008-09-07
ref=CITEREFGunnison1852
* cite book
last = Gunnison
first = John Williams
authorlink = John Williams Gunnison
title = Papers of J. W. Gunnison
publisher =
date = 1832
oclc = 122382994 (Housed at The Huntington Library in San Mateo, CA)
* cite book
last = Gunnison
first = John Williams
authorlink = John Williams Gunnison
title = U.S. Lake Survey payrolls and reports
publisher =
date = 1841
oclc = 145786406 (Housed at The Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison, WI on the campus of the University of Wisconsin-Madison )
* cite book
last = Stansbury
first = Howard
authorlink =
coauthors = Gunnison, John Williams; Carrington, Albert; Hudson, John
title = Stansbury Survey diaries
publisher = United States. Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers
date = 1849
oclc = 215072134 (Housed at the University of California, Berkeley Library in Berkley, CA)
* cite book
last = United States
authorlink = United States Government Printing Office
coauthors = Henry, J.; Baird, S.F.
title = Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
publisher = B. Tucker, printer
date = 1855
location = Washington [D.C.]
oclc = 10526736

References

Bibliography

* cite web
last = Drummond
first = William
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Letter from Judge Drummond to Mrs. M.D. Gunnison
work = Narrative of the death of Capt. Gunnison
publisher =
date = April 14,1857
url = http://1857massacre.com/MMM/Gunnison.htm
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-09-08
ref=CITEREFDrummond1857
* cite book
last = Fielding
first = Robert Kent
title = The Unsolicited Chronicler: An Account Of The Gunnison Massacre, Its Causes And Consequences
publisher = Paradigm Publications
year = 1992
location = Brookline, Mass
url =
isbn = 0-912111-38-0
accessdate =
ref=CITEREFFielding1992
* cite web
last = Lynch
first = Lisa
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = John W. Gunnison Expedition
work = Curecanti National Recreation Area :History and culture
publisher = National Park Service
date = 2006
url = http://www.nps.gov/cure/historyculture/explorer_gunnison.htm
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-09-07
ref=CITEREFLynch2006
* cite web
last = Madsen
first = Brigham
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = John Williams Gunnison
work = Utah History Encyclopedia
publisher = University of Utah Press
date = 1994
url = http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/g/GUNNISON%2CJOHN.html
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-09-07
ref=CITEREFMadsen1994
* cite book
last = Mumey
first = Nolie
coauthors = Schiel, Jacob Heinrich Wilhelm
title = John Williams Gunnison (1812-1853), the last of the western explorers
publisher = Artcraft Press
year = 1955
location = Denver
pages =
url =
oclc = 1964928
accessdate =
ref=CITEREFMumey1955
* cite web
title = Gunnison, John Williams
work = Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military
publisher = Oxford University Press
date = 2001
url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-GunnisonJohnWilliams.html
accessdate = 2008-09-07
ref=CITEREFOxford2001
* cite book
last = Schiel
first = James
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = The land between: Dr. James Schiel's account of the Gunnison-Beckwith expedition into the West, 1853-1854.
series = Great West and Indian series, v.9
publisher = Westernlore Press
date = 1957
location = Los Angeles
pages =
oclc = 1831916
ref=CITEREFSchiel1957
* cite web
last = Young
first = Brigham
authorlink = Brigham Young
coauthors =
title = Declaration of Martial law
work =
publisher = Territory of Utah
date = 1857
url = http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mountainmeadows/martiallaw.html
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-09-07
ref=CITEREFYoung1857

External links

[http://www.greatbasinheritage.org/gunnison.htm Gunnison Massacre Site] (Great Basin National Heritage Route)