- Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
In
human genetics , Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Distribution
This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of all men in East and
Southeast Asia , and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent inWestern Siberia ,Western Asia , andEurope and is completely absent fromAfrica and theAmericas , although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations ofSouth Asia ,Central Asia , andOceania .Origins
Haplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and is believed to have first appeared in
Siberia or easternCentral Asia approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughoutNorth Eurasia .Subgroups
The
subclade s of Haplogroup O with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:*O (M175)
**O*
**O1 (MSY2.2)
***O1*
***O1a (M119) "Typical of Austronesians, southernHan Chinese , and Tai-Kadai peoples"
****O1a*
****O1a1 (P203)
*****O1a1*
*****O1a1a (M101)
****O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
**O2 (P31, M268)
***O2*
***O2a (M95) "Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai-Kadai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians, with a moderate distribution throughoutSouth Asia ,Southeast Asia ,East Asia , andCentral Asia "
****O2a*
****O2a1 (M88, M111) "Frequently found among Hani,She people ,Tai peoples , Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution amongQiang , Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao,Taiwanese aborigines , and Han Chinese ofSichuan ,Guangxi , andGuangdong "
*****O2a1*
*****O2a1a (PK4) "Found at low frequency among Pashtuns" [ [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan] , Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "European Journal of Human Genetics" (2007) 15, 121–126]
****O2a2 (M297)
***O2b (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
****O2b* "Typical of Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Ryukyuans, Japanese, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Thais, Manchus,Evenks , and Micronesians"
****O2b1 (47z) "Typical of Japanese andRyukyuans , with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Thais,Koreans , and Vietnamese"
**O3 (M122) "Typical of populations ofEast Asia ,Southeast Asia , and culturally Austronesian regions ofOceania , with a moderate distribution inCentral Asia "
***O3*
***O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
****O3a*
****O3a1 (DYS257/P27.2, M121)
****O3a2 (M164)
****O3a3 (P201/021354)
*****O3a3*
*****O3a3a (M159)
*****O3a3b (M7) "Typical of Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution amongHan Chinese ,Buyei ,Qiang , andOroqen "Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," "Genetics" 2006 April; 172(4): 2431–2439.]
******O3a3b*
******O3a3b1 (M113, M188, M209)
*******O3a3b1*
*******O3a3b1a (N4)
*******O3a3b1b (N5)
******O3a3b2 (P164)
*****O3a3c (M134) "Typical ofSino-Tibetan peoples , with a moderate distribution throughoutEast Asia andSoutheast Asia "
******O3a3c*
******O3a3c1 (M117, M133)
*******O3a3c1*
*******O3a3c1a (M162)
******O3a3c2 (P101)
****O3a4 (002611)
*****O3a4*
*****O3a4a (P103)
****O3a5 (M300)
****O3a6 (M333)Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3.
Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major
subclade s O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among most modern populations ofCentral Asia andEast Asia . For example, a broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175*(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 2.5% (one out of 40 individuals) of a sample ofTajiks inSamarkand , 4.5% (1/22) ofCrimean Tatars inUzbekistan , 1.5% (1/68) ofUzbeks in Surkhandarya, 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm, 6.3% (1/16) of Tajiks inDushanbe , 1.9% (1/54) ofKazakhs inKazakhstan , 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, and 31.1% (14/45) ofKoreans . [R. Spencer Wells, Nadira Yuldasheva, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Peter A. Underhill, Irina Evseeva, Jason Blue-Smith, Li Jin, Bing Su, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi, Karuppiah Balakrishnan, Mark Read, Nathaniel M. Pearson, Tatiana Zerjal, Matthew T. Webster, Irakli Zholoshvili, Elena Jamarjashvili, Spartak Gambarov, Behrouz Nikbin, Ashur Dostiev, Ogonazar Aknazarov, Pierre Zalloua, Igor Tsoy, Mikhail Kitaev, Mirsaid Mirrakhimov, Ashir Chariev, and Walter F. Bodmer: "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity." "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" v.98(18); Aug 28, 2001] However, nearly all of these Korean O*(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that the so-called Haplogroup O* Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176.References
External links
* [http://www.explore-qatar.com/archives/all_qatar_today_articles/archive-186.htm Migration patterns of early Humans] and [http://www.explore-qatar.com/imglib/spencer_4.jpgthe full size map]
* [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my042 Spread of Haplogroup O] , from
The Genographic Project , "National Geographic "* [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=6831026431 China DNA] interest group on
Facebook * [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/china China DNA] at
Family Tree DNA * [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=6153169411 Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)] interest group on
Facebook
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