Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

Infobox haplogroup
name =NO


origin-date =35-40,000 years BP
origin-place =
ancestor =K
descendants =N and O
mutations =M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195
members =In human genetics, Haplogroup NO (M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K (M9) and a phylogenetic sibling of haplogroup L, Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, Haplogroup S, and Haplogroup T.

Origins

The M214 mutation that defines Haplogroup NO occurred in a gamete of a man who belonged to Haplogroup K and who probably lived somewhere in Eurasia east of the Aral Sea about 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. This man has become the direct patrilineal ancestor of a very large percentage of present-day humans, as he is the forefather of both Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O, which together are overwhelmingly dominant throughout North and East Eurasia.

Distribution

Haplogroup NO*, which comprises all Y-chromosomes in the Haplogroup NO-M214 line that do not belong to either of the common descendant haplogroups N or O, is found extremely rarely among the males of modern human populations, with its highest reported sampled frequency being about 2.3%, or 6 of 259 individuals, in a sample of men from Japan. [ ] The same study also reported finding Haplogroup NO* Y-chromosomes at even lower frequencies among males from Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia. However, a comparison with other studies of Y-chromosome variation in the East Eurasian region shows that Haplogroup NO* Y-chromosomes have actually been found only among populations of Xinjiang in western China near the border with Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan; among populations of Inner Mongolia that speak an Altaic language; among populations that reside in close proximity to the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and speak a Tibeto-Burman language; and, of course, among populations of Japan. The general impression is that Haplogroup NO* patrilines persist at low but detectable frequencies on the (particularly western and northeastern) fringes of China or the greater Sinosphere. Nowhere do Haplogroup NO* Y-chromosomes comprise more than a tiny fraction of the total Y-chromosome diversity of any population.

The reason for the nearly complete extinction of Haplogroup NO* patrilines, in stark contrast with the preeminent success of Haplogroup NO-M214's other descendants, Haplogroup N in North Eurasia and Haplogroup O in East Eurasia, is unclear; however, this situation seems to be a good parallel to the near-extinction of Haplogroup P* patrilines in all regions except northern Central Asia despite the dominance of Haplogroup P's other descendants, Haplogroup R and Haplogroup Q, in West Eurasia and the Americas, respectively. It is likely that both repeated founder effects and strong genetic drift in small ancestral populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers are responsible for shaping the Y-chromosome distribution that is found in modern human populations.

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup NO with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:

*NO (M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195)
**NO*
**N (M231)
***N*
***N1 (LLY22g)
****N1* "Found in a significant minority of Sino-Tibetan people; also found at low frequency among Altayans, Japanese, Koreans, Manchu, Manchurian Evenks, Sibe, Uyghurs, and Vietnamese"
****N1a (M128) "Found at low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia"
****N1b (P43) "Typical of Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Eskimos"
*****N1b*
*****N1b1 (P63)
****N1c (Tat (M46), P105) "Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout Northern Eurasia"
*****N1c*
*****N1c1 (M178)
******N1c1*
******N1c1a (P21)
******N1c1b (P67)
******N1c1c (P119)
**O (M175, P186, P191, P196)
***O*
***O1 (MSY2.2)
****O1*
****O1a (M119) "Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai-Kadai peoples"
*****O1a*
*****O1a1 (P203)
******O1a1*
******O1a1a (M101)
*****O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
***O2 (P31, M268)
****O2*
****O2a (M95) "Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai-Kadai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia"
*****O2a*
*****O2a1 (M88, M111)
******O2a1*
******O2a1a (PK4)
*****O2a2 (M297)
****O2b (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
*****O2b* "Typical of Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Ryukyuans, Japanese, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Thais, Manchus, Evenks, and Micronesians"
*****O2b1 (47z) "Typical of Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Thais, Koreans, and Vietnamese"
***O3 (M122) "Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia"
****O3*
****O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
*****O3a*
*****O3a1 (DYS257/P27.2, M121)
*****O3a2 (M164)
*****O3a3 (P201/021354)
******O3a3*
******O3a3a (M159)
******O3a3b (M7)
*******O3a3b*
*******O3a3b1 (M113, M188, M209)
********O3a3b1*
********O3a3b1a (N4)
********O3a3b1b (N5)
*******O3a3b2 (P164)
******O3a3c (M134) "Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia"
*******O3a3c*
*******O3a3c1 (M117, M133)
********O3a3c1*
********O3a3c1a (M162)
*******O3a3c2 (P101)
*****O3a4 (002611)
******O3a4*
******O3a4a (P103)
*****O3a5 (M300)
*****O3a6 (M333)

References

* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Japan.pdf Hammer et al., "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes,"] © The Japan Society of Human Genetics and Springer-Verlag 2005

ee also

*Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
*Genealogical DNA test
*Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups