Valérian and Laureline

Supercbbox
title = Valérian and Laureline


caption = Valérian and Laureline as drawn by Jean-Claude Mézières
format = Graphic novel
publisher = Dargaud
date = 1967 - Present
main_char_team = Valérian
Laureline
writers = Pierre Christin
artists = Jean-Claude Mézières
colorists = Evelyn Tran-Lé
creators = Pierre Christin
Jean-Claude Mézières
imagesize=250

"Valérian and Laureline" ( _fr. Valérian et Laureline), also known as "Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent" (French: "Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel") or just "Valérian", is a French science fiction comics series, created by writer Pierre Christin and artist Jean-Claude Mézières. First published in the magazine "Pilote" in 1967, its latest installment was published in 2007. All of the "Valérian" stories have been collected in graphic novel album format, comprising some twenty-one volumes plus a short story collection and an encyclopaedia. "Valérian" is one of the top five biggest selling Franco-Belgian comics titles of its publisher, Dargaud.cite journal | last = Kane | first = Gil | authorlink = Gil Kane | coauthors = Groth, Gary | year = 2004 | month = May/June | title = Recognition: A Conversation with Jean-Claude Mézières | journal = The Comics Journal | issue = 260 | pages = 88–112 | publisher = Fantagraphics Books | id = ISSN 0194-7869 ]

The series centres around the adventures of the spatio-temporal agent, Valérian, and his redheaded female companion, Laureline, as they travel the universe through space and time. Valérian is a classical anti-hero, strong and brave but with a tendency to follow the orders of his superiors even if he feels, deep down, that it is the wrong thing to do. On the other hand, his companion Laureline manages to combine sex-appeal with intelligence and independence making her one of science fiction's most notable heroines. Influenced by classic literary science fiction, the series combines elements of space opera and time travel. Christin's scripts are noted for their humour and strongly liberal political slant while Mézières' art is noted for its vivid depictions of the alien worlds and species Valérian and Laureline encounter on their adventures.

Many of the stories have been translated into several languages, including English.cite web | title = Valerian eri kielillä - Valérian in different languages | url = http://www.saunalahti.fi/~alatera/Valerian/eri_kielet.html | accessdate = 2006-09-16 ] The series has received recognition through a number of prestigious awards, including the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême. An animated television series, "", was released in 2007.

Concept and setting

The original setting for the series was the 28th century. Humanity has discovered the means of travelling instantaneously in time and space. The capital of Earth, "Galaxity", is the centre of the vast "Terran Galactic Empire". Earth itself has become a virtual utopia with most of the population living a life of leisure in a virtual reality dream-state while ruled by the benign "Technocrats of the First Circle". The "Spatio-Temporal Service" protects the planets of the Terran Empire and guards against temporal paradoxes caused by rogue time-travellers. Valérian and Laureline are two such spatio-temporal agents.cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Les Mauvais Rêves
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 2000
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
isbn = 2-205-04880-5 ]

However, since the end of the story "The Rage of Hypsis" ("Les Foudres d’Hypsis")cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Les Foudres d’Hypsis
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1985
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = Frenchreflist
isbn = 2-205-04658-6 ] in which Galaxity disappears from space-time as a result of a temporal paradox the pair have become freelance trouble-shooters travelling space and time offering their services to anyone willing to hire them while also searching for their lost home.

In the first two albums Valérian travels through time in a two-seater device, the "XB27", which transports him to the various relay stations that Galaxity has hidden throughout time (e.g. in "Bad Dreams" ("Les Mauvais Rêves") the relay is hidden below a tavern). In subsequent stories Valérian and Laureline use the saucer-shaped Astroship "XB982" (which made its debut appearance in 1969 in the short story "The Great Collector" ("Le Grand Collectionneur")). [cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Par les Chemins de l'Espace
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1997
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
chapter = Le Grand Collectionneur
isbn = 2-205-04456-7 ] The astroship is able to travel anywhere using a spatio-temporal jump, a sort of hyperspace drive enabling near-instant transportation anywhere in space and time.

