Montreal Screwjob

The "Screwjob"—Earl Hebner, under orders from Vince McMahon, calls for the bell as Shawn Michaels holds Bret Hart in the Sharpshooter finishing move, although Bret Hart did not submit.

The Montreal Screwjob was a controversial, purportedly real life professional wrestling event in which the owner of the World Wrestling Federation, Vince McMahon, double-crossed the defending WWF Champion, Bret Hart, during the main event match of the professional wrestling pay-per-view event Survivor Series held on November 9, 1997 at the Molson Centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A secret manipulation of the match's result (known as a "shoot screwjob" in professional wrestling parlance) was devised by McMahon and discussed with Hart's match opponent, Shawn Michaels. It was decided by McMahon that Shawn Michaels would win the contest, and the WWF title, from Bret Hart no matter what. The plan was executed when the match referee, Earl Hebner, under orders from McMahon, called for the bell to ring and ended the match as Michaels held Hart in the Sharpshooter submission hold (which was Hart's signature finishing move), even though Hart had not submitted. Michaels was declared the victor by submission and crowned as the new WWF Champion. It would mark the last of three WWF Championship matches between the two, having previously headlined the 1992 Survivor Series and WrestleMania XII together.

The screwjob has garnered a notorious legacy both on-screen and off, and was partly chronicled in the documentary film Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows (1998). The far-reaching impact of the incident led to its adoption as a theme in matches and storylines of the WWF's Attitude Era and the creation of the character, "Mr. McMahon," the evil boss. It has been suggested by some that the entire incident may have been a work created by McMahon and Hart.^[1][2] Nonetheless, Hart was ostracized from the WWF, while McMahon and Michaels continued to receive angry responses from audiences for many years. The relationship between Hart and McMahon later healed, however, culminating in Hart's induction on April 1, 2006 into the company's Hall of Fame, where he thanked McMahon for the opportunity to perform for the WWF. Hart returned to live WWE television on January 4, 2010, where he served as Monday Night Raw's guest host. On that night, he and Michaels, whose personal differences had pre-dated the Montreal Screwjob, aired their grievances with each other on a personal level, and showed respect for each other's careers on a professional level. The segment ended with the two men shaking hands and embracing in a genuine, real-life reconciliation, bringing closure to the incident after more than twelve years.^[3][4] Both men sat side-by-side to discuss the Montreal Screwjob in detail on the WWE Home Video release, Greatest Rivalries: Shawn Michaels vs. Bret Hart (2011).

Hart's departure from the WWF

Bret "The Hitman" Hart

At the time of the screwjob, Bret Hart was a 14-year veteran of the WWF, having started his career in the 1980s as one-half of the popular Hart Foundation tag team. Hart achieved tremendous success as a singles performer in the 1990s, twice taking the Intercontinental Title, and then winning the WWF Championship five times. Hart took a seven-month leave of absence from the company after WrestleMania XII, during which he negotiated both a new contract with the WWF and an offer from its rival, World Championship Wrestling. In October 1996, Hart declined a 3-year, $8.4 million offer from WCW, opting to sign an unprecedented 20-year deal that he had been offered by McMahon, which promised to make him the highest-paid wrestler in the company and secure him a major role with the company management following his retirement. Both Hart and the WWF saw the contract as an expression of mutual loyalty.^[5][6]

By mid-1997, the WWF was facing financial difficulties due to stiff competition from WCW, which had become the largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States. At the same time, McMahon's plans to take the WWF public required him to minimize any long-term financial commitments.^[7]

For several months prior to Survivor Series, Bret Hart and Shawn Michaels had several backstage arguments including a fight before a house show in Hartford, Connecticut (after Michaels had publicly accused Hart of having an affair with Sunny), which saw Michaels suspended for 2 months. After a show in San Jose, California on October 12, 1997, Hart claimed he spoke to Michaels about being professional and trusting one another in the ring. Hart allegedly said he would have no problem losing to Michaels if McMahon requested. Hart also claimed that when Michaels replied that he would never lose to Hart, Bret was shocked and became angry.^[8] This led to Hart's outright refusal to lose the WWF Championship to Michaels at the pay-per-view event in Montreal, although in Hart's documentary, Hart states to McMahon that he would happily drop the belt but not in Canada. However, in his own autobiography, Shawn Michaels refuted Hart's claim, saying that he would have cleanly lost to Hart had storylines demanded so. Michaels also pointed out that he had lost cleanly to Hart several times in the past, most notably in the WWF's first-ever ladder match at a Wrestling Challenge taping on July 21, which would subsequently be made available on multiple Coliseum/WWE Home Video releases^[9] and in the main event of Survivor Series 1992. Michaels also lost to Hart in a Steel Cage match in December 1993.^[10] Michaels further points out in his book that he was never asked to lose to Bret, and even states several times "there is no refusing to do a job. You don't believe me? Ask Bret." However, anyone with any knowledge of the history of wrestling knows that refusals to job have been honored in the WWF many times for wrestlers with political power. Also, the losses cited by Shawn occurred much earlier in Shawn's single career long before he became a perennial main eventer, long before he developed his penchant for avoiding jobs, before he had gained the political power he held in 1997 and before Bret and Micheal's relationship had really deteriorated.

While McMahon believed he made the right choice in fighting for Hart to return, which kept him from joining rival WCW in 1996, by late 1997, the WWF's ratings were at an all-time low. WCW continued to gain ground on the WWF in the ratings for its flagship TV program, WCW Monday Nitro. McMahon began to defer payments to Hart, claiming that the WWF was in "financial peril." At this time, McMahon reviewed the WWF's plans for the future, and saw the likes of Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock and D-Generation X leading what was to become "The Attitude Era". His plans included many stars, but not Hart. McMahon began encouraging him to regain his former offer from WCW.^[5] Hesitating out of feelings of loyalty, Hart entered into negotiations with WCW after McMahon informed him that he would have to defer Hart's pay indefinitely. While Hart considered an offer from then-WCW President Eric Bischoff, McMahon informed Hart that the WWF would honor his contract if he chose to stay. However when Hart talked to McMahon about future plans and storylines, he was disappointed by McMahon's response and what he considered lackluster suggestions.^[5] As seen in the documentary, Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows, Hart acknowledged around this time that his career had been sabotaged by his nationalist character, invented by McMahon. Throughout 1997, "The Hitman" regularly criticized America and deemed it inferior to Canada, drawing the ire of American audiences who made up the vast majority of the WWF's fanbase and where most WWF events were held, offsetting any respect, which he already had a massivee amount of, such a character gained from the WWF's large but relatively much smaller Canadian fan-base; this rendered Hart neither a definite hero nor a villain even outside the United States, and left him unable to properly enter into feuds with other wrestlers. Hart had also been unhappy about the WWF's move towards more controversial subject matter, which the Federation would later call "the Attitude Era." Convinced that McMahon's future plans did not include him, Hart resigned from the WWF. He signed an agreement with WCW, which had just offered him a large $3 million per annum contract on November 1, 1997. McMahon had no issue with Hart taking his character of "The Hitman" to WCW, but he was worried about the possibility of him entering WCW as the WWF Champion. Hart asked McMahon if he would be mocked after leaving for WCW, as had occurred with other wrestlers who had transferred to WCW from the WWF; for example, in the previous year the WWF had made fun of Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage in vignettes referring to them as "The Huckster" and "The Nacho Man", in addition to having Glenn Jacobs and Rick Bognar portray "Diesel" and "Razor Ramon", characters that Scott Hall and Kevin Nash had made famous before their 1996 departure from the WWF. McMahon assured him that nothing of the sort would happen.^[5]

Title transition

Vince McMahon

Hart's imminent move to WCW created a tense situation, as he had won the WWF Championship at SummerSlam 1997 from The Undertaker. Hart's WCW contract was scheduled to begin on December 5, one month after the WWF's annual Survivor Series event, which was to be held in Montreal.^[11] Shawn Michaels, the leader of the emerging stable D-Generation X had been booked into a main event title match with Hart. McMahon, anxious for Hart to give up the title, sought Hart's consent to job to Michaels. Hart didn't want to give up the title to a member of The Kliq, apparently standing up for the rest of the locker room. As part of their rivalry storyline, Michaels had repeatedly performed acts insulting the Canadian flag and Canadian fans, which had also upset Hart. Wrestling fans also knew of Hart's long-standing personal difficulty with Michaels—Hart had been angered at Michaels's forfeiture of the WWF Championship on Monday Night Raw, which ruined plans for a Hart-Michaels rematch at WrestleMania 13, where Hart claims that Michaels was expected to lose the title to him.^[11] Hart also believed that Michaels had faked a knee injury and talked about major surgery just to get out of their planned match.^[12][13] While Michaels denied rumors that he did not want to lose to Hart,^[14] Hart felt certain that Michaels would not have offered a loss in return if he had been staying with the WWF.^[15] The two had been involved in a real fight after Michaels implied that Hart was having an affair with WWF valet Sunny.^[7] The recent storyline rivalry had also seen Michaels make insulting remarks about Hart's father Stu Hart, which had left Bret and others in the Hart family upset.^[5] McMahon's offering of a $3 million contract to Hart in 1996 had reportedly also upset Michaels.^[16]

McMahon remained insistent about Hart dropping the title. The WWF owner was anxious over a possible reenactment of then-reigning WWF Women's Champion Alundra Blayze's defection to WCW in 1995, which resulted in her dropping the WWF Women’s Championship belt in a trash can before a live audience on WCW Monday Nitro, despite claims from Bischoff (according to Hart's DVD biography)^[17] that legal issues between the WWF and WCW would prevent such a thing, and that he would rather have Hart join WCW with a "clean slate." Hart continued to refuse to drop the title to Michaels, offering to lose the title anywhere in the U.S. prior to Survivor Series or to surrender the title to McMahon on the episode of Monday Night Raw the day after Survivor Series, in Ottawa.^[5][15] After several disagreements, McMahon, Michaels and Hart agreed to a proposal of a disqualification finish, which would be the result of a brawl between Hart's allies Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Davey Boy Smith with Michaels's allies Triple H and Chyna, who would interfere in the match to aid Michaels.^[18] Hart would then hand over the title to McMahon the next day on Raw. Hart also asked for and obtained McMahon's permission for an opportunity to explain his actions, his heel character, praise McMahon and the WWF and thus leave on good terms with the company and the fans.^[5][19]

Setup and execution

Shawn Michaels

The day before the Survivor Series (which was to be held on Sunday), McMahon met with Jim Ross, Jim Cornette in a hotel room in Montreal and planned the screwjob.^[5] It is unclear how many people knew of the impending screwjob, but McMahon's close aides Gerald Brisco and Robert "Sgt. Slaughter" Remus had been involved in the planning. Hart and Michaels had met with Pat Patterson to discuss the match setup and plan, during which Hart agreed to allow Michaels to put him into the Sharpshooter hold at a time when the referee would be unconscious, as Patterson suggested.^[20] The rest of the match was planned to proceed thus: Hart would grab Michaels' foot and reverse the hold, putting him in the Sharpshooter. Michaels would submit to the hold, but the referee would still be unconscious. Hart would let go of the hold to try to revive the referee, but Michaels would hit Hart with his finisher. Sweet Chin Music, and make the pin. A second referee would then run to the ring with Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Davey Boy Smith following close behind. The second referee would start the count, but Owen and Davey Boy would break the pin. The original referee would then recover and start to make the count, but Hart would kick out, setting up about five more minutes of brawling that would result in a disqualification.

