Motor glider

Motor glider
DG-808B 18m self-launching

See also: glider (sailplane)

A motor glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that can be flown with or without engine power. The FAI Gliding Commission Sporting Code definition is: A fixed wing aerodyne equipped with a means of propulsion (MoP), capable of sustained soaring flight without thrust from the means of propulsion.^[1]

History

In 1935, an occasional or auxiliary motor that could be retracted was suggested by Sir John Carden.^[2]

Types

Most motor gliders are equipped with a propeller, which may be fixed, feathering, or retractable. However jet engines are now available from some manufacturers.

Fixed or feathering propeller

Touring motor gliders

Motor with fixed or full feathering propellers are generally classified as Touring Motor Gliders (TMGs). TMGs can take off and cruise like an airplane or soar with power off, like a glider.

Scheibe SF25C - an older touring motorglider with tube-and-fabric fuselage construction.

They are fitted with front-mounted engines, similar to a small airplane. The large wingspans of TMGs provide a moderate gliding performance, though worse than that of unpowered gliders. However TMGs are more efficient than conventional light aircraft.

Most TMGs are designed with engines of 80 to 100 hp (75 kW) and typically cruise (under power) at 85 - 100 knots (190 km/h). Most have fuel tanks capable of holding 50 and up to 100 liters (13 to 26 US gallons) of fuel, giving a range under power of up to 450 US nautical miles (approximately 830 kilometers).

Some TMGs are equipped with folding wings to allow them to fit in standard small airplane T-hangars. Tow hooks are unnecessary, since aircraft with self-launch ability do not require access to winch or tow plane for launching like a conventional glider.

Some TMGs, like the Europa, can also be supplied with interchangeable wings so that they can be flown as a standard touring aircraft as well as a TMG.^[3]

Grob G109B touring motor glider, with fibre-reinforced plastic construction.

The landing gear configuration on TMGs usually incorporates two fixed main wheels, allowing it to be taxied on the ground without a wing walker. While some TMGs have only one main wheel, with auxiliary trolley wheels on the wings for taxiing, it is becoming more common to find them being manufactured with tricycle and conventional (two fixed main wheels - i.e. a "tail-dragger") landing gear configurations.

Since the additional drag of the stopped propeller and landing gear reduces their gliding performance, TMGs are seldom used in competition.

Retractable propeller

Schleicher ASH 26e self-launching motor glider, with the engine mast extended. A Stemme S10 is in the background with the nose cone extended.

The retractable propeller is usually mounted on a mast that rotates up and forward out of the fuselage, aft of the cockpit and wing carry-through structure. The fuselage has engine bay doors that open and close automatically, similar to landing gear doors. The engine may be near the top or bottom of the mast, and newer designs have the engine fixed in the fuselage to reduce noise and drag.

Unlike TMGs, most gliders with retractable propellers are also fitted with a tow-hook for aero-towing or ground launch. They have a single-axle retractable main wheel on the fuselage like most unpowered gliders, so they do require assistance during ground operations. The two-stroke engines commonly used are not efficient at reduced power for level cruising flight, and instead must use a "saw-tooth" flight profile where the glider climbs at full power, then glides with the propeller retracted.

Sustainer

Sustainer motor gliders must be launched like an unpowered glider, but can climb slowly to extend a flight once the engine is deployed and started. They generally do not have an alternator or starter motor, so the engine is started by "wind-milling" the propeller in flight. The propeller may be a rigid 2-blade design, or may have more than two blades that fold at the hub when the engine is retracted. The propeller hub is usually attached directly to the crankshaft, but there is at least one example of a sustainer with a belt reduction drive, the DG-1000T.^[4]

The smaller sustainer engines are usually not equipped with a throttle, but instead have a cable to open decompression valves in each cylinder to allow the engine to turn freely for starting. Sustainer engines are typically two-stroke two-cylinder air-cooled engines in the range of 18–30 hp (14–22 kW). They are lighter in weight, and simpler to operate than self-launching powerplants.^[5]

Self-launching

Powerplant from a Schleicher ASH 26e self-launching motor glider, mounted on a test stand for maintenance at the Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co in Poppenhausen, Germany. Counter-clockwise from top left: propeller hub, mast with belt guide, radiator, Wankel engine, muffler shroud.