The initial albums were generally straightforward good versus evil adventure stories that employed a great many well-worn clichés.cite journal
last = Perez
first = Pepo
title = Tierra de Gigantes
journal = U
issue = 23
pages = –
month=February | year=2002
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/U23.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-16 ] However, thanks to Pierre Christin's interests in politics, sociology and ethnology, as the series progressed the situations typically arose from misunderstandings or ideological differences between various groups that could be resolved through reason and perseverance.cite journal
last = Pomerleau
first = Luc
year = 1989
month = May
title = Pierre Christin and Enki Bilal, Called to Comics
journal = The Comics Journal
issue = 129
pages = 62–67
id = ISSN 0194-7869
url = http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:6PNhy9YY_hUJ:www.rpkbd.com/bilal/tcj129.htm+%22called+to+comics%22+bilal&hl=en&gl=ie&ct=clnk&cd=3
accessdate = 2006-09-02 ] The core theme of the stories is an optimistic liberal humanism: the adventures aren’t about defeating enemies but about exploring, facing challenges, and celebrating diversity. Thus, according to academic John Dean, Christin “as a rule works into his narratives political, environmental and feminist concerns – thereby showing social ills are universal, no matter on what planet you land”.cite book
last = Dean
first = John
editor = Dean, John and Gabillet, Jean-Paul (eds.)
title = European Readings of American Popular Culture (Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture, Number 50)
accessdate = 2006-09-16
year = 1996
publisher = Greenwood Press
location = Westport, Connecticut
id = ISBN 0-313-29429-1
doi = 10.1336/0313294291|pages=23-43
chapter = A Comics Interlude
chapterurl = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/jd01.htm ]

Another concept that developed was Galaxity as a proxy for Western democracy; contrary to its benign self-opinion it is imperialistic and prone to a corrupt real-politik.cite book
last = Klein
first = Gérard
authorlink = Gérard Klein
editor = Mézières, Jean-Claude & Christin, Pierre
title = Mézières et Christin avec...
accessdate = 2007-03-20
year = 1983
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
isbn = 2-205-02513-9
chapterurl = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/valgklein.htm
chapter = Des messagers de l'actuel. Une exploration des mondes de Valérian ] Other themes include:
* Natural simplicity is superior to technological complexity.
* Rejection of machismo, violence and war in favour of femininity and nature.
* Distrust of power and the suppression of individuality.
* Women can manipulate males sexually without being manipulated themselves.

These themes are underpinned by the vivid drawings of Jean-Claude Mézières whose “visually stunning backgrounds: complex architecture, futuristic machines, otherworldly landscapes and odd-looking aliens” are what John Dean calls “staples of Mézières' seeming boundless visual inventiveness”, resulting in what the artist Pepo Pérez likens to “"National Geographic", but on a cosmic scale”.

Principal characters

Valérian

Valérian ( _nl. Ravian; Danish, Norwegian & Swedish: Valentin) was born on Earth, in Galaxity, capital of the Terran Galactic Empire in the 28th century. He joined the Spatio-Temporal Service in the year 2713. He has been trained to think that Galaxity is always right and even when he receives orders that go against his sense of right he will, reluctantly, follow them. He much prefers to be a man of action than sitting around pondering what course to take next.

Initially, the early stories present Valérian as a typical square-jawed hero figure, who is strong and dependable (although an early running joke was that despite being a time-traveller he is always running late, especially when summoned by his boss). However, as the series progresses, he is increasingly portrayed as somewhat knuckle-headed. In "World Without Stars" ("Le Pays sans Etoiles"),cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
others = Trans. L. Mitchell
title = World Without Stars
series = Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 1985
publisher = Hodder Dargaud
location = Great Britain
isbn = 0-340-38084-5 ] he gets recklessly drunk on the colonists' home-made booze, in "On the False Earths" ("Sur les Terres Truquées"), [cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Sur les Terres Truquées
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1977
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
isbn = 2-205-04641-1 ] the historian, Jadna, views him as useful only as cannon-fodder and nothing else while in "Heroes of the Equinox" ("Les Héros de l’Equinoxe"),cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
others = Trans. Suzi Baker
title = Heroes of the Equinox
series = Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 1985
publisher = Hodder Dargaud
location = Great Britain
isbn = 0-340-38083-7 ] he comes across as woefully inadequate compared with the champions he is competing against. Although devoted to Laureline, he has been led astray by other women, such as in "Heroes of the Equinox" and "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos".cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1981
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
isbn = 2-205-04639-X ]

When Galaxity disappears in "The Rage of Hypsis" he contemplates following his fellows into oblivion, much to Laureline's horror. Even afterwards, he feels the loss of Galaxity much more than Laureline, as it is his birthplace.

The name Valérian has a Slavic origin and means “brave” or “valiant”.cite journal
last = Maltret
first = Olivier
title = Dossier Mézières
journal = Les Dossiers de la Bande Dessinée (DBD)
year = 2001
month = August
issue = 12
pages = pp 1–40
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/bio/dbd.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] Valérian was created by Mézières and Christin as a reaction to the fearless boy-scout (e.g. Tintin) and American superhero characters that were prevalent in comics available in France at the time. Instead they sought to devise a “banal character” with “no extraordinary means of action”. Eventually, with Christin feeling that they had gone too far with this angle and that the Valérian character had become too stupid, from "The Ghosts of Inverloch" ("Les Spectres d'Inverloch") onwards, Valérian was made more sympathetic and given a greater slice of the action.

