Acris crepitans

Northern Cricket Frog
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Hylidae
Genus:	Acris
Species:	A. crepitans
Binomial name
Acris crepitans Baird, 1854
Subspecies
Acris crepitans blanchardi Acris crepitans crepitans Acris crepitans paludicola

The Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) is a species of small Hylid frog native to the United States and northeastern Mexico. Despite being members of the tree frog family, they are not arboreal. There are three recognized subspecies.

Description

The Northern Cricket Frog is one of North America's two smallest vertebrates, ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 inches (19–38 mm) long. Its dorsal coloration varies widely, and includes greys, greens and browns, often in irregular blotching patterns. One NY biologist has identified 6 distinct colour morphs and 4 pattern morphs, and several intrergrades between these.(Westerveld,1977). Typically there is dark banding on the legs and a white bar from the eye to the base of the foreleg. The skin has a bumpy texture. It is very similar to the Southern Cricket Frog, Acris gryllus, found in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain, though there is some overlap along the fall line. The Southern Cricket Frog has longer legs, with less webbing on the hind feet, and a more pointed snout; Northern Cricket Frogs have been observed with snouts indistinguishable from those of the Southern species (Westerveld, 1998). The line on the back of its^{[clarification needed]} thigh is typically more sharply defined than that of the Northern Cricket Frog (Conant et al. 1998, Martof et al. 1980). Biologists have recorded Northern Cricket Frogs in the northern fringes of their range with extremely sharp posterior leg stripes.

Behavior & diet

Northern cricket frogs are diurnal and generally active much of the year, except in mid-winter in northern areas when the water is frozen. Their primary diet is small 0.5 inches to 1.5 inches long.insects, including mosquitos. They in turn are predated upon by a number of species, including birds, fish, and other frogs. To escape predators, they are capable of leaping up to 6 feet (almost 2 metres) in a single jump and are excellent swimmers. These abilities make them extremely difficult to catch.

Reproduction

Breeding generally occurs from May through July. The males call from emergent vegetation with a high pitched, short, pebble-like call which is