Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge
Birth name	Edward James Muggeridge
Born	April 9, 1830(1830-04-09) Kingston upon Thames, England
Died	April 8, 1904(1904-04-08) (aged 73) Kingston upon Thames, England
Nationality	British
Field	Photography
Influenced	Filmmaking

Eadweard J. Muybridge ( /ˌɛdwərd ˈmaɪbrɪdʒ/; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904) was an English photographer who spent much of his life in the United States. He is known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion which used multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip.^[1]

Names

Born Edward James Muggeridge, he changed his name several times early in his US career. First he changed his forenames to the Spanish equivalent Eduardo Santiago, perhaps because of the Spanish influence on Californian place names. His surname appears at times as Muggridge and Muygridge (possibly due to misspellings), and Muybridge from the 1860s.

In the 1870s he changed his first name again to Eadweard, to match the spelling of King Edward shown on the plinth of the Kingston coronation stone, which was re-erected in Kingston in 1850. His name remained Eadweard Muybridge for the rest of his career.^[2] However, his gravestone bears a further variant, Eadweard Maybridge.

He used the pseudonym Helios (Greek god of the sun) on many of his photographs, and also as the name of his studio and his son's middle name.^[3]

Early life and career

Muybridge was born at Kingston-on-Thames, England on April 9, 1830. He emigrated to the US, arriving in San Francisco in 1855, where he started a career as a publisher's agent and bookseller. He left San Francisco at the end of the 1850s, and after a stagecoach accident in which he received severe head injuries, returned to England for a few years.

While recuperating back in England, he took up photography seriously sometime between 1861 and 1866, where he learned the wet-collodion process.^[4][5]

He reappeared in San Francisco in 1866 and rapidly became successful in photography, focusing principally on landscape and architectural subjects, although his business cards also advertised his services for portraiture.^[6] His photographs were sold by various photographic entrepreneurs on Montgomery Street (most notably the firm of Bradley & Rulofson), San Francisco's main commercial street, during those years.

Photographing the West

Muybridge began to build his reputation in 1867 with photos of Yosemite and San Francisco (many of the Yosemite photographs reproduced the same scenes taken by Carleton Watkins). Muybridge quickly gained notice for his landscape photographs, which showed the grandeur and expansiveness of the West, published under his pseudonym Helios.^[7] In the summer of 1873 Muybridge was commissioned to photograph the Modoc War, one of the US Army's expeditions against West Coast Indians.^[8]

Stanford and the galloping question

Main article: Sallie Gardner at a Gallop

Muybridge's The Horse in Motion.

In 1872, former Governor of California Leland Stanford, a businessman and race-horse owner, had taken a position on a popularly-debated question of the day: whether all four of a horse's hooves are off the ground at the same time during the trot. Up until this time, most paintings of horses at full gallop showed the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear. ^[9] Stanford sided with this assertion, called "unsupported transit", and took it upon himself to prove it scientifically. Stanford sought out Muybridge and hired him to settle the question.^[10]

In later studies Muybridge used a series of large cameras that used glass plates placed in a line, each one being triggered by a thread as the horse passed. Later a clockwork device was used. The images were copied in the form of silhouettes onto a disc and viewed in a machine called a Zoopraxiscope. This in fact became an intermediate stage towards motion pictures or cinematography.

Galloping horse set to motion using photos by Eadweard Muybridge.

In 1877, Muybridge settled Stanford's question with a single photographic negative showing Stanford's Standardbred trotting horse Occident airborne at the trot. This negative was lost, but it survives through woodcuts made at the time. By 1878, spurred on by Stanford to expand the experiment, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse in fast motion.^[11]

Another series of photos taken at the Palo Alto Stock Farm in Stanford, California, is called Sallie Gardner at a Gallop or The Horse in Motion, and shows that the hooves do all leave the ground — although not with the legs fully extended forward and back, as contemporary illustrators tended to imagine, but rather at the moment when all the hooves are tucked under the horse as it switches from "pulling" with the front legs to "pushing" with the back legs. ^[10] This series of photos stands as one of the earliest forms of videography.

Eventually, Muybridge and Stanford had a major falling-out concerning this research on equine locomotion: Stanford published a book The Horse in Motion which gave no credit to Muybridge despite containing his photos and his research, possibly because Muybridge lacked an established reputation in the scientific community. As a result of Muybridge's lack of credit for the work, the Royal Society withdrew an offer to fund his stop-motion photography. Muybridge subsequently filed a lawsuit against Stanford, and lost.^[10]

Murder, acquittal and paternity

In 1874, still living in the San Francisco Bay Area, Muybridge discovered that his wife had a lover, a Major Harry Larkyns. On 17 October, he sought out Larkyns and said, "Good evening, Major, my name is Muybridge and here's the answer to the letter you sent my wife"; he then killed the Major with a gunshot.^[12]

Muybridge was put on trial for murder. One aspect of his defense was a plea of insanity due to a head injury that Muybridge had sustained following his stagecoach accident. Friends testified that the accident dramatically changed Muybridge's personality from genial and pleasant to unstable and erratic. The jury dismissed the insanity plea, but he was acquitted for "justifiable homicide". The episode interrupted his horse photography experiment, but not his relationship with Stanford, who paid for his criminal defense.^[13]

After the acquittal, Muybridge left the United States for a time to take photographs in Central America, returning in 1877. He had his son, Florado Helios Muybridge (nicknamed "Floddie" by friends), put in an orphanage. Muybridge believed Larkyns to be his son's true father, although as an adult, the son bore a remarkable resemblance to Muybridge. As an adult, Floddie worked as a ranch hand and gardener. In 1944 he was hit by a car in Sacramento and killed.^[14]

Later work

American bison cantering – set to motion using photos by Eadweard Muybridge

A phenakistoscope disc by Muybridge (1893).

The phenakistoscope – a couple waltzing

Muybridge often travelled back to England, and on March 13, 1882 he lectured at the Royal Institution in London in front of a sell out audience that included members of the Royal Family, notably the future King Edward VII.^[15] He displayed his photographs on screen and described the motion picture via his zoopraxiscope.^[15]

At the University of Pennsylvania and the local zoo Muybridge used banks of cameras to photograph people and animals to study their movement. The models, either entirely nude or with very little clothing, were photographed in a variety of undertakings, ranging from boxing, to walking down stairs, to throwing water over one another and carrying buckets of water. Between 1883 and 1886 he made a total of 100,000 images, working under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. They were published as 781 plates comprising 20,000 of the photographs in a collection titled Animal Locomotion.^[16] Muybridge's work stands near the beginning of the science of biomechanics and the mechanics of athletics.

Recent scholarship has pointed to the influence of Étienne Jules de Marey on Muybridge's later work. Muybridge visited Marey's studio in France and saw Marey's stop-motion studies before returning to the U.S. to further his own work in the same area. However, whereas Marey's scientific achievements in the realms of cardiology and aerodynamics (as well as pioneering work in photography and chronophotography) are indisputable, Muybridge's efforts were to some degree artistic rather than scientific. As Muybridge himself explained, in some of his published sequences he substituted images where exposures failed, in order to illustrate a representative movement (rather than producing a strictly scientific recording of a particular sequence).

Similar setups of carefully timed multiple cameras are used in modern special effects photography with the opposite goal of capturing changing camera angles with little or no movement of the subject. This is often dubbed "bullet time" photography.

At the Chicago 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the "Midway Plaisance" arm of the exposition. He used his zoopraxiscope to show his moving pictures to a paying public, making the Hall the very first commercial movie theater.^[17]

Death

Eadweard Muybridge returned to his native England for good in 1894, published two further, popular books of his work, and died on 8 May 1904 in Kingston upon Thames while living at the home of his cousin Catherine Smith, Park View, 2 Liverpool Road. The house has a British Film Institute commemorative plaque on the outside wall which was unveiled in 2004.^[18] Muybridge was cremated and his ashes interred at Woking in Surrey.

Legacy

Many of Muybridge's photographic sequences have been published since the 1950s as artists' reference books.^{[citation needed]} Cartoon animators often use Muybridge's photos as a reference when drawing their characters. Since 1991, the company Optical Toys has published Muybridge sequences in the form of movie flipbooks.

Filmmaker Thom Andersen made a 1974 documentary titled Eadweard Muybridge, Zoopraxographer, describing his life and work.

Composer Philip Glass's 1982 opera The Photographer is based on Muybridge's murder trial, with a libretto including text from the court transcript. A promotional music video featured an excerpt of the opera dramatizing the murder and trial, and included a considerable number of Muybridge images.

The play Studies in Motion: The hauntings of Eadweard Muybridge debuted in 2006, a co-production between Vancouver's Electric Company Theatre and the University of British Columbia Theatre. While blending fiction with fact, it tells the story of Muybridge's obsession with cataloguing animal motion. The production started touring in 2010.