Self-launching retractable propeller motor gliders have sufficient thrust and initial climb rate to take off without assistance, or they may be launched as with a conventional glider. The engines also have a starter motor and a large battery to allow the engine to be started on the ground, and an alternator to recharge the battery. A two-blade propeller is typically coupled to the engine via a belt reduction drive. In older designs, the propeller alignment must be checked by the pilot using a mirror, before it is retracted into the fuselage; however in current production gliders, propeller alignment is fully automatic.

Another solution is the single-blade propeller that offers the advantage of a smaller opening in the fuselage to retract the engine.

Internal combustion engines can benefit from mounting in the fuselage, rather than on the propeller mast. This allows them to be connected to a larger muffler for reduced noise when operating, something which is mostly relevant to European operation. It also allows the belt tension to be relieved when the engine is retracted to extend the life of the belt and bearings. The drawback of this arrangement is that engines fixed low in fuselages are more difficult to pre-flight and service, and highly stressed power transmission belts should not be bent or twisted.

Self-launching engines are equipped with a throttle that allows the engine power to be adjusted for ground operations. Self-launching engines are typically in the range of 50–60 hp (38–45 kW). The higher engine output power requires liquid cooling with a separate radiator mounted on the propeller mast. Engines commonly used are two-stroke piston engines, or Wankel rotary engines.^[6]

Other types

Cross-over

On the Stemme S10, the propeller folds into the nose cone, and is connected to the rear mounted engine with a drive shaft. It also has two retractable main wheels, allowing it to be taxiied without assistance, and to soar with low drag. These features make it a cross-over between the touring and retractable propeller motor gliders. It does not have a tow-hook, so it must self-launch. The S10-VT variant has a two-position variable pitch propeller and a turbocharger on the engine, which allows the aircraft to cruise at altitudes up to 30,000 feet (9,000 m).^[7]

On the AMS Carat, the propeller folds forward, pointing straight ahead like a spear.

Electric

Although most motor gliders have gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines, recently electric-powered self-launchers have been developed mainly for environmental reasons such as the Lange Antares 20E, Lange Antares 23E, Taurus Electro G2, Silent 2 Targa LE (Lithium Electric), and the closely related Air Energy AE1 Silent, Yuneec Apis 2, Yuneec EViva, Alpaero Exel, Aériane Swift and Alatus AL12.^[8][9] Other examples are available with sustaining engines including the Schempp-Hirth Arcus and DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000. An electric sustainer is also offered on the ESAG LAK-17B which is notable in that the airflow keeps the propeller folded against the nose of the glider when it is not in operation.

Jet

Bob Carlton's jet-powered glider.

The first production self-launching motor glider fitted with a jet engine was the Caproni Vizzola Calif. The jet engine was mounted inside the fuselage behind the wing, with fixed intake and exhaust ducts coupled to the outside air stream for engine operation. Since then a new generation of jets have been offered for the Schempp-Hirth Ventus 2, Jonker JS-1 Revelation and the HPH 304S, all featuring sustainer jet engines.

Other self-launching types include the experimental LET L-13TJ Blaník^[10], a version of the Alisport Silent Club and a version of the TeST TST-14 Bonus.

Use of engines in self-launching sailplanes

A self-launching Eiri-Avion PIK-20E in flight with engine running.

The engine cannot always be relied upon to start in flight, so the pilot must allow for this possibility. The generally accepted practice is to get in position for landing at a suitable airport, or off-airport out-landing field, before extending the propeller and attempting an engine start. This allows for a safe landing in the event that the engine cannot be started in time.^[11]

In soaring competitions, starting the engine is usually scored the same as an out-landing in an unpowered glider. To detect the use of the engine, GNSS Flight Recorders used in motor gliders must have a noise sensor that allows recording the sound level along with position and altitude. In many competitions, the rules require that the pilot start the engine at the beginning of the flight, before starting the task, to ensure an engine start later in the flight will be detected.