Laureline

Laureline ( _de. Veronique; Danish, Norwegian & Swedish: Linda) is a peasant girl from 11th century France who rescues Valérian from the enchanted Forest of Arelaune in the debut adventure "Bad Dreams". When she accidentally discovers Valérian is a time-traveller, he is forced to bring her back with him to Galaxity where she is trained as a Spatio-Temporal Agent and assigned as his partner.

In the early stories Laureline generally sits in the background while Valérian saves the day in whatever situation the pair have found themselves in. However, as the series develops, Laureline's position begins to change. "World Without Stars", in which the two characters are separated for most of the adventure, allows Laureline to step out from under Valérian's shadow for the first time and she proves to be more than an equal to Valérian in ensuring that their mission succeeds.

"Welcome to Alflolol" ("Bienvenue sur Alflolol") brings Laureline's rebellious nature to the fore; unlike Valérian she has not been born and raised by Galaxity and is prepared to not only question their authority but openly rebel against them when their orders run contrary to her sense of morality.cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
others = Trans. S. Baker
title = Welcome to Alflolol
series = Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 1984
publisher = Hodder Dargaud
location = Great Britain
isbn = 0-450-05775-5 ] It also demonstrates her impulsive streak; she sides with the native Alflololians against Galaxity and Valérian with no thought for the personal consequences she may have to face herself. Her position as the true star of the series is cemented in "Ambassador of the Shadows" ("L'Ambassadeur des Ombres") which is virtually a solo adventure for her as she searches the vast space station Point Central for the kidnapped Valérian and the Earth Ambassador.cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Ambassador of the Shadows
others = Trans. L. Mitchell
series = Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 1984
publisher = Hodder Dargaud
location = Great Britain
isbn = 0-450-05767-4 ] Later, when acting as independent agents, it is Laureline who questions the ethics of some of the jobs they are forced to take to make ends meet, notably in "The Living Weapons" ("Les Armes Vivantes"). [cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
others = Trans. Timothy Ryan Smith
title = Valerian: The New Future Trilogy
series = Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 2004
publisher = iBooks
location = New York
chapter = The Living Weapons
isbn = 0-7434-8674-9 ]

Despite being independent and efficacious Laureline is not afraid to exploit her considerable sex appeal if it is to her advantage. For example, she attracts the attention of the Emperor of Valsennar in "World Without Stars" while she manipulates Crocbattler and Rackalust in "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos" and regularly charms the Shingouz when negotiating with them for information. She has even posed in the French edition of Playboy in 1987.cite book
first = Jean-Claude
last = Mézières
year = 1995
title = Les Extras de Mézières
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
id = ISBN 2-205-04443-5 ]

She also has a certain affinity for animals such as the Alflololian Goumon in "Welcome to Alflolol" to the Grumpy Converter from Bluxte, first seen in "Ambassador of the Shadows", to the Tüm Tüm (de Lüm) and the Tchoung-Tracer, both introduced in "On the Frontiers" ("Sur les Frontières").

The name “Laureline” was invented by Mézières and Christin who were seeking a name that would sound “medieval” and “soft”. The name has proven popular and there are now several thousand women in France who bear the name Laureline, the first one born in 1968 just a year after the publication of "Bad Dreams". There have also been variations such as “Loreline” and “Laurelyne”. [cite web
title = Clins d'oeil
work = Valerian et Laureline, tout sur les agents spatio-temporels de Galaxity
url = http://dugueta.club.fr/clindoeil.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-01
language = French ] Laureline was initially created just for the first story, "Bad Dreams" but recognising that they had a female character who was different from the bimbo types common to comics of the time Mézières and Christin fell for her and, in response to positive reader feedback, retained her for the subsequent stories.

Other characters

Mr Albert

Mr Albert is Galaxity's contact on 20th century Earth. He makes his first appearance in "Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia".cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1980
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
isbn = 2-205-04639-X ] He is a retired gentleman who drives an obsolete Renault 4CV and lives in the suburbs of Paris, France. He maintains a wide range of contacts in government and scientific circles as well as with many experts in fields outside the mainstream such as UFOlogy, telepathy, and sorcery. He is also a pigeon fancier and uses his carrier pigeons to relay messages between some of his contacts. Unlike Valérian he tries to avoid getting involved in the thick of the action and never acts impulsively, always preferring to take his time about things. He enjoys the finer things in life: gourmet cuisine, fine wines and likes to take things easy.