In 2007, Canadian poet Rob Winger wrote Muybridge's Horse: a poem in three phases, a long poem nominated for the Governor General's Award for Literature, Trillium Book Award for Poetry, and Ottawa Book Award. It documented his life and obsessions in a 'poetic-photographic' style. It won the CBC Literary Award for Poetry.

In 1985, the music video for Larry Gowan's single "(You're A) Strange Animal" prominently featured animation rotoscoped from Muybridge's work. In 1986, a galloping horse sequence was used in the background of the John Farnham music video for the song "Pressure Down". In 1993, the rock band U2 made a video of their song "Lemon" into a tribute to Muybridge's techniques. In 2004, the electronic music group The Crystal Method made a music video to their song "Born Too Slow" which was based on Muybridge's work, including a man walking in front of a background grid.

Kingston University in London, UK has a building named in recognition of Muybridge's work as one of Britain's most influential photographers.

In addition, Muybridge's work has influenced:

• Harold Eugene Edgerton — pioneered stroboscopic and high-speed photography and film, producing an Oscar-winning short movie and many striking photographic sequences
• Étienne-Jules Marey — recorded first series of live action with a single camera
• Thomas Eakins — American artist who worked with and continued Muybridge's motion studies, and incorporated the findings into his own artwork
• Thomas Edison — owned patents for motion picture cameras
• William Dickson — credited as inventor of motion picture camera
• Marcel Duchamp — artist, painted Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
• Francis Bacon — artist who made numerous paintings from photographs by Muybridge
• John Gaeta — used the principles of Muybridge's photography to create the bullet time slow-motion technique of the 1999 movie The Matrix.^[19]
• Steven Pippin — British artist who converted a row of laundromat washing machines into sequential cameras in the style of Muybridge

Exhibits and collections

A collection of Muybridge's equipment, including his original biunial^{[clarification needed]} slide lantern and Zoopraxiscope projector, can be viewed at the Kingston Museum in Kingston upon Thames, South West London. The University of Pennsylvania Archives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania hold a large collection of Muybridge's photographs, equipment, and correspondence.^[20]

In 1991, the Addison Gallery of American Art at Philips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts hosted a major exhibition of Muybridge's work, which later traveled to other venues. A book-length exhibition catalogue was also published.^[21] The Addison Gallery has significant holdings of Muybridge's photographic work.^[22]

In 2000–2001, the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History presented the exhibition Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge’s Photography of Motion, plus an online virtual exhibit.^[23]

From April 10 through July 18, 2010, the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC mounted a major retrospective of Muybridge's work entitled Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change. The exhibit has received favorable reviews from major publications including the New York Times.^[24]

An exhibition bringing together around 150 of Muybridge's works took place in autumn 2010 at the Tate Britain, Millbank, London.^[25] An exhibition of important items bequeathed by Muybridge to his birthplace of Kingston upon Thames, entitled Muybridge Revolutions, opened at the Kingston Museum on September 18, 2010 (exactly a century since the first Muybridge exhibition at the Museum) and ran until February 12, 2011.^[26]