In his 1998 documentary Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows, Hart said that his fears were largely assuaged because he was close friends with referee Earl Hebner and trusted him implicitly. Asked by Hart, Hebner swore by his children that he would never double-cross Hart and that he would rather quit his job than participate in a screwjob.^[5][21] However, according to Michaels' account of the events in his 2005 autobiography, Heartbreak and Triumph: The Shawn Michaels Story, Hebner had been informed (by Michaels) of the plan only on Sunday evening, just as Survivor Series was about to commence.^[22] On an episode of WWE Confidential in 2003, Earl Hebner gave even another version claiming he knew McMahon's plan only 10 minutes before the match finished, and out of panic following the bell ringing, he ran out of the ring, through the crowd and remained in his hotel room for the night, refusing to speak to anyone.

Tensions and excitement were high as the wrestlers and officials congregated for Survivor Series. Hart was anxious over the match finish and had been warned of the prospect of a screwjob by his brother-in-law and Hart Foundation member Davey Boy Smith as well as Vader, who had experienced similar situations while wrestling in Japan. They advised Hart to be alert, not lie on his back for too long, kick out from pinfall counts immediately so as to avoid a fast count, and not allow himself to be placed in submission holds.

Earl Hebner

The Molson Centre in Montreal was sold out, with more than 20,000 fans in attendance. Rumors of Hart's imminent departure from WWF had leaked and consequently heightened the fan interest in the match. The mixed signals and a war of words between Hart, McMahon, Michaels and WCW further heightened anticipation.^[5] Emotions were also running high due to the Hart-Michaels rivalry and the "U.S. vs. Canada" storyline. While both men had been cordial with each other backstage, WWF officials ordered the deployment of a large number of company agents around the ring as a precaution if Hart decided to attack Michaels or McMahon in reaction to the double-cross. Highly unusual for any wrestling match, the deployment was explained on television as a necessary precaution in wake of the intense animosity between Hart's and Michaels' characters.^[5] There was also some legitimate concern that Michaels could be attacked during the planned in-crowd brawl, by fans angered at his actions of demeaning the Canadian flag. Michaels' entrance was greeted by loud booing and upon entering the ring, he proceeded to rub the Canadian flag against his crotch, picked his nose with it and later humped it—Michaels maintains that this flag desecration was actually suggested by Hart as an effective way to draw heat and emotion.^[23] The palpable anger of the fans was converted into raucous cheering as Hart entered the ring carrying the Canadian flag and wearing the championship belt. Hart, however, was visibly disturbed when segments of the crowd that were aware of his move to WCW jeered him with chants of "You sold out!" as the match progressed.^[5]

Once the match began, Hart and Michaels brought their performance outside the ring and into the crowd, while being followed by McMahon and WWF officials. As the climax of the match approached, the two wrestlers returned to the ring while WWF officials continued to order more personnel to ringside. Bret Hart first became suspicious as to why Vince McMahon was not at the announcers table to perform commentary, and why the on-screen commissioner Sgt. Slaughter was also standing at ringside with Vince McMahon. Nevertheless, the match continued. As planned, Michaels pushed Hebner in front of him as Hart jumped from the top turnbuckle, sending all three men to the canvas. Michaels and Hart both got up, but Michaels performed a rake on Hart's eye, sending Hart back to the mat. Michaels then proceeded to grab Hart's legs to execute the Sharpshooter maneuver. At this point, the match director was heard shouting instructions into his headset for Hebner to get up, but Hart did not notice anything amiss. Mike Chioda, the referee who was supposed to run in after Hebner went down, began yelling back that Hebner was not supposed to be up yet. Pat Patterson reacted in a similar way, and Owen Hart and Davey Boy Smith, who were waiting for their cues to run in, remained backstage in a state of confusion. Michaels was then seen by many viewers as having glanced at Hebner as he put Hart in the sharpshooter, which some saw as proof that he was in on the scheme.^[5] Contrary to their agreed plan, Michaels tightened the hold and refused to offer his own leg to Hart for the latter to break out of the hold.^[24] At that moment, Hebner got to his feet, looked toward the timekeeper, and shouted, "Ring the bell!" McMahon then elbowed the timekeeper hard and yelled, "Ring the fucking bell!" The timekeeper rang the bell just as Hart reached forward and grabbed Michaels' leg, which broke the hold and caused Michaels to fall.^[5][21] Michaels' theme music then began playing and the ring announcer declared him the winner and the new WWF Champion. Hebner had already exited the ring and the arena for the hotel. After an initial moment of shock, Hart immediately turned and spat directly in McMahon's face, while Michaels feigned confusion.^[21][24] Michaels was ordered by McMahon to '"pick up the damn belt and get the hell out of here!" Acting as if he were angered, Michaels left the arena with Brisco and Triple H. McMahon and most other WWF officials also quickly made their way backstage as an angry Hart smashed cameras, monitors and ringside equipment.^[25] Fans in attendance also began to vent their fury on McMahon and WWF officials; a few even heaped garbage on them and some who were close enough pushed Michaels as he hurried backstage. Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart and Davey Boy Smith came out to the ring and had a conversation with Hart after calming him down. Hart proceeded to finger trace "W-C-W" and "I love you" to the cheering fans before returning backstage.^[5]

Reactions

While much of the live Montreal audience immediately understood what had happened and responded angrily, television viewers had been left largely confused as Survivor Series went off the air four minutes ahead of schedule with the parting image of Michaels holding the belt aloft as he disappeared backstage.^[26] Rumors and expressions of surprise and shock pervaded the Internet almost immediately after the match ended. Many fans and observers considered it a creative and all-time great match finish.^[5] Subsequent WWF shows saw large numbers of fans loudly chanting "We want Bret," holding up pro-Hart signs and booing Michaels, McMahon and others believed to be responsible for the screwjob.^[27] Observers of professional wrestling speculated whether the entire episode would result in WCW becoming the dominant brand in Canada, where a large majority of fans had remained loyal to WWF, especially as the Hart family was working with the company.^[5]

As seen on Hart's documentary, Hart proceeded to the dressing rooms and questioned Michaels, who pleaded that he knew nothing about what had taken place and was equally outraged.^[25] McMahon locked himself in his office with Pat Patterson and other agents. Mark Calaway, known as The Undertaker, furious with McMahon, banged on the door. McMahon opened and was told he had to apologize to Hart.^[5] As recounted in Michaels's autobiography, he was told by McMahon not to say anything about the screwjob to anybody, because McMahon needed to have everyone think that it was only him involved. Michaels offered his assurance that he would not carry the title out the next day on Raw and would refuse to say anything derogatory about Hart.^[24] Hart proceeded to the dressing room to shower and change after discovering that McMahon, Brisco, and Remus had locked themselves in McMahon's office. When McMahon went to Hart's dressing room and tried to explain himself, Hart angrily rebuffed him and warned him to leave immediately or risk being punched.^[5][28] An altercation ensued, with Hart giving McMahon a single punch, dropping him to the floor. Although Vince's son Shane McMahon and Brisco struggled briefly with Hart and Davey Boy Smith, Hart told them to take McMahon and leave or risk similar consequences.^[29] Hart angrily asked McMahon if he was going to screw him on the pay he was still owed, to which a groggy McMahon replied in the negative.^[5] In the hallway outside the dressing rooms, Hart's then-wife Julie angrily confronted Levesque and others about the finish, but was escorted away by Owen Hart.^[20] McMahon had a black eye and a sprained ankle, which according to Bret Hart, was a result of his punch lifting Vince off the floor and Vince rolling his ankle once he landed. McMahon and Brisco however have since stated on WWE Confidential that Brisco accidentally stepped on Vince's foot, which as he tried to get back to his feet immediately sprained his ankle and sent him back to the floor, from which he suffered a concussion, and referred to Brisco's action as a 'comedy.' Michaels and Levesque were later confronted and assailed by angry fans outside the Molson Centre and in the lobby of their hotel.^[30]

While Jim Neidhart, Davey Boy Smith, and Owen Hart had flown out of Montreal with Bret Hart, McMahon faced a major revolt in the WWF locker room. Most wrestlers were outraged at him and threatened to boycott Raw or leave the company altogether.^[31] McMahon addressed a meeting in an effort to mollify the wrestlers who had been outraged that a WWF veteran had been double-crossed by McMahon—many feared for their own future and were suspicious of McMahon.^[5] McMahon sought to explain that Hart had been disregarding the company's interests. By refusing to drop the title in Montreal, McMahon claimed Hart was jeopardizing the company's future by creating a potentially embarrassing situation that could affect its fortunes. The potential revolt was also quelled by Bret Hart's counsel to wrestlers who asked him about boycotting Raw or leaving the company altogether. Hart advised them to fulfill their contractual obligations and not risk their own future over the episode.^[5] Mick Foley did not attend the next night's Raw show, but he returned to work after that due to his contract stipulations.^[31][32] Bret Hart later commented in his autobiography that if he went to WCW, he'd be committing career-suicide. Rick Rude, who was working there briefly as a story line manager for Michaels and was a real life friend of Hart's, called WCW and informed Eric Bischoff of what had transpired, and also returned to WCW a few weeks later, mostly due to his disgust over Hart's treatment. Rude appeared on both WWF Raw is War and WCW Monday Nitro on November 17, 1997. A mustached Rude appeared on Nitro, which was live, and proceeded to criticize Shawn Michaels, DX, and the WWF, calling the company the "Titanic" (a reference to Titan Enterprises, as WWF's parent company was then known, as the "sinking ship").^[33] An hour later on Raw (which had been taped six days earlier), Rude then appeared with the full beard he'd been sporting during his return to the WWF.^[33][34] Of the Hart family, only Owen Hart continued to work with the company, being unable to terminate his contract.^[35][36]

At the next night's Raw in Ottawa, Michaels appeared carrying the WWF title and performing a segment where he boasted before the audience of how he beat Hart with his own trademark move in his own country. McMahon gave a televised interview to commentator Jim Ross, explaining his version of events and making the now-infamous statement "Vince McMahon didn't screw Bret Hart. Bret screwed Bret."^[5] Michaels continued his mocking of Hart in the coming weeks, performed a skit badgering a midget dressed up as Hart.

Meanwhile, WCW chose to address the incident on the November 10 Nitro broadcast in Memphis. The Screwjob was referred to by broadcasters Mike Tenay and Tony Schiavone on-air, as they strongly criticized McMahon and Michaels for their actions, as well as by Eric Bischoff, who used his on-air persona as the mouthpiece for the New World Order to claim (kayfabe) that Hart was to join the nWo as soon as he could be signed to WCW. Hollywood Hogan, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and the rest of the nWo members stood with Canadian flags and sang the Canadian national anthem.^[5]

Legacy

The "Montreal Screwjob" remains one of the most high-profile double-crosses in the history of the business and the first heavily publicized professional wrestling double-cross since Wendi Richter lost the WWF Women's Championship to a masked Fabulous Moolah following a money dispute on November 25, 1985. It is undoubtedly the most controversial match in the history of the WWF, as the effects of its outcome are still felt today with all the notoriety surrounding it and the notorious and infamous legacy it has left.^[37] Hart was ostracized by McMahon and refused offers of induction to the WWF Hall of Fame. The Hart family expressed outrage with McMahon and WWF for their neglect and the lack of safety precautions that could have prevented Owen Hart's later accident and eventual death.^[38] The documentary Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows included footage of McMahon's conversations with Hart in which he affirmed the planned disqualification finish and expressed determination for Hart to exit "the right way" and as amicably as possible—McMahon did not know that the conversation was being filmed. In the recordings, Hart refused to drop the title to Michaels.^[7]