The character of Albert is partially influenced by that of August Faust, the main character in the strip "The Extraordinary and Troubling Adventure of Mr August Faust" ("L'extraordinaire et Troublante Aventure de M. August Faust"), written by Fred and drawn by Mézières in 1967. clr

The Shingouz

The Shingouz are aliens who make their first appearance in "Ambassador of the Shadows" and re-appear regularly throughout the subsequent albums. They are brown, short-furred creatures, slightly less than a metre tall, resembling flightless birds with a snout instead of a beak. Shingouz have an extremely high tolerance and preference for strong alcoholic beverages, which they consume in large quantities. The Shingouz society is capitalist to the extreme. Shingouz want a profit from everything they do. They are especially adept in trading important and sensitive information to interested parties. Valérian and Laureline have struck up a relationship with a group of three Shingouz who have a particularly useful network of contacts in all the major space communities. They are especially fond of Laureline, which she often uses to her advantage in striking favourable deals with them. [cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
title = Les Habitants du Ciel. Atlas Cosmique de Valérian et Laureline
series = Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel
year = 1991
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
chapter = Les Shingouz
isbn = 2-205-03921-0 ]

Origins

Childhood friends Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin had previously collaborated on the comic strip "Le Rhum du Punch" ("Rum Punch") in 1966 while both were living and working in the USA. Upon their return to France they initially intended to create a Western strip but, with the genre already well represented in French comics thanks to "Lucky Luke", "Blueberry" and "Jerry Spring", Christin instead proposed that they turn their hand to science fiction, a genre he felt was unrepresented in French comics at the time. The decision to work in the science fiction genre was also influenced by the political climate in France at the time; Mézières and Christin saw "Valérian" as a “backdoor” means to react against the prevailing doctrine of Gaullism. Although science fiction was not a favourite of "Pilote" editor René Goscinny, Goscinny wanted his magazine to be seen to be diverse and innovative and so agreed to commission "Valérian".

There had been French science fiction comics before "Valérian" such as Kline's "Kaza the Martian" (a childhood favourite of Mézières), Roger Lecureux and Raymond Poivet's "Les Pionniers de l'Espérance" "(The Pioneers of Hope)" (which Christin found tired and repetitive) and Jean-Claude Forest's "Barbarella". "Barbarella" is famous for its strong, female, titular character but Christin has denied any influence on the character of Laureline stating that she was inspired by Simone de Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" as well as the burgeoning feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.cite press release
publisher = Dargaud
year = 2001
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/abc/abc.htm
title = Christin/Mézières, l'abécédaire
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] However, contemporary reviews of the early stories by Jean-Pierre Andrevon describe the books as “Forestienne”.cite journal
last = Andrevon
first = Jean-Pierre
authorlink = Jean-Pierre Andrevon
year = 1970
month = December
title = La Cité des eaux mouvantes
journal = Fiction
issue = 204
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/val01crit01.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] [cite journal
last = Andrevon
first = Jean-Pierre
authorlink = Jean-Pierre Andrevon
year = 1971
month = December
title = L'Empire des mille planètes
journal = Fiction
issue = 216
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/val02crit01.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] Mézières and Christin were also heavily influenced by literary science fiction such as that by Isaac Asimov (especially "The End of Eternity"), Jack Vance (especially "The Blue World"), and John Brunner. Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier have also suggested that Poul Anderson's "Time Patrol" books, about an official organization dedicated to protecting time from interference, are a major influence on the series. [cite web
url = http://www.coolfrenchcomics.com/valerian.htm
title = Cool French Comics – Valérian
accessdate = 2006-09-01
author = Lofficier, Jean-Marc and Randy
work = Cool French Comics ]

Christin has also cited the Whodunit genre — notably novels by Georges Simenon and Ed McBain — as an influence on "Valérian" since they taught him, as a writer, that all characters in a narrative must be seen to have motivations.

Mézières' drawings in the early albums were influenced by such “comic-dynamic” artists as Morris ("Lucky Luke"), André Franquin ("Spirou et Fantasio") and Jack Davis (Mad magazine), leading to Jean-Pierre Andrevon to refer to "Valérian" as “a kind of "Lucky Luke" of space-time”. As the series progressed, Mézières developed a more realistic style, akin to that of Jijé, though in more recent albums he has returned to the more cartoonish style of the earlier stories.

