- Ge with upturn
-
Cyrillic letter
Ge with upturn
Unicode (hex) majuscule: U+0490 minuscule: U+0491 Cyrillic script
Slavic lettersА Б В Г Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Ѐ Ё Є Ж З Ѕ И Ѝ І Ї Й Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ Ќ У Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я Non-Slavic letters Ӑ Ӓ Ә Ӛ Ӕ Ғ Ҕ Ӻ Ӷ Ԁ Ԃ Ꚉ Ӗ Ӂ Җ Ӝ Ԅ Ҙ Ӟ Ԑ Ӡ Ԇ Ӣ Ҋ Ӥ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ Ԟ Ԛ Ӆ Ԓ Ԡ Ԉ Ԕ Ӎ Ӊ Ң Ӈ Ҥ Ԣ Ԋ Ӧ Ө Ӫ Ҩ Ԥ Ҧ Ҏ Ԗ Ҫ Ԍ Ҭ Ԏ Ӯ Ӱ Ӳ Ү Ұ Ҳ Ӽ Ӿ Һ Ԧ Ҵ Ҷ Ӵ Ӌ Ҹ Ꚇ Ҽ Ҿ Ӹ Ҍ Ӭ Ԙ Ԝ Ӏ Archaic letters Ҁ Ѻ Ѹ Ѡ Ѿ Ѣ Ꙓ Ꙗ Ѥ Ѧ Ѫ Ѩ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ѷ Ꙟ List of Cyrillic letters Cyrillic digraphs Ge with upturn (Ґ ґ; italics: Ґ ґ ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. In Ukrainian, Urum and Rusyn, this letter is called "Ge", and the letter ‹Г› is called "He". In Unicode this letter is called "Ghe with upturn".[1]
The letterform of Ge with upturn is based on the Cyrillic letter Ge (Г г), but its handwritten and italic lowercase forms do not follow the italic modification of Ge (г).
It represents the voiced velar plosive /ɡ/, like the pronunciation of ‹g› in "go".
Ge with upturn is romanized using the Latin letter G.
Contents
History
The common Slavic voiced velar plosive [ɡ] is represented in most Cyrillic orthographies by the letter ‹Г›, called ге ge in most languages. In Ukrainian, however, sometime around the early thirteenth century, this sound lenited to the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] (except in the cluster *zg),[2] and around the sixteenth century debuccalized to the voiced glottal fricative [ɦ][3] (like the pronunciation of ‹h› in "behind"). The phoneme continued to be represented by ‹Г›, called ге he in Ukrainian.
Within a century after this sound change began, [ɡ] was reintroduced from Western European loanwords. Since then, it has been represented by several different notations in writing.
In early Belarusian and Ukrainian orthographies, Latin ‹g› or the Cyrillic digraph ‹кг› (kh) were sometimes used to denote the sound of Latin ‹g› in assimilated words. Later the practice of distinguishing this sound and using the digraph disappeared from Belarusian orthography.
The letter ‹ґ› was first introduced into the Slavic alphabet in 1619 by Meletius Smotrytsky in his "Slavic Grammar" (Грамматіки славєнскиѧ правилноє Сѵнтаґма).[4] Later it, serving an identical purpose, was saved in the new orthography of the Ukrainian language.
The letter ‹ґ› was eliminated from the Ukrainian alphabet in the Soviet orthographic reforms of 1933, its function subsumed into that of the letter ‹г›, pronounced [ɦ] in Ukrainian. However, ‹ґ› continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia (under Poland until 1939) and in the Ukrainian diaspora worldwide. It was reintroduced to Soviet Ukraine in a 1990 orthographic reform under Glasnost.
During the twentieth century, some Belarusian linguists, notably Yan Stankyevich, promoted both the reintroduction of the practice of pronouncing Latin ‹g› in, at least, newly assimilated words, and the adoption of letter ‹ґ› to represent it. However, consensus on this has never been reached, and this letter has never been part of standard Belarusian alphabet, seeing only sporadic periods of use. For example, a code of alternative Belarusian orthography rules, based on the proposal of V. Vyachorka and published in 2005, has the optional letter ‹ґ› included in the alphabet, but its use is not obligatory and in any case it can be replaced by ‹г›.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Г г : Cyrillic letter Ge
- G g : Latin letter G
Computing codes
character Ґ ґ Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER
GHE WITH UPTURNCYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
GHE WITH UPTURNcharacter encoding decimal hex decimal hex Unicode 1168 0490 1169 0491 UTF-8 210 144 D2 90 210 145 D2 91 Numeric character reference Ґ Ґ ґ ґ KOI8-U 189 BD 173 AD Windows-1251 165 A5 180 B4 Macintosh Cyrillic 162 A2 182 B6 References
- ^ "Cyrillic: Range: 0400–04FF". The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0. Unicode Inc. 2010. p. 42. http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
- ^ Shevelov (1977:145)
- ^ Shevelov (1977:148)
- ^ Мелетій Смотрицький. Граматика слов'янська (1619). Підготовка факсимільного видання В. В. Німчука. Київ. «Наукова думка» (Пам'ятки української мови) 1979
Further reading
- George Y. Shevelov (1977). “On the Chronology of H and the New G in Ukrainian”, in Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol 1, no 2 (June 1977), pp 137–52. Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
- Да рэформы беларускай азбукі. // Пасяджэньні Беларускае Акадэмічнае Конфэрэнцыі па рэформе правапісу і азбукі. - Мн.: [б. м.], [1927?].
- Ян Станкевіч. Гук «ґ» у беларускай мове // Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 2. - Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс, 2002. ISBN 985-6599-46-6
External links
The Wiktionary definition of Ґ- The Wiktionary definition of ґ
Categories:- Cyrillic letters
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