Charlie Patton

Charlie Patton
Patton's official studio portrait, c. 1929
Background information
Also known as	Elder J.J. Hadley The Masked Marvel
Born	April 28, 1891(1891-04-28) Edwards, Mississippi, United States
Died	April 28, 1934(1934-04-28) (aged 42) near Indianola, Mississippi, United States
Genres	Delta blues Country blues Gospel blues
Instruments	Guitar, slide guitar
Years active	1916–1934
Labels	Paramount Vocalion
Associated acts	Son House Willie Brown The Mississippi Sheiks Henry Sims

Charlie Patton (between April 1887 and 1891 – April 28, 1934), better known as Charley Patton, was an American Delta blues musician. He is considered by many to be the "Father of the Delta Blues", and is credited with creating an enduring body of American music and personally inspiring just about every Delta blues man (Palmer, 1995). Musicologist Robert Palmer considers him among the most important musicians that America produced in the twentieth century. Many sources, including musical releases and his gravestone,^[1] spell his name “Charley” even though the musician himself spelled his name "Charlie."^[2]

Biography

Charlie Patton was one of the first mainstream stars of the Delta blues genre. Patton, who was born in Hinds County, Mississippi near Edwards, lived most of his life in Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta. Most sources say he was born in 1891, but there is some debate about this, and the years 1887 and 1894 have also been suggested. In 1900, his family moved 100 miles (160 km) north to the legendary 10,000-acre (40 km²) Dockery Plantation sawmill and cotton farm near Ruleville, Mississippi. It was here that both John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf fell under the Patton spell. It was also here that Robert Johnson played and was given his first guitar.

At Dockery, Charlie fell under the tutelage of Henry Sloan, who had a new, unusual style of playing music which today would be considered very early blues. Charlie followed Henry Sloan around, and, by the time he was about 19, had become an accomplished performer and songwriter in his own right, having already composed "Pony Blues," a seminal song of the era.

Robert Palmer describes Patton as a "jack-of all-trades bluesman" who played "deep blues, white hillbilly songs, nineteenth-century ballads, and other varieties of black and white country dance music with equal facility".^[3]

He was extremely popular across the Southern United States, and—in contrast to the itinerant wandering of most blues musicians of his time—played scheduled engagements at plantations and taverns. Long before Jimi Hendrix impressed audiences with flashy guitar playing, Patton gained notoriety for his showmanship, often playing with the guitar down on his knees, behind his head, or behind his back. Although Patton was a small man at about 5 foot 5,^[4] his gravelly voice was rumored to have been loud enough to carry 500 yards without amplification. Patton's gritty bellowing was a major influence on the singing style of his young friend Chester Burnett, who went on to gain fame in Chicago as Howlin' Wolf.

Patton settled in Holly Ridge, Mississippi with his common-law wife and recording partner Bertha Lee in 1933. He died on the Heathman-Dedham plantation near Indianola from heart disease on April 28, 1934 and is buried in Holly Ridge (both towns are located in Sunflower County). A memorial headstone was erected on Patton's grave (the location of which was identified by the cemetery caretaker C. Howard who claimed to have been present at the burial) paid for by musician John Fogerty through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund in July, 1990. The spelling of Patton's name was dictated by Jim O'Neal who also composed the Patton epitaph.

Patton's race is the subject of minor debate. Though he was considered African-American, because of his light complexion there have been rumors that he was Mexican, or possibly a full-blood Cherokee, a theory endorsed by Howlin' Wolf. In actuality, Patton was a mix of white, black, and Cherokee (one of his grandmothers was a full-blooded Cherokee).^[5] Patton himself sang in "Down the Dirt Road Blues" of having gone to "the Nation" and "the Territo'"—meaning the Cherokee Nation portion of the Indian Territory (which became part of the state of Oklahoma in 1907), where a number of Black Indians tried unsuccessfully to claim a place on the tribal rolls and thereby obtain land.

Patton's death certificate states that he died in a house approximately twenty miles from Dockery's Plantation in Indianola, Mississippi. Bertha Lee is not mentioned on the certificate, the only informant listed being one Willie Calvin. His death was not reported in the newspapers.^[6]

Recognitions

Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton (2001) is a boxed set collecting Patton's recorded works. It also featured recordings by many of his friends and associates. The set won three Grammy Awards in 2003 for Best Historical Album, Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package, and Best Album Notes.^[7] Another collection of Patton recordings, released under Catfish Records is titled The Definitive Charley Patton.

Charley Patton's song "Pony Blues" (1929) was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry in 2006.^[8] The board selects songs in an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Patton time line

1891						Patton born in Hinds County, Mississippi near Edwards or Bolton.
1895			(Age 4)			The Patton family moves near Edwards Depot.
1900			(Age 9)			The Patton family moves to the Dockery Plantation in Sunflower County, Mississippi, where Charlie meets his musical influence Henry Sloan.
1905–1907			(Ages 14–16)			Gets guitar lessons from Earl Harris of Cleveland, and learns "You Take My Woman" and "Maggie."
1908			(Age 17)			Lives with Millie Barnes, and has a baby girl named Willie Mae.
1910			(Age 19)			Writes songs including "Pony Blues," "Banty Rooster Blues," "Mississippi BoWeavil," and "Down The Dirt Road."
1916			(Age 25)			Offered a position in W.C. Handy's band.
1922			(Age 31)			Marries Mandy France on Oss Pepper's plantation.
1926			(Age 35)			Willie Brown becomes his duet partner.
1929			(Age 38)			Records fourteen titles for Paramount Records at Richmond, Indiana.
1929			(Age 38)			In July, Paramount releases "Pony Blues," Patton's first issued recording, which sells well.
1929			(Age 38)			Records again for Paramount, this time in Grafton, Wisconsin, with Henry "Son" Sims on fiddle.
1930			(Age 39)			Third Paramount recording session, again in Grafton, Wisconsin, and accompanied by Son House and Willie Brown on guitar, and Louise Johnson on piano.
1932			(Age 41)			Final Paramount recording is released.
1932			(Age 41)			Marries Bertha Lee, an overseer's daughter, in Morgan City, Mississippi.
1933			(Age 42)			Almost killed when his throat is slit near Holly Ridge, Mississippi.
1934			(Age 42)			Records twenty-six titles, including "Oh Death," for the American Recording Company in New York City between January 30 and February 1.
1934			(Age 42)			Dies of heart failure on the Heathman-Dedham plantation in Mississippi.

Discography

1929, Richmond

• "Pony Blues"
• "Mississippi Boweavil Blues"
• "Screamin' And Hollerin' The Blues"
• "Down The Dirt Road Blues"
• "Banty Rooster Blues"
• "Pea Vine Blues"
• "It Won't Be Long"
• "Tom Rushen Blues"
• "A Spoonful Blues"
• "Shake It And Break It (But Don't Let It Fall Mama)"
• "Prayer Of Death Part 1 & 2"
• "Lord I'm Discouraged"
• "I'm Goin' Home"

1929, Grafton

• "Going To Move To Alabama"
• "Elder Greene Blues"
• "Circle Round The Moon"
• "Devil Sent The Rain Blues"
• "Mean Black Cat Blues"
• "Frankie And Albert"
• "Some These Days I'll Be Gone"
• "Green River Blues"
• "Hammer Blues"
• "Magnolia Blues"
• "When Your Way Gets Dark"
• "Heart Like Railroad Steel"
• "Some Happy Day"
• "You're Gonna Need Somebody When You Die"
• "Jim Lee Blues Part 1"
• "Jim Lee Blues Part 2"
• "High Water Everywhere Part 1"
• "High Water Everywhere Part 2"
• "Jesus Is A Dying-Bed Maker"
• "I Shall Not Be Moved"
• "Rattlesnake Blues"
• "Running Wild Blues"
• "Joe Kirby"
• "Mean Black Moan"
• "Farrell Blues"
• "Come Back Corrina"
• "Tell Me Man Blues"
• "Be True Be True Blues"

1930, Grafton

• "Dry Well Blues"
• "Some Summer Day"
• "Moon Going Down"
• "Bird Nest Bound"

1934, New York City

• "Jersey Bull Blues"
• "High Sheriff Blues"
• "Stone Pony Blues"
• "34 Blues"
• "Love My Stuff"
• "Revenue Man Blues"
• "Oh Death"
• "Troubled 'Bout My Mother"
• "Poor Me"
• "Hang It On The Wall"
• "Yellow Bee"
• "Mind Reader Blues"