Legacy

In comics

"Valérian's" arrival on the French comics scene was contemporaneous with the debuts of other notable French science fiction strips including "Luc Orient" by Greg and Eddy Paape and "Lone Sloane" by Philippe Druillet.cite book
first = Jean-Marc and Randy
last = Lofficier
year = 2004
title = Shadowmen 2. Heroes and Villains of French Comics
publisher = Black Coat Press
location = Encino, California
id = ISBN 0-9740711-8-8 ] The success of these strips would eventually lead to the creation of "Métal Hurlant", the highly influential French comics magazine dedicated to science fiction. [cite book
first = Paul
last = Gravett
year = 2005
title = Graphic Novels. Stories to change your life
publisher = Aurum
location = London
id = ISBN 1-84513-068-5
pages = p88
chapter = Of Futures and Fables ] The influence of "Valérian" has been noticed in such strips as "Dani Futuro" by Víctor Mora and Carlos Giminéz and "Gigantik" by Mora and José Maria Cardona. The visual style of "Valérian" has also had an impact on some American comics artists, notably Walt Simonson and Gil Kane. Sometimes the impact of "Valérian" has gone beyond mere influence; following a complaint by Mézières, the artist Angus McKie admitted that several panels of his strip "So Beautiful and So Dangerous" were copied from "Ambassador of the Shadows".

In other media

Outside of comics, the "Valérian" series has been particularly influential on science fiction and fantasy film.

Several commentators, such as Kim Thompson of "The Comics Journal", [cite book
first = Kim
last = Thompson
year = 2004
title = Valerian: The New Future Trilogy
chapter = Introduction
editor = Mézières, Jean-Claude and Christin, Pierre
pages = pp1-2
publisher = iBooks
location = New York
id = ISBN 0743486749 ] film critic Jean-Philippe Guerand [cite journal
author = Geurand, Jean-Phillipe
title = Noirs dessins
journal = Le Nouveau Cinéma
year = 1999
month = November
volume = –
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/jpg01.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] and the newspaper Libération, [cite journal
author = F.A.
title = Sur les traces de Valerian et consorts
journal = Liberation
date = 13 October 1999
volume = –
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/jpg01.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] have noted certain similarities between the "Valérian" albums and the "Star Wars" film series. Both series are noted for the “lived-in” look given to their various settings and for the diverse alien creatures they feature. Particular instances of similarities between the two series, which the above have cited, include:
* The design of Valérian and Laureline's XB982 astroship and the Millennium Falcon spaceship that appears in Episodes IV-VI of "Star Wars".
* A scene in "Empire of a Thousand Planets" ("L'Empire des Mille Planètes") where Valérian is encased in a liquid plastic and a scene in "" where the character Han Solo is encased in a substance called carbonite.
* The slave-girl costume worn by Laureline in "World Without Stars" and the costume worn by the character Leia Organa in the scenes where she is enslaved by Jabba the Hutt in ""
* A scene in "Empire of a Thousand Planets" where one of the Authorities removes his helmet to reveal his burned and scarred face underneath and a scene in "Return of the Jedi" where the character Darth Vader removes his helmet to reveal the burned face of Anakin Skywalker.
* The alien Shingouz and the character Watto seen in "".Mézières' response upon seeing "Star Wars" was that he was “dazzled, jealous... and furious!”. [cite web
title = Troisième période (1980-1984)
work = Tout (ou presque) sur Jean-Claude Mézières...
url = http://ludogrid.free.fr/Mezieres/mezieres3.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] As a riposte, Mézières produced an illustration for "Pilote" magazine in 1983 depicting the "Star Wars" characters Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa meeting Valérian and Laureline in a bar surrounded by a bestiary of alien creatures typical of that seen in both series. “Fancy meeting you here!” says Leia. “Oh, we've been hanging around here for a long time!” retorts Laureline. [cite journal
author = Mézières, Jean-Claude
coauthors = Tierney, D.
title = Le retour du Jedi: c’est de la B.D
journal = Pilote
issue = M113
date = 1 October 1983
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/Images/cinema/expo_starwars.jpg] Mézières has since been informed that Doug Chiang, design director on "The Phantom Menace", kept a set of "Valérian" albums in his library.

Mézières has also noticed similarities between some of the sets in the 1982 film "Conan the Barbarian" and the planet seen in "Birds of the Master" ("Les Oiseaux du Maître") and between some of the production sketches for the alien fighters in the 1996 film "Independence Day" and Valérian and Laureline's astroship.

The 1999 Danish film "Mifune's Last Song", directed by Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, features a character, Rud, who is a fan of "Linda and Valentin" (as "Valérian" is known in Denmark) who believes the character of Liva is in fact Linda (i.e. Laureline). [cite video
people = Kragh-Jacobsen, Søren (Director)
year = 1999
url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0164756/
title = Mifunes sidste sang (Mifune's Last Song)
medium = Film
location = Denmark
publisher = – ]

Jean-Claude Mézières himself has worked as a concept artist on a number of science fiction film projects. The first of these was in 1984 for director Jeremy Kagan who was attempting to adapt René Barjavel's novel "La Nuit des temps" ("The Ice People"). The film was never made. This was followed, in 1985, by a proposed adaptation of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky's novel "Hard to Be a God" for director Peter Fleischmann. This film was eventually finished in 1989 though Mézières' concepts for the film were barely used. The art Mézières produced for both projects was later published in "Mézières Extras".