References

1. ^ "Eadweard Muybridge (British photographer)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399928/Eadweard-Muybridge. Retrieved 2009-07-17. "English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection." 
2. ^ Paul Hill Eadweard Muybridge Phaidon, 2001
3. ^ Exhibition notes, Muybridge exhibition at Tate Britain, January 2011.
4. ^ Eadweard Muybridge. Muybridge's Complete Human and Animal Locomotion: All 781 Plates from the 1887 Animal Locomotion Courier Dover Publications, 1979
5. ^ Lance Day, Ian McNeil. Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology p.884. Routledge, 2003
6. ^ "Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change". Corcoran Gallery, Washington. April 10, 2010 – July 18, 2010. http://www.corcoran.org/helios/index.php. 
7. ^ James Kaiser (2007) Yosemite, The Complete Guide: Yosemite National Park p.104
8. ^ Eadweard Muybridge: the Kingston Museum bequest. p.17.
9. ^ http://www.your-guide-to-gifts-for-horse-lovers.com/muybridge.html
10. ^ ^{a b c} Mitchell Leslie (May/June 2001). "The Man Who Stopped Time". Stanford Magazine. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/mayjun/features/muybridge.html. Retrieved June 21, 2010. 
11. ^ Williams, Alan Larson (1992) Republic of images: a history of French filmmaking Harvard University Press
12. ^ Haas, Robert Bartlett (1976). Muybridge: Man in Motion. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02464-8. 
13. ^ Arthur P. Shimamura. Muybridge in Motion: Travels in Art, Psychology, and Neurology, 2002, History of Photography, Volume 26, Number 4, 341–350.
14. ^ Solnit p.148
15. ^ ^{a b} Brian Clegg The man who stopped time: the illuminating story of Eadweard Muybridge : pioneer photographer, father of the motion picture, murderer Joseph Henry Press, 2007
16. ^ Selected Items from the Eadweard Muybridge Collection (University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center) "The Eadweard Muybridge Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Archives contains 702 of the 784 plates in his Animal Locomotion study"
17. ^ Clegg, Brian (2007). The Man Who Stopped Time. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-10112-3. 
18. ^ Stephen Herbert, Marta Braun, Paul Hill, Anne McCormack Eadweard Muybridge: the Kingston Museum bequest The Projection Box, 2004
19. ^ Muybridge at Tate Britain
20. ^ Eadweard Muybridge, 1830 – 1904, Collection, 1870 – 1981
21. ^ Sheldon, James L.; Jock Reynolds (1991). Motion and Document—Sequence and Time: Eadweard Muybridge and Contemporary American Photography. Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of American Art. 
22. ^ "About the Collection". Addison Gallery of American Art (website). Philips Academy, Andover. http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Collection/Pages/AboutCollection.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
23. ^ "Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge's Photography of Motion". Virtual National Museum of American History (website). National Museum of American History. http://americanhistory.si.edu/muybridge/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
24. ^ Karen Rosenberg (April 26, 2010). "A Man Who Stopped Time to Set It in Motion Again". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/arts/design/27muybridge.html. 
25. ^ Muybridge at Tate Britain (Tate Britain) "Eadweard Muybridge, Tate Britain 8 September 2010 – 16 January 2011"
26. ^ Kingston Museum – Muybridge Revolutions

Further reading

• Robert Bartlett Haas. Muybridge, Man in Motion, 1976.
• Gordon Hendricks. Eadweard Muybridge, Father of the Motion Picture, 1975.
• Stephen Herbert (Ed.) Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest, 2004 1-903000-07-6.
• Anita Ventura Mozley (Ed.) Eadweard Muybridge. The Stanford Years 1872–82, 1972.
• Arthur P. Shimamura. Muybridge in Motion: Travels in Art, Psychology, and Neurology, 2002, History of Photography, Volume 26, Number 4, 341–350.
• Rebecca Solnit. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West, 2003 ISBN 0-670-03176-3.
• Philip Brookman. Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change, 2010 ISBN 978-3-86521-926-8 (Steidl).

External links

• Eadweard Muybridge at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Eadweard Muybridge at Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
• The Eadweard Muybridge Online Archive provides access to most of Muybridge's motion studies, at printable resolutions, along with a growing number of animations.
• The Compleat Muybridge Chronology,Comparative Timeline,Blog,Booklist,Texts,Memorials,Portrait Gallery,Comprehensive Links.
• Tesseract 20 Min experimental film telling the story of Eadweard Muybridge's obsession with time and its image at the turn of the century.
• Animation made of the first moving pictures in film history by Carola Unterberger-Probst
• Burns, Paul. The History of the Discovery of Cinematography An Illustrated Chronology
• Valley of the Yosemite, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees by Eadweard Muybridge, 1872 online photo collection, The Bancroft Library
• 1872, Yosemite American Indian Life Muybridge was one of the most prolific photographers of early Yosemite American Indian life.
• Selected items from the Eadweard Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Record Center, University of Pennsylvania
• Link to The Muybridge Collection at Kingston Museum, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey.
• The University of South Florida Tampa Library's Special Collections Department retains copies of Muybridge's 11-volume Animal Locomotion Studies and similar publications by E.-J. Marey
• Website for the Film: Freezing Time on the life of Muybridge directed by Andy Serkis and written by Keith Stern.
• "The Horse In Motion" made with online animation tool.
• "Eadweard Muybridge". Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph043. Retrieved 2007-11-11. 
• Eadweard Muybridge stereoscopic photographs of the Modoc War, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
• Muybridge and the Movies
• Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion, via Boston Public Library's Flickr collections
• Human and Animal Locomotion, via the USC Digital Library at the University of Southern California.
• Teacher's Guide: Eadweard Muybridge, Harold Edgerton, and Beyond: A Study of Motion and Time] — a 2-part introduction to the work of Muybridge and Edgerton, written at a high school level.
• Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge's Photography of Motion — online exhibit based on 2000–2001 show at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution)

Persondata
Name	Muybridge, Eadweard
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	9 April 1830
Place of birth	Kingston upon Thames, England
Date of death	8 May 1904
Place of death	Kingston upon Thames, England