- Sultan Tit
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Sultan Tit 
Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae Genus: Melanochlora
Lesson, 1839Species: M. sultanea Binomial name Melanochlora sultanea
(Hodgson, 1837)[2]Synonyms The Sultan Tit, Melanochlora sultanea, is a large songbird (about 17 cm long) with a yellow crest, dark bill, black upperparts plumage and yellow underparts. The sexes are similar. The female has greenish black upperparts and yellowish throat. The young bird is duller than the adult and has a shorter crest.
It is the only member of the monotypic genus Melanochlora, which is fairly distinct from the Parus tits with the nearest relative being the monotypic Sylviparus.[5]
Contents
Description
Race gayeti has a black crest
The male has the forehead and crown with the crest brilliant yellow; the whole upper plumage, sides of the head and neck, chin, throat, and breast deep black glossed with green, the edges of the feathers of the upper plumage with a metallic lustre, and the outermost tail-feathers tipped with white; lower plumage from the breast downwards deep yellow, the thighs barred or mottled with white.[6] The recumbent crest is raised when the bird is alert or alarmed.[7]
The female has the yellow parts duller; the upper plumage and sides of the head dark greenish brown; the chin and throat glossed dark olive-green; wings and tail dull black; the feathers of the upper plumage edged with metallic green.[6]
The young resemble the female, but in the youngest stage the bright edges to the plumage of the upper parts are absent, and the greater wing-coverts are edged with white.[6]
They forage in the mid and upper canopy singly or in small groups mainly and feed mainly on insects but sometimes feed on figs.[8] Their loud calls with short repeated and variable whistling notes have a tit-like quality.[6] The flight is slow and fluttery.[7]
The bill is black; the mouth dark fleshy; the eyelids grey; the iris dark brown; the legs are grey; the claws dark horn. The length is about 8 inches; the tail measures 3.8 inches; the wing 4.4 inches; the tarsus 0.95 inches; the bill from the gape 0.75 inches.[9]
Taxonomy and systematics
In 1890, Richard Bowdler Sharpe considered this species as a member of the former subfamily Liotrichinae within the Timaliidae.[10] The position of this species within its clade is still not clearly established. They appear to have distinctive mtDNA cytochrome b sequences, suggesting that they might not belong to the Paridae unless the penduline tits are included.[5][11] They show an unusual behaviour of panicking in captivity when they encounter unusual noise or other species which has been said to be unlike that of typical Paridae members.[12][13] Unlike typical Paridae, they have their nostrils exposed and not covered by feathers.[14] If it is considered a member of the Paridae, it would be the largest member.
Distribution
Four subspecies are recognized with the nominate sultanea (Hodgson, 1837) found from Central Nepal into the eastern Himalayas extending into Myanmar, northern Thailand and Southern China. This intergrades with the race flavocristata (Lafresnaye, 1837) is found further south in Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Hainan. Race seorsa[15] is found in Laos and parts of southeastern China (Guangxi, Fujian) and in its northern range intergrades with sultanea. Race gayeti Delacour & Jabouille, 1925[16] which has a black crest in both males and females is found in Laos and Vietnam.[17]
In India, this species occurs in the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal to the head of the Assam valley,the Khasi hills, Cachar, Manipur, the Kakhyen hills east of Bhamo, Arrakan, the Pegu hills, Karennee, and Tenasserim. This species does not appear to be found above 4000 feet of elevation. It extends down the Malay peninsula. It frequents the larger trees in small flocks.[9] In some forest areas such as the Buxa Tiger Reserve, the density has been estimated at around 15 per square kilometre.[18]
The breeding season in India is April to July and the clutch is of seven eggs laid inside a lined tree cavity.[14][19] They feed on caterpillars and sometimes small berries.[7][20]
Widely distributed within suitable habitats throughout its large range, the Sultan Tit is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2008). Melanochlora sultanea. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 11 November 2009.
- ^ Hodgson, B.H. (1837). "Indication of some new forms belonging to the Parianae. (part 1).". India Rev. 2 (1): 30–34.
- ^ Dickinson, E.C. (2003). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 38. The McClelland drawings and a reappraisal of the 1835-36 survey of the birds of Assam." (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 344: 63–106. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46748.
- ^ Dickinson, E.C., V.M. Loskot, H. Morioka, S. Somadikarta & R. van den Elzen (2006) Systematic notes on Asian birds. 50. Types of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 80-5 (2):65-111 Full text
- ^ a b Gill, Frank B.; Slikas, Beth & Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk 122: 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c d Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.. pp. 530–534.
- ^ a b c Ali, S & S D Ripley (1998). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 9 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167.
- ^ Lambert, Frank (1989). "Fig-Eating by Birds in a Malaysian Lowland Rain Forest.". Journal of Tropical Ecology 5 (4).
- ^ a b Oates, E. W. (1889). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1.
- ^ Sharpe,RB (1890). "Notes on Oates's Birds of India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (2): 167–175. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn05bomb#page/167/mode/1up.
- ^ Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "Determining biogeographical patterns of dispersal and diversification in oscine passerine birds in Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa". J. Biogeogr. 33 (7): 1155–1165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01507.x.
- ^ Löhrl, H. (1997). "Zum Verhalten der Sultansmeise in Menschenhand Melanochlora sultanea" (in German). Gefiederte Welt 121 (5): 162–166.
- ^ Eck, S & J Martens (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae". Zoologische Mededelingen 80 (5): 3. http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a03.
- ^ a b Baker, E C S (1922). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 101–102. http://www.archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/100/mode/2up.
- ^ Bangs, O.C. (1924). "A new form of Melanochlora sultanea from Fukien". Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl. 9: 23.
- ^ Delacour, J. & P. Jabouille (1925). "[A new Sultan Tit from French Indochina]". Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 46: 5–6.
- ^ Paynter, RA, Jr., ed (1967). Check-list of birds of the world. 12. Museum of Comparative zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 122–123. http://www.archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds121967pete#page/122/mode/2up/.
- ^ Sivakumar S, J Varghese & V Prakash (2006). "Abundance of birds in different habitats in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India". Forktail 22: 128–133. http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Sivakumar-Buxa.pdf.
- ^ Baker, ECS (1895). "XVIII. Notes on the nidification of some Indian birds not mentioned in Hume's 'Nests and Eggs' Part 2". Ibis 1 (Seventh series): 217–236. http://www.archive.org/stream/ibis17brit#page/224/mode/2up/search/sultanea.
- ^ Mason, CW (1912). "The food of birds in India". Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India 3: 61. http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirsentomolog03impeuoft#page/60/mode/2up/search/sultanea.
Other sources
- Del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422
External links
Categories:- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Birds of Asia
- Birds of Southeast Asia
- Birds of Bangladesh
- Birds of Bhutan
- Birds of China
- Birds of India
- Birds of Indonesia
- Birds of Laos
- Birds of Malaysia
- Birds of Burma
- Birds of Nepal
- Birds of Thailand
- Birds of Vietnam
- Paridae
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