In 1991 Mézières began work producing concept art for the director Luc Besson for his film "The Fifth Element". When the project stalled and Besson moved on to work on the film "Léon" in 1994, Mézières returned to "Valérian" for the album "The Circles of Power" ("Les Cercles du Pouvoir"). This featured a character, S'Traks, who drove a flying taxi around a great metropolis on the planet Rubanis. [cite book
last = Mézières
first = Jean-Claude
coauthors = Christin, Pierre
others = Trans. Timothy Ryan Smith
title = Valerian: The New Future Trilogy
series = Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent
year = 2004
publisher = iBooks
location = New York
chapter = The Circles of Power
isbn = 0-7434-8674-9 ] Mézières sent a copy of the album to Besson who was inspired to change the background of Korben Dallas, the lead character of "The Fifth Element", from a worker in a rocketship factory to that of a taxi driver who flies his cab around a Rubanis-inspired futuristic New York. [cite book
first = Jean-Claude
last = Mézières
year = 2004
title = Valerian: The New Future Trilogy
chapter = Afterword
editor = Mézières, Jean-Claude and Christin, Pierre
pages = p65
publisher = iBooks
location = New York
id = ISBN 0-743-48674-9 ] Mézières produced further concept drawings for Besson, including flying taxi cabs. He also re-used certain aspects of the design of the space liner seen in the 1988 "Valérian" album "On the Frontiers" for the Fhloston Paradise liner seen in second half of the film.cite book
first = Jean-Claude
last = Mézières
year = 1998
title = Les Extras de Mézières No. 2. Mon Cinquieme Element. Decors pour la film de Luc Besson
publisher = Dargaud
location = Paris
language = French
id= ISBN 2-205-04751-5 ] "The Fifth Element" was finally completed and released in 1997. The importance of the four classical elements to the film is similar to the significance the elements have in the two-part "Valérian" story "Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia" and "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos". However, Besson has claimed that he first came up with the idea for the film at the age of 16 which would pre-date the publication of these two albums. [Sleap, Simon (Director) (2003), “Discovering the Fifth Element”, in "The Fifth Element" (DVD), Disc 2, Pathé.]

Awards

"Valérian" and its creators have also received recognition through a number of prestigious awards. Most notably, in 1984, Jean-Claude Mézières was honoured with the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême for his comics work, including "Valérian". [cite web
title = List of Grand Prix award winners
work = Official Website of the Angoulême International Comics Festival
url = http://www.bdangouleme.com/histoire/index.ideal
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] Mézières and Christin also received a European Science Fiction Society award for "Valérian" in 1987 [cite web
title = ESFS Awards 1987-89
work = Official Website of the European Science Fiction Society
url = http://homepage.tinet.ie/~goudriaan/esfs-awards-1987.html
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] and the album "Hostages of the Ultralum" ("Otages de l'Ultralum") won a Tournesal award, given to the comic that best reflects the ideals of the Green Party, at the 1997 Angoulême International Comics Festival. [cite web
title = Bandes dessinées et Prix Tournesol
work = Les Verts (Official Website of the French Green Party)
url = http://lesverts.fr/article.php3?id_article=1875
accessdate = 2006-09-17 ] The encyclopedia of the alien creatures found in the "Valérian" universe "Les Habitants du Ciel: Atlas Cosmique de Valérian et Laureline" ("The Inhabitants of the Sky: The Cosmic Atlas of Valerian and Laureline") received a special mention by the jury at the 1992 Angoulême International Comics Festival in the Prix Jeunesse 9-12 ans (Youth Prize 9-12 years) category.cite web | url =http://www.toutenbd.com/article.php3?id_article=834 | title =Le Palmarès 1992 | work =ToutEnBD | accessdate =2007-04-08 | language = French ]

"Valérian" has also been nominated for a Haxtur Award in 1995 for "The Circles of Power" [cite web
title = Haxtur Award Nominees 1995
work = Official Website of the Haxtur Awards
url = http://www.elwendigo.com/haxt1995.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-29 ] and for a Harvey Award in 2005 for "The New Future Trilogy", an English-language compilation of three of the albums. [cite web
title = Harvey Award Nominees 2005
work = Official Website of the Harvey Awards
url = http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2005nom.html
accessdate = 2006-09-29 ]

Publication history

:"A complete list of "Valérian" adventures with capsule summaries can be found at the list of Valérian and Laureline books."

