Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

Infobox haplogroup
name =R


origin-date =26,800 years BP [Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer (2008). New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree]
origin-place =-
ancestor =P
descendants =R1a, R1b, R2
mutations =M207
members =In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation.

Origins

It is believed to have occurred somewhere in Northwest Asia between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. However, most of the rare forms of Haplogroup R chromosomes, as well as most cases of the closely related Haplogroup Q, are found among populations of Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, Egypt, Australia, Siberia, and Cameroon.

The highest levels of R1b1 and R1b3 are found in Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more have been found in populations from Ireland, Spain, and the Netherlands, and where, according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society,cite web|url= https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my047|title= Haplogroup R1 (M173)|accessdate= 2008-03-11|work= The Genographic Project|publisher= National Geographic Society] R1b originated on the Iberian Peninsula, being the LGM refuge from which the gene spread. However, another study notes low DYS390 diversity in Iberia, suggesting that R1b in this region is in fact the "youngest" in Europe. The study indicates that R1b likely originated in Central Asia (Kazakhstan) and then migrated to Russia. R1b in Russia is significantly more diverse than in Iberia, suggesting increased age. [http://www.worldfamilies.net/Tools/r1b_ydna_in_europe Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins] ] Correspondingly, the underpinning, undifferentiated R complex has been attributed a huge upper paleolithic dispersion.

Distribution

The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to the Haplogroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a (SRY1532) and R1b (M343).

One isolated clade (or clades) of Y chromosomes that appear to belong to Haplogroup R1b1* (P25-derived) is found at high frequency among the native populations of northern Cameroon, such as the Kirdi, in west-central Africa, which is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration of an ancient proto-Eurasian population into Africa. R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in North Western Europe [Results for R1b1 members [http://homepage.eircom.net/~ihdp/ihdp/r1b1c.htm] ] .

Some researchers have reported having also detected Haplogroup T Y-chromosomes at a low frequency among some of these Cameroonian populations, which also suggests a Eurasian affinity.cite journal | author= Mulcare, Charlotte A. et al |date= 2004 |title= The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C513.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Causethe Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans | journal= The American Journal of Human Genetics. | volume= 74 | pages= 1107 | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v74n6/40808/40808.web.pdf |format= Dead link|date=May 2008 ] . Some Y-chromosomes that appear to be closely related to the northern Cameroonian R1b1* are found at a substantial frequency among the modern population of Egypt. Many modern populations of northern Cameroon speak Chadic languages, which are classified as an ancient branch of the Afro-Asiatic superfamily of languages; the now extinct language of the Ancient Egyptians also belonged to the same superfamily.

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines Haplogroup R1 nor the M124 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorised as belonging to group R*. Some instances of Haplogroup R* have been reported from samples of Australian aboriginal populations. Haplogroup R* has also been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan.Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," "European Journal of Human Genetics" (2007) 15, 121–126.]

Subclades

The subclades of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the stratification chart published by the 2006 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) [http://www.isogg.org/tree/Main06.html ISOGG Website] :

*R*
*R1 (M173)
**R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532)) "Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia"
***R1a1 (M17, M198)
****R1a1a (M56)
****R1a1b (M157)
****R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204)
****R1a1*
***R1a*
** R1b (M343) "Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of Africa"
***R1b1 (P25)
****R1b1a (M18)
****R1b1b (M73)
****R1b1c (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
*****R1b1c1 (M37)
*****R1b1c2 (M65)
*****R1b1c3 (M126)
*****R1b1c4 (M153)
***** R1b1c5 (M160)
*****R1b1c6 (SRY2627, M167)
*****R1b1c7 (M222)
*****R1b1c8 (P66)
*****R1b1c9 (S21)
******R1b1c9a (S26)
******R1b1c9b (S29)
******R1b1c9*
*****R1b1c10 (S28)
*****R1b1c*
****R1b1d (M335)
****R1b1*
***R1b*
**R1*
*R2 (M124) "Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus"

R*

R* is found in both Central and South Asians, including 10.3% (10/97) of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of Kalash. Some instances of R* have been reported from samples of Australian aboriginal populations.