Schempp-Hirth Nimbus 4M with engine running.

Gliders without an engine are lighter and, as they do not need a safety margin for an engine-start, they can safely thermal at lower altitudes in weaker conditions. So, pilots in unpowered gliders may complete competition flights when some powered competitors cannot.^[12] Conversely, motor glider pilots can start the engine to extend a flight if conditions will no longer support soaring, while unpowered gliders will have to land out, away from the home airfield, requiring retrieval by road using the glider's trailer.

The presence of an engine can increase the safety of gliding, as a powerplant increases the ability of the pilot to avoid storms and off-airport landings. An opposing view is that motor gliders are against the spirit of the sport, and, more importantly, that they sometimes give pilots a false sense of security.

Touring motor gliders are seldom used in competition, but they can be useful in training for cross-country flights.^[13] After take-off, the engine is switched off, and the trainee flies the aircraft as a glider. Landings in unfamiliar fields can be practiced while the motor idles. If the trainee chooses an inappropriate field, or misjudges the approach, the instructor can apply power and climb away safely.

Fournier RF-4D in England (2009).

Licenses or certificates

In Europe, powered gliders are categorized into gliders with retractable propellers/engines, which can be flown with an ordinary glider pilot license (GPL), and touring motor gliders (TMG), which require a license extension to the standard GPL. In the United Kingdom, where gliding is regulated by the British Gliding Association, pilots of self-sustaining gliders, like those of pure gliders, do not have to be licensed with the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

In South Africa, Touring Motor Glider (TMG) is an independent National Pilots License category under Recreation Aviation, Part 62, subpart 17.

In the United States, a private glider pilot certificate allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders, self-launching motor gliders (including touring motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the launch method, which may be by airplane towing, ground launch (winches, bungee, auto tow), or, in the case of a suitable motor glider, by self-launching. In the US, motor gliders are classified as gliders, and may be operated by a glider pilot without the medical certificate required to operate an airplane.

In Canada, a glider pilot license allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders, self-launching motor gliders (including motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the pilot to carry passengers. In Canada, motor gliders are classified as gliders, and may be operated by a glider pilot without the medical certificate required to operate an airplane.

See also

• Powered hang glider
• Powered paraglider

References

1. ^ "FAI Sporting Code Section 3 - Gliding » Chapter 1: General Rules and Definitions". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071007144651/http://www.fai.org/gliding/sc3.1.0. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 
2. ^ Flight FLYING ON 250 c.c
3. ^ Europa Aircraft Homepage
4. ^ "DG Flugzeugbau GmbH, DG-1000T Information". http://www.dg-flugzeugbau.de/index-e.html. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
5. ^ "Schempp-Hirth GmbH, Discus 2T Sustainer Engine Information". http://www.schempp-hirth.com/index.php?id=discus-2t&L=1. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
6. ^ "Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co., ASH 26 E Information". Archived from the original on 2006-10-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20061008125929/http://www.alexander-schleicher.de/englisch/produkte/ash26/e_ash26_main.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
7. ^ "Stemme AG, S10-VT Information". http://www.stemmewest.com/pages/s10vt.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
8. ^ Antares 20E "Lange Flugzeugbau GmbH, Antares 20E Information". http://www.lange-flugzeugbau.com/htm/english/products/antares_20e/antares_20E.html Antares 20E. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
9. ^ World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011 Edition
10. ^ "Turbojet engine TJ 100, PBS Velká Bíteš, a.s.". http://www.pbsvb.cz/dlt_motor_tj100.php?lang=en. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
11. ^ "Information about self-sustaining gliders". http://www.dg-flugzeugbau.de/ls8-ewald-e.html. Retrieved 2006-09-04. 
12. ^ "Guide to Self-launching Sailplane Operation". http://asa.thixo.com/Guide_downloads.cfm. Retrieved 2006-09-04. 
13. ^ "Motor gliding training syllabus for instructors". http://www.gliding.co.uk/bgainfo/instructors/motorgliding.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-04.