Original publication

"Valérian" first appeared on 9 November 1967 in issue #420 of the comics magazine "Pilote",cite web | url =http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/annees/1967.htm | title =Le journal Pilote en 1967 | work =BDoubliées | accessdate =2007-03-22 | language = French ] and every "Valérian" story from "Bad Dreams" to "The Rage of Hypsis" was initially serialised in "Pilote". The second "Valérian" story, "The City of the Moving Waters" ("La Cité des Eaux Mouvantes"), was the first to be collected in graphic novel album format by Dargaud. Since "On the Frontiers", every "Valérian" story has debuted in album format. Seven short stories were also published in the digest-sized "Super Pocket Pilote" in 1969 and 1970 and later collected in "Across the Pathways of Space" ("Par Les Chemins De l’Espace") in 1997. The series was originally published under the title "Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent". However, with the publication of "The Order of the Stones" in 2007, the series now goes under the title "Valérian and Laureline".

English translations

The first "Valérian" album to be translated into English was "Ambassador of the Shadows" which was serialised across four issues of the magazine "Heavy Metal" in 1981 (Volume 4, Number 10 (January 1981) to Volume 5, Number 1 (April 1981)).cite journal
author = Unknown
title = "Ambassador of the Shadows"
journal = Amazing Heroes
year = 1989
month = March
issue = 160
pages = –
url = http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/pages/extras/articles/amazing01.htm
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] [cite web
title = Heavy Metal Magazine List – 1981
work = Heavy Metal Magazine Fan Page
url = http://www.heavymetalmagazinefanpage.com/hmlist81.html
accessdate = 2006-09-16 ]

"Ambassador of the Shadows" was later republished in English in album format as were "World Without Stars", "Welcome to Alflolol" and "Heroes of the Equinox" by the short-lived Dargaud-USA in the United States of America between 1981 and 1984 and in the United Kingdom by Hodder-Dargaud in 1984 and 1985.

In 1989 it was announced that NBM Publishing were going to reissue the four English language albums published by Dargaud-USA and also release a translation of "Empire of a Thousand Planets" but nothing seems to have come of this.

"Heroes of the Equinox" was republished in July 1996 in black and white by "Fantasy Flight Publishing" (an offshoot of "Fantasy Flight Games") in two issues as standard American sized comic-books as part of an unsuccessful attempt to translate and print several European comic book series including "Spirou et Fantasio" and "Lucky Luke". [ cite web
title = Fantasy Flight Games - Company History
work = Fantasy Flight Games
url = http://www.fantasyflightgames.com/history.html
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ]

In November 2004, "iBooks" published "Valerian: The New Future Trilogy" (ISBN 0-7434-8674-9) collecting the albums "On the Frontiers", "The Living Weapons" and "The Circles of Power" in one volume reduced to standard American graphic novel size. These were the only "Valérian" stories "iBooks" published and the company has since declared bankruptcy. [cite news
title = Agonizing and Arduous. iBooks Bankrupt
url = http://www.comicworldnews.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?column=headlines&page=1121
work = Comic World News
date = 2006-03-13
accessdate = 2006-11-12 ]

Blogger Nige Lowrey has reported that Cinebook Ltd have acquired the rights to "Valérian" and will begin publishing new English editions from 2010. [cite web |url=http://nigelowrey.blogspot.com/2008/10/brumcon-part-first.html |title=Brumcon!! Part The First |accessdate=2008-10-09 |last=Lowrey |first=Nige |date= 2008-10-07 |work=Nige's Page a' Rage |publisher=Blogger.com |quote=I asked about the chances of reprinting Valerian (Tone's a big fan) and he said that they often listen to reader suggestion and enquiries at the Bristol con had led to them acquiring the rights to the series, which will start an estimated 10-year publishing schedule from 2010. ]

In other languages

Many of the "Valérian" stories have been translated into several other languages, including German (as "Valerian und Veronique"), Dutch (as "Ravian: Tijd/ruimte-agent"), the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) (as "Linda og/och Valentin"), Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Polish.

Television series

An animated adaptation of "Valérian", titled "Time Jam: Valerian and Laureline", made its debut on Canal+ Family in France on 20 October 2007. In total, forty 26-minute episodes have been made.cite web
url = http://mid.mediatoon.com/fiche.php?id=317
title = Time Jam: Valerian and Laureline
accessdate = 2006-10-22
work = Mediatoon International Distribution ] The series is a Franco-Japanese co-production, directed by Philippe Vidal, involving "Statelight", "Dargaud" and Luc Besson’s "Europacorp".cite web
url = http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/index.php?2006/01/23/22-le-partage-des-taches
title = Le partage des tâches
accessdate = 2006-09-01
last = Vidal
first = Phillipe
work = Blog by Time Jam director Phillipe Vidal
publisher = Dargaud
language = French ] cite web
url = http://www.tvfrance-intl.com/tvfi/1_programme/fs_show_prog2.php?cmd=search&id_prog=33386
title = Dargaud Distribution Listing for Time Jam
accessdate = 2006-09-01
publisher = TV France International ]