Tributes

• Bob Dylan dedicated his song "High Water (For Charley Patton)", on his 2001 album Love and Theft, to Patton.
• The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band internationally touring American country blues recording/touring artists, fronted by Kentucky Colonel, The Reverend Peyton, produced a tribute recording to Charley Patton: "Peyton on Patton" which was released July 19, 2011. The album entered the Billboard Blues Album chart at #7.
• French singer-songwriter Francis Cabrel refers to Charley Patton in the song "Cent Ans de Plus" on the 1999 album Hors-Saison.
• Indie rock band Gomez recorded a song on their 2006 release How We Operate, entitled "Charley Patton Songs".
• There is a picture of Charlie Patton in the recording studio for The White Stripes' Icky Thump album. It can be seen in the background of the short demo video on their website.
• Jule Brown ^[9] recorded an updated arrangement of Patton's "Green River Blues", on their 2006 release Smoke and Mirrors.
• Robert Crumb narrated Patton's life in a comic book^[10]
• The 1980s NYC Punk/Blues band Hi Sheriffs of Blue ^[11](which included visual artists Mark Dagley, George Condo and Elliot Sharp) was named after the Patton song "High Sheriff Blues".

Historic marker

The Mississippi Blues Trail placed its first historic marker on Charlie Patton's grave in Holly Ridge, Mississippi in recognition of his legendary status as a bluesman and his importance in the development of the blues in Mississippi.^[12] It placed another historic marker at the site where the Peavine Railroad intersects with Highway 446 in Boyle, Mississippi, designating it as a second site related to Patton on the Mississippi Blues Trail. The marker commemorates the original lyrics of Patton's "Peavine Blues" which describes the railway branch of Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad which ran south from Dockery Plantation to Boyle. The marker emphasizes that a common theme of blues songs was riding on the railroad which was seen as a metaphor for travel and escape.^[13]

Notes

1. ^ Gravestone of Charley Patton
2. ^ "Patton himself, who could neither read nor write, spelled his first name orally as 'Charlie.'" Wardlow, G., & Komara, E. M. (1998). Chasin' that devil music Searching for the blues. San Francisco, Calif: Miller Freeman Books. ISBN 0879305525 p. 97.
3. ^ Palmer, Robert, Deep Blues, 1981 page 133 Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 00.6223 8
4. ^ Wardlow, G., & Komara, E. M. (1998). Chasin' that devil music Searching for the blues. San Francisco, Calif: Miller Freeman Books. ISBN 0879305525 p. 30.
5. ^ http://www.newyorkguitarfestival.org/cgi/show.cgi?db=content&uid=default&view_records=1&Group=archive&ID=201&mh=1
6. ^ Palmer, Robert (1981). Deep Blues. Penguin Books Ltd.: Middlesex, Eng.. p. 89. ISBN 0140062238 .
7. ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 1-904041-96-5. 
8. ^ 2003 National Recording Registry choices
9. ^ Julebrown.org website
10. ^ Charlie Patton by R.Crumb at www.celticguitarmusic.com
11. ^ [1]
12. ^ "Haley Barbour Unveils First Marker of Mississippi Blues Trail". Jazz News. http://home.nestor.minsk.by/jazz/news/2006/12/1303.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
13. ^ "Mississippi Blues Trail Markers To Be Unveiled in Bolivar County" (PDF). Mississippi Development Authority. http://www.visitmississippi.org/press_news/BolivarCountyPressReleaseFeb2007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-29. ^{[dead link]}

References

• Calt, Stephen; Gayle Wardlow (1988). King of the Delta Blues, The Life and Music of Charlie Patton. Newton, NJ: Rock Chapel Press. ISBN 0-9618610-0-2. LCCN 87-072899. 
• Fahey, John (1966). A textual and musicological analysis of the repertoire of Charley Patton. (Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, Los Angeles.). Los Angeles. LCCN 67-003863. 
• Fahey, John (1970). Charley Patton. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 0289700302. LCCN 70-548903. 
• Palmer, Robert (1981). Deep Blues. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-006223-8. LCCN 82-000382. 

External links

Biography portal

• History of Charley Patton recording on Paramount Records
• Charlie Patton by R. Crumb
• Charley Patton Biography (Allmusic)
• Southern Music Network -- Charlie Patton
• The bluesman -- Charlie Patton (by Cub Koda)
• Charley Patton - Delta Blues
• Charley Patton Profile
• Songs by and featuring Charley Patton on The Internet Archive
• 1980 Induction into Blues Foundation Hall of Fame
• "Charlie Patton". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5340. Retrieved August 28, 2010. 
• [2] Mount Zion Memorial Fund
• Milestone Charley Patton recordings at Three Perfect Minutes
• Works by or about Charlie Patton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Persondata
Name	Patton, Charlie
Alternative names	Patton, Charley
Short description	American Delta blues musician
Date of birth	April 28, 1891
Place of birth	Edwards, Mississippi, United States
Date of death	April 28, 1934
Place of death	near Indianola, Mississippi, United States