R1

Haplogroup R1 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b.Harvcolnb|Semino et al.|2000] Harvcolnb|Rosser et al.|2000]

R1a

The highest levels of R1a (>50%) are found along the Eurasian Steppe: the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), Kyrgyz (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%), and Ukrainians (54.0%) [ [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations - Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 - Molecular Bi... ] ] Harvcoltxt|Wells et al.|2001] Harvcoltxt|Behar et al.|2003] and in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits (72%). [The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers, by S. Sharma (1,2), E. Rai (1,2), S. Singh (1,2), P.R. Sharma (1,3), A.K. Bhat (1), K. Darvishi (1), A.J.S. Bhanwer (2), P.K. Tiwari (3), R.N.K. Bamezai (1) 1) NCAHG, SLS, JNU, New delhi; 2) Department of Human Genetics, GNDU, Amritsar; 3) Centre for Genomics, SOS zoology, JU, Gwalior, Page 273 (1344/T), Published in THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HUMAN GENETICS57th Annual Meeting, October 23–27, 2007, San Diego, California]

R1a has been variously associated with:
* the re-colonization of Eurasia from the Ukrainian LGM refuge following the end of the last ice ageHarvcoltxt|Passarino et al.|2002]
* the expansion of the Kurgan people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages, or
* Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Ugric, or even Turkic languagesR1a1 provides genetic corroboration of the Kurgan theory of Indo-European origins, and suggests that the Sredny Stog and Yamnaya cultures of the Pontic Steppe region north of the Black Sea in modern day Ukraine were the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

R1b

Haplogroup R1b originated in Central Asia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and may have survived the LGM concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and the Aegean. It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of R1b from the east. [http://www.worldfamilies.net/Tools/r1b_ydna_in_europe Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins] ] R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.

It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17909833&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample] ] .In south-eastern England the frequency of R1b is about 70%; in parts of the rest of north and western England, Spain, Portugal, Wales and Ireland, it is as high as 90%; and in parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%. The R1b clade appears to have a much higher degree of internal diversity than R1a, which suggests that the M343 mutation that derives R1b from R1* may have occurred considerably earlier than the SRY1532 mutation that defines R1a.

R1b (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R1 (M173), characterised by the M343 marker. [Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.] An overwhelming majority of members of R1b are classified as R1b1 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R1b*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European emigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R1b-carriers of European descent belong to the subclade R1b1c (M269).

R2

At least 90% of R2 individuals are located in the Indian sub-continent.Harvcoltxt|Manoukian|2006] It is also reported in Caucasian and Central Asian populations.

R2 (M124) arose about 25,000 years ago in southern Central Asia, and its members migrated southward as part of the second [The first consisted of African migrants who traveled along the Indian coastline some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.] major wave of human migration into India. [cite web|url= https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html|title= The Genographic Project|accessdate= 2008-03-13|publisher= National Geographic Society] The presence of R2 almost exclusively in India could also mean that the differentiation of R into R1 and R2 happened in Central India or Western India.

Notes

References

* ISBN 0-691-08750-4
*.
*.
*.
*.
* Saha Anjana, Sharma Swarkar, Bhat Audesh,Pandit Awadesh, Bamezai Ramesh (2005). Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet;50:49–51 PMID 15611834
* Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AJHG42812ABS Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists] , American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221
* C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia] , Human Genetics 114(2):127-48.

ee also

*Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
*Genealogical DNA test
*Prehistoric Europe
*Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

External links

* [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html ISOGG 2006 tree of haplogroup R]
* [http://www.kerchner.com/images/r1bproject/r-haplotreebranch.gifR branch of the haplotree]
* [http://www.familytreedna.com/haplotree.html 2005 Y-Chromosme Phylogenetic Tree]
* [http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf World and European haplogroup prevalence maps]
* [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my047 Spread of Haplogroup R1] , from The Genographic Project, "National Geographic"
* [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my048 Spread of R1a1] , from the Genographic Project, "National Geographic"
* [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my050 Spread of R1b] , from the Genographic Project, "National Geographic"
* [http://worldfamilies.net/y-haplogroups.htm Worldfamilies.net Page on Haplogroups]
* [http://member.tripod.com/~midgley/dna.html Travels on a D.N.A. molecule - the first farmers]