The Montreal Screwjob's impact defined later storylines and rivalries. WWF successfully tapped fan outrage at Vince McMahon by creating the persona of "Mr. McMahon" — an authoritarian, arrogant heel boss who imposed his own will and authority on rebellious characters such as Stone Cold Steve Austin.^[39] Within the storylines, McMahon "screwed" such wrestlers in order to hand the title to the performer of his choice. The "Bret screwed Bret" line inspired promos that Vince McMahon made during his feud with Austin. At Unforgiven: In Your House, McMahon sat at ringside during Austin's title defense, which caused Austin to allude to the Montreal Screwjob during a promotional interview. At Survivor Series 1998—the first anniversary of the screwjob—McMahon's son Shane, a match referee, abandoned his on-screen rebellion against his father and allowed his father to screw Austin, by refusing to count Austin's pinfall against Mankind. The McMahons then double-crossed Mankind in his main event title match against The Rock. Just as The Rock put the Sharpshooter hold on Mankind, McMahon called for the bell to be rung. The Rock was declared the winner by submission and the new WWF Champion, fully re-enacting the Hart double-cross, this time with a switch between the respective face and heel characters.^[40] To top off the night, McMahon responded to the audience's shock concerning The Rock's heel turn through mimicking a quote from his interview with JR; he stated, "Vince McMahon didn't screw the people, the people screwed the people!"

WCW invoked the Screwjob at Starrcade 1997, as Hart prevented Hollywood Hulk Hogan from leaving with the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. He claimed that the referee Nick Patrick gave a fast count and that he would not allow Sting to be screwed.^[41] The result was what critics called an anti-climax. At Starrcade 1999, the finish of the match between Goldberg and Bret Hart was for guest referee Roddy Piper to "ring the bell" once Hart placed Goldberg in the Sharpshooter despite Goldberg not submitting.^[42]

At the rechristened WWE's 2003 No Way Out pay-per-view in Montreal, there was a similar (but scripted) action that occurred during the Hulk Hogan vs. The Rock match. Hogan had The Rock laid out on the mat and was about to go for the cover when the lights went out and Vince came out to "screw" Hogan by giving the Rock a chair with which to bash Hogan. The titular website's home page promptly titled it "Montreal Screw Job 2", despite its not being a true rendition of the 1997 screwjob, which consists only of the referee calling for the bell in spite of the submitted not actually confirming this decision (by tapping, or in some cases more subtle betrayals). Earlier in the show, the match between reigning World Heavyweight Champion Triple H and Scott Steiner was marked by loud, angry chants of "You screwed Bret!" against Earl Hebner, who was the match referee, even though the Screwjob was not replayed.

During the main event for the World Heavyweight Championship at Backlash 2004 in Edmonton, Canada, Shawn Michaels put on the Sharpshooter on the hometown hero and reigning champion Chris Benoit, while Earl Hebner rushed into the ring to replace the unconscious referee. The audience booed Michaels and Hebner and chanted "You screwed Bret!" repeatedly even after the hold was broken.

A truer rendition of the incident, though not in Montreal, occurred during a 2006 feud between Michaels and the McMahons over Vince's inability to move on from Montreal. In a match between Michaels and Shane McMahon on the March 18 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event, Vince knocked out referee Mike Chioda just as Shane trapped Michaels in the Sharpshooter, then screamed at the timekeeper to ring the bell and awarded the match "by submission" to Shane.

The Montreal Screwjob was again imitated in a scripted situation on September 13, 2009 at the Breaking Point pay-per-view, which also occurred in Montreal. The Undertaker forced CM Punk to submit using a hold called Hell's Gate. After Undertaker was declared the winner, SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long ordered the match to continue as the hold was banned by former SmackDown GM Vickie Guerrero. This set up the audience for a Dusty Finish. It was then followed with the Montreal Screwjob's second (or first if No Way Out 2003 which was not a true "Montreal" Screwjob" is not counted) sequel, with CM Punk jumping The Undertaker in the ring and then applying his submission finisher – the Anaconda vice. The submission hold was only just applied before the referee called for the bell, even though The Undertaker had never submitted to the maneuver. The referee promptly removed himself from the ring after making the call. CM Punk was awarded the victory and retained his title. Theodore Long arrived on the entrance stage to stand alongside CM Punk, imitating the actions of the original Montreal Screwjob instigator Vince McMahon.^[43]

Even though this ending was more logistically disparaged and became a moot event when The Undertaker beat Punk a month later to take the championship, this ending was widely labeled "Montreal Screwjob #2", as it was the first time the Montreal Screwjob had actually been revisited by script in that city since the original shoot event in 1997. However, counting the No Way Out 2003 event, which while labeled similarly was an entirely different finish altogether, it was actually the third event labeled "Montreal Screwjob".

On July 17, 2011 at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, the Montreal Screwjob was once again scripted in a match involving CM Punk and John Cena though the screwjob itself failed. Punk, whose contract expired that night, faced Cena where he claimed that he would walk out of Chicago, Punk's home town and the location of the event, as the WWE champion after giving a speech criticizing the way the company was run several weeks before. During their match, Vince McMahon, along with John Laurinaitis, attempted to perform the screwjob by sending Laurinaitis to call off the match while Cena applied the STF submission move on Punk. However, this attempt failed as, when Cena saw Laurinaitis going for the bell, he released his hold on Punk to stop Laurinaitis saying he doesn't want to win that way. Ultimately, Punk went on to win the title as McMahon attempted to use Alberto Del Rio, who had won the Raw Money in the Bank contract earlier, to defeat Punk but was unable to start the match after Punk kicked him unconscious and Punk escaped through the Chicago crowd taking the belt with him.