The scripts have been written by a French team under the supervision of Peter Berts while Charles Vaucelles was responsible for the realisation of the characters and Vincent Momméja was responsible for the design of the locations and spacecraft. Music is by Alexandre Azzaria. In the French dub of the series Valérian is voiced by Gwendal Anglade and Laureline by Mélodie Orru. [cite web
url = http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/index.php?2007/02/08/25-bon-anniversaire-mr-v
title = Bon anniversaire Mr V!
accessdate = 2007-09-15
last = Vidal
first = Phillipe
work = Blog by Time Jam director Phillipe Vidal
publisher = Dargaud
language = French ] Three trailers were released to promote the series: the first on 24 April 2006, [cite web
title = Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline - First Trailer
publisher = Dargaud
url = http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/indexa.php
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ] the second on 10 October 2006 [cite web
title = Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline - Second Trailer
publisher = Dargaud
url = http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/index.php?2006/10/10/18-le-teaser-nouveau-est-arrive
accessdate = 2006-11-12 ] and the third on 30 August 2007.cite web
title = Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline - Third Trailer
publisher = Dargaud
url = http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/index.php?2007/08/30/31-les-nouvelles-bandes-annonces
accessdate = 2007-09-15 ]

The series differs from the original comics in that Valerian comes from the year 2417, instead of 2720, and meets Laureline in the year 912 instead of 1000. Whereas in the comics Valerian takes Laureline back to the 28th century without any trouble, in the animated series this results in Earth disappearing from the solar system.

According to Animation World Network, "Time Jam - Valerian & Laureline" sets out to answer the question: Where on Earth has Earth gone? Valerian and Laureline, our two young heroes, seem to be the only representatives of the human race in the unsafe galaxy where the nightmarish Vlagos are conspiring to control the world. Sent out on an assignment by the head of STS (the Spatial-Temporal Service), Valerian and Laureline discover the existence of a time-portal, a mysterious phenomenon, which may hold the key to the recovery of Earth. The series from Dargaud Marina mixes 2D and CGI animation with an anime touch”. [cite journal
author = Animation World Network
date = 5 October 2006
title = Dargaud Distribution's Spirou & Fantasio Jets Into Cannes
journal = Animation Flash
issue = MIPCOM 2006 Special Edition No. 3
pages = p7
url = http://www.awn.com/flash/clicks.php?type=mipcom06&v=3&src=hp&file=AWN-Flash-MIPCOM2006_hr3.pdf
format = PDF
accessdate = 2006-11-12 ] The series has also been sold to Belgium, Spain, Israel and Morocco.

The notion of making an animated adaptation of "Valérian" dates beck to at least 1976. In 1982, Mézières produced concept art for an episode titled "The Asteroids of Shimballil" ("Les Astéroïdes de Shimballil") which was later published in 2000 as an appendix to the album release of "Bad Dreams". In 1991, "Dargaud Films" financed the production of a three minute pilot, directed by Bernard Deyriès and animated by "Studio 32" in Paris and Luxembourg, but nothing came of this venture. Several stills from this pilot episode were published in "Mézières Extras". Another pilot, directed by Florient Ferrier, was made by the French animation studio 2 Minutes in 2001. Nothing came of this attempt either. [cite web
last = Ferrier
first = Florient (Director)
title = Valerian & Laureline – pilot
work = 2 Minutes
url = http://www.catsuka.com/player.php?fichier=http://www.2minutes.fr/valerian.swf&largeur=320&hauteur=240&type=swf
format = Flash Animation
accessdate = 2006-09-01 ]

ources

* [http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/series6/valerian.htm "Valérian" publications in "Pilote"] BDoubliées fr_icon

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.noosfere.org/mezieres/ Jean-Claude Mézières official website] fr_icon
* [http://www.coolfrenchcomics.com/valerian.htm Valérian entry] on Cool French Comics
* [http://dugueta.club.fr/index.htm Valérian et Laureline] fan site fr_icon en_icon
* [http://www.ubcfumetti.com/valerian/ Valerian@uBC] at Fumetti.com it_icon
* [http://blog.dargaud.com/valerian/indexa.php Time Jam: Valérian & Laureline official series blog] fr_icon
* [http://www.valerian-et-laureline.com/ Valérian et Laureline animated series official site] fr_icon
* [http://www.sequart.org/columns/?column=2225 Valérian: Spaceships, Simulacra and Star Wars]