TNA Wrestling has also imitated the Montreal Screwjob scenario. On the January 21, 2010 episode of TNA Impact!, TNA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles defeated Kurt Angle when Styles put Angle in the Ankle Lock submission hold and referee Earl Hebner called for the bell. Kurt Angle then spat at Hulk Hogan, who was positioned at ringside, in the same way that Bret Hart spat at Vince McMahon. Because TNA tape their shows and PPVs in Orlando, Florida, this match has been dubbed the "Orlando Screwjob" by fans. A week later, Earl Hebner told Hogan in regards to both the Montreal Screwjob and this latest screwjob that Bret didn't screw Bret, Vince didn't screw Bret, Shawn Michaels didn't screw Bret, but Hebner screwed Bret, as well as Kurt Angle, all for the money. Hulk Hogan was at a loss for words and suspended Hebner until March 8, when he was put off suspension and given a second chance. The finish of the 2006 Slammiversary pay-per-view, in which Montreal Screwjob referee Earl Hebner helped Jeff Jarrett win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship was also referred to as the "Orlando Screwjob". Unlike the original Montreal Screwjob, both finishes were scripted.

In pop culture, the term, "Montreal Screwjob," has been used by people to describe a wide-array of situations, in which people feel slighted or betrayed by their close friends. One particular example of this in WWE, though in a way more subtle than applying the term itself, is that when the 2005 real-life love triangle between Matt Hardy, Amy "Lita" Dumas, and Adam "Edge" Copeland went on to cost Hardy his job, fans responded by dousing both Copeland and Dumas with chants of "We want Matt" and "You screwed Matt", similar to the chants with Bret's name that Michaels and McMahon have continued to face in Canada over the years. This only intensified for several months after WWE decided to pair Edge and Lita together on-screen as villains and then to bring back Hardy and acknowledge the situation in storylines. The intensity of the fans' sudden spurning of Dumas, who had been extremely popular both in the ring and out of it, spread to her real life; she said shortly after her November 2006 in-ring retirement that at the height of the rivalry between Hardy and Edge she couldn't even walk her dog without hearing "You screwed Matt!" yelled at her from out of people's windows. Dumas also said that the sudden change in people's attitudes toward her accelerated her retirement from wrestling.

Resolution

With its "Attitude Era" programming and the popularity of its wrestlers such as Austin, The Rock and Mankind, WWF surpassed its arch-rival WCW. With its business steadily declining and a corporate takeover of its parent company (Time Warner) by America Online, WCW was put up for sale and purchased by McMahon in 2001, making WWF the single-largest wrestling company in North America. Bret Hart's entry into WCW had been hailed at the time as a major coup for the company, but it subsequently failed to utilize his popular appeal.^[44] Hart's active wrestling career ended in 2000 after he suffered a serious concussion during a match with Goldberg. After dropping the WWF title to Austin at WrestleMania XIV in 1998, Michaels was forced into retirement for four years due to serious neck and back injuries. After a long period of rehabilitation, Michaels returned to the ring in 2002.^[7]

Many fans and wrestling observers believed WWE had been making overtures to Bret Hart since 2004. Canadian wrestler and long-time Hart family friend Chris Benoit's victory over Triple H and Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XX that won him the World Heavyweight Championship and again at Backlash 2004 in Edmonton, Alberta, were considered by several wrestling observers and fans as a symbolic apology to Hart and Canadian fans. In the later match in Edmonton, Shawn Michaels submitted to Benoit's application of the Sharpshooter hold.^[45] After weeks of speculation, WWE.com announced in late August 2005 that Hart and WWE had agreed to collaborate on a DVD project chronicling Hart's wrestling career. In subsequent interviews, Hart attributed his decision to his desire to be remembered for his storied career that spanned two decades.^[46] The project, which had been given the working title of Screwed: The Bret Hart Story, was renamed Bret "Hit Man" Hart: The Best There Is, The Best There Was, The Best There Ever Will Be.^[7] In the 2005 DVD chronicling his career, both Hart and Bischoff denied that his holding the WWF title was a factor in WCW's desire to sign him. While McMahon claimed that there was mutual regret, Hart defended his actions and asserted that he stood by what he did. Hart was interviewed about the DVD and his career by Todd Grisham on the November 16, 2005 edition of Byte This!, marking Hart's first appearance on WWE programming since the Montreal Screwjob.^[47]

Bret Hart's refusal to lose to Michaels in Montreal has been criticized by others such as Ric Flair, who asserted that it was Hart's responsibility to drop the title belt of a company he was leaving^[48] (Flair himself was WCW champion when he left the company and signed with the WWF in 1991, even appearing on TV with the NWA/WCW belt, but also dropped the WWF Title to Hart on Oct. 12, 1992 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan at a house show). Hart, however, maintains that he was prepared to lose the title anywhere and to anyone, except to Michaels in Canada given that, during 1997, his "Hitman" character had been built up as a great Canadian hero. As his contract with WWF did not expire for four more weeks, Hart asserts that there was plenty of time and several other opportunities for him to drop the title. Several accounts claim that McMahon had originally proposed that Hart drop the title at December's In Your House pay-per-view in Springfield, Massachusetts, or at January's Royal Rumble in San Jose, California.^[13]

Although Shawn Michaels expressed happiness at Hart's 2006 induction into the Hall of Fame, the Hart-Michaels relationship remained laced with antagonism.^[7] Michaels criticized Hart's behavior and conduct during his days in WWF in his 2005 autobiography, comparing the Screwjob to a "mafia hit,"^[49] and Hart has stated in his 2007 autobiography that he would "never forgive" Michaels.^[8] In interviews prior to the induction ceremony, Hart asserted that he would walk out from the ceremony if he saw Shawn Michaels anywhere on the WrestleMania 22 weekend. Michaels decided to leave the Hall of Fame ceremony early to avoid a possible scene. Hart did not appear at the WrestleMania show in a mini-ceremony with the other inductees, explaining in an interview that he had never intended to attend or appear at the show.^[13] Hart would later return to WWE television on the June 11, 2007 edition of Raw, where he appeared in a taped promo spot mocking Mr. McMahon's "appreciation night."^[50] While he was able to reconcile to a small degree with McMahon, Hart had never reconciled with Michaels. In a November 17, 2008 radio interview, Hart mocked Michaels' version of the incident, saying, "And Shawn’s this Christian today; and in his book, he wrote that Vince took a dive and that I never even hit him and I thought, ‘This guy is such a liar.’ I wonder what kind of Christian he is." Asked if he had seen or spoken to Michaels since 1997, Hart said, "No. And I hope I never do…for his sake."^[51]

However, in 2009 Bret Hart stated in an interview with Sky Sports that he will forgive Shawn Michaels, if Shawn apologizes first, saying "For me I don't really have much issue with it anymore. If you asked me that up until probably about a year ago I'd have probably said something different. But I've cooled off a bit now. I don't want to carry it around anymore. If he wanted to apologize I would accept it. I'd move on but I wouldn't forget it." He also put over the Michaels-Undertaker match at WrestleMania XXV, saying he was proud of both men's efforts and that despite his personal feelings towards Michaels, he always had the utmost respect for his abilities.^[52] Similarly, Michaels has commended Hart's abilities, calling him a "sheer joy" to work with in the ring.^[53]

Bret Hart's WWE return

Bret Hart and Shawn Michaels reconcile on the January 4, 2010 episode of WWE Raw.

On the December 14, 2009 episode of Raw, Vince McMahon came out to announce the nominees for Guest Host of the Year during the Slammy Awards. After announcing Bob Barker as the recipient of the award, McMahon asked guest host Dennis Miller who he would like to see as a Raw guest host. Miller said he would like to see his long-time favorite, Bret Hart. McMahon dismissed Miller's suggestion, reminding him that the last time Hart was in the WWE was when "Bret screwed Bret," and that he likely would have no interest in hosting the show. Miller then asked the audience if they would like to see Hart as a guest host, to applause, but McMahon simply walked away.^[54] On December 16, Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that Hart had signed a four-month contract with WWE, and would debut as the guest host of Raw on January 4, 2010.^[55] On December 28, WWE.com confirmed that McMahon would be at Raw that night to address the rumors about Hart hosting the show. That night, McMahon confirmed that Hart will indeed be guest host on the January 4 episode of Raw. A WWE.com article published shortly after the December 28 edition of Raw alluded to an "almost guaranteed encounter between the WWE Chairman and the Hit Man."^[56]

Bret returned on the January 4, 2010 episode of Raw, and, after airing their grievances with each other, he buried the hatchet with Michaels by shaking hands and embracing in the ring. While many cast doubts on the sincerity of their reconciliation, Hart has confirmed that it was indeed genuine, as did Michaels,^[4] and acknowledged that he felt that Michaels changed as a person, for the better. Later in the night, a storyline between Hart and McMahon began with the two appearing to have their own reconciliation only to have McMahon subsequently kick Hart in the gut: in real life, Hart and McMahon have been on speaking terms since 2002, when McMahon called Hart during his recovery from a stroke. Hart said of the ongoing storyline with McMahon: "I hate to tell you what's going to happen... I don't want to ruin it for anybody."^[3] Bret Hart was invited back for the February 1, 2010 episode of Raw by McMahon, with provocation from John Cena, which resulted in Hart being attacked by Batista. A week later, while John Cena was confronting McMahon, McMahon was talking about a match between himself and Hart at WrestleMania XXVI in which McMahon said Hart would not want to face McMahon. Hart then attacked McMahon from behind. After the attack, McMahon went on to say there wouldn't be a match at WrestleMania, saying "You deserve to be screwed!" In the February 15, 2010 episode of Raw, Hart said goodbye and thank you to the fans and every WWE Superstar (especially John Cena for helping Hart out). Moments later as part of his story line, Hart was getting into his limousine, a lady backed up her car right into the limousine door and also Hart's leg.

Two weeks later, on the March 1 episode of Raw, Vince McMahon invited out Hart, who was on crutches, to give a proper farewell on the behalf of the WWE Universe as a measure of respect to the Hall-of-Famer. However, McMahon berated and taunted Hart, reviving the topic of a WrestleMania XXVI match between the two of them. After McMahon swept his injured foot, Hart immediately accepted, setting the stage for Bret Hart's return to the ring. On the March 15 episode of Raw, Hart and McMahon signed their WrestleMania match contract. After the signing, Hart revealed that he colluded with Cena to stage the accident and fake the injury, as it was used to trick McMahon into signing the match contract. Bret exclaimed that "for 13 years, McMahon said "Bret screwed Bret". But at WrestleMania, "Vince screwed Vince!"" Hart's old rival Stone Cold Steve Austin, served as guest host of the Raw episode. Austin announced that Stu Hart would be inducted into the WWE Hall Of Fame after McMahon had previously refused to allow him to be inducted. At WrestleMania XXVI, Bret defeated Vince McMahon in a No-Holds-Barred Lumberjack Match with the whole Hart family at ringside - McMahon had tried to turn the tide back in his favor by buying off the Hart family members to help him out, but they double-crossed him after receiving payment.

The night after, Shawn Michaels gave a farewell speech to the fans after losing a career-threatening match against The Undertaker. Earlier in the night, Hart took the microphone and congratulated Shawn on an "absolutely incredible, epic, storybook career", lauding Michaels as being not only one of the best he'd ever stepped in the ring with, but one of the best ever and wishing him all the best for the future. Later in the night, Bret was one of only four people Shawn thanked by name during his speech (the others being Triple H, Vince McMahon and a video editor who has worked for WWE for many years named Adam); he said "I cannot tell you how much back in the 90's I drove that poor guy crazy," and said Bret was justified in saying everything he'd ever said about him. He then thanked Bret for forgiving him, and for "accepting, understanding, and believing" that Michaels acknowledged his past mistakes and was a changed man, and promised to forever honor their friendship now that Hart had given it back.

Discrepancies

There are at least three discrepancies between the various versions of the lead-up to the Montreal Screwjob:

1. Who came up with the "Sharpshooter" spot and bell ring?

2. Who told Earl Hebner?

3. Was Pat Patterson in on the screwjob or not?

Regarding the first discrepancy, Vince Russo states in his book Forgiven "'Vince - we're making this way too difficult,' I said. 'Why don't we just do this? During the course of the match, let's have a spot where Shawn puts Bret in his own hold - the Sharpshooter. As soon as Shawn clamps it on, have the referee call for the bell as if Bret quit...'" thereby implicating himself for the "Sharpshooter" spot and bell ring.^[57] However, Shawn Michaels states in his book Heartbreak & Triumph "'Whatever it takes. If we have to do a fast count or get him in a hold and tell someone to ring the bell, I'll do whatever you want me to do'"^[58] and "We were talking things through, and Bret came up with this spot where I get him in the Sharpshooter and then he reverses it by pulling on my leg,"^[59] thereby implicating himself for the bell ring and Hart for the "Sharpshooter" spot. Bret Hart states in Hitman "Pat Patterson told me that he thought it would be a heckuva spot to let Shawn put me in the Sharpshooter and then reverse it on him," thereby implicating Patterson for the "Sharpshooter" spot"^[60] and "I found myself jostling with Jerry Brisco, who I would find out later was the one who had designed the whole Screwjob for Vince."^[61] thereby also implicating Brisco.

Regarding the second discrepancy, Shawn Michaels states in Heartbreak & Triumph "It was about seven o'clock when I walked into the locker room. There were only a few people in there and none were close to Earl. He was putting on his referee garb and I started to put my boots on. 'Earl, I need you to listen to me very carefully.' I was speaking very softly. 'We are doing a big swerve tonight. I am going to get Bret in the Sharpshooter and I need you to ring the bell.'"^[62] thereby stating that he told Earl Hebner. However in the DVD Shoot Interview with...Dave & Earl Hebner, Earl Hebner states that Jerry Brisco told him of the plan.^[63]

Regarding the third discrepancy, Shawn Michaels states in Heartbreak & Triumph "'This cannot be discussed with anyone. Pat can't know, nobody can know about this but the three of us right now.'",^[64] "We had the meeting, and as everyone was leaving, Vince asked me, Hunter, and Jerry Brisco, a longtime agent and close confidant of Vince's, to stay. We sat down and talked."^[65] and "Pat was in the room with us, and he had no idea what was going to happen. He had a strong relationship with Bret. He wouldn't have done it, and Vince knew that. That's why he didn't tell Pat..."^[66] thereby stating that Pat Patterson was not in on the Screwjob. However in Dave Meltzer's online account of events before, during and after the Screwjob, he states "Vince McMahon held a meeting at the hotel with Jim Ross, Jim Cornette, Pat Patterson and Michaels. Reports are that at least two of the aforementioned names looked extremely uncomfortable leaving the meeting."^[67] thereby suggesting that Patterson may in fact have been in on the Screwjob. This is corroborated by a Pro Wresling Torch article from November 15, 1997 by Wade Keller which states "However, a two-hour meeting was held on the second floor of the Montreal Marriot on Saturday night with McMahon, Jim Ross, Pat Patterson, Jim Cornette, and Michaels. Bret was wrestling that night in Detroit. There is some belief that at this meeting McMahon proposed the idea of the finish to whoever of that group wasn't already in on it. Ross and Patterson entered the meeting in a good mood and when they were seen in the hotel lobby afterwards, were said to be irritable, forlorn, and shaken."^[68]

In addition, Bret Hart states in Hitman "I added, 'I also want you to know that I have no problem dropping the belt to you if that's what Vince wants.' He glared back at me. 'I appreciate that, but I want you to know that I'm not willing to do the same for you.' And then he left. Jim [Neidhart] snorted, 'I can't believe that he just said that.' There was no way I could ever drop the belt to him now: he'd just shown complete disrespect not only to me, but to the position of champion..."^[69] This exchange is confirmed in Dave Meltzer's account: "During the meeting, Hart told Michaels that he'd be happy to put him over at the end of the run, but Michaels told Hart flat-out that he wouldn't return the favor. Michaels and Hart spoke again on the subject on 10/12 in San Jose, when once again Michaels told Hart that he wasn't going to do a job for him."^[67] and in Forgiven where Vince Russo states "Well - no surprise here - Bret refused to do the job (get pinned) for Shawn in Canada. Not because he was being unprofessional - but because according to Bret, Michaels had said that he wouldn't do business with him (the right thing for the company in the ring), due to the way he felt about him.",^[70] however there is no mention of it in Heartbreak & Triumph.

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63. ^ Shoot Interview with...Dave & Earl Hebner. RF Video. 
64. ^ Shawn Michaels & Aaron Feigenbaum (2005). Heartbreak & Triumph: The Shawn Michaels Story. WWE Books & Pocket Books. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4165-1686-6. 
65. ^ Shawn Michaels & Aaron Feigenbaum (2005). Heartbreak & Triumph: The Shawn Michaels Story. WWE Books & Pocket Books. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-1-4165-1686-6. 
66. ^ Shawn Michaels & Aaron Feigenbaum (2005). Heartbreak & Triumph: The Shawn Michaels Story. WWE Books & Pocket Books. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-4165-1686-6. 
67. ^ ^{a b} [1]^{[dead link]}
68. ^ PWTorch - WWE News and Pro Wrestling Coverage Since 1987
69. ^ Bret Hart (2007). Hitman: My Real Life in the Cartoon World of Wrestling. Random House Canada. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-307-35566-9. 
70. ^ Vince Russo (2005). Forgiven: One Man's Journey From Self_Glorification To Santification. ECW Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 1-55022-704-1. 

External links

Professional wrestling portal

• WWE.com article, The Hit Man: Ten years later
• Timeline of the Montreal Screwjob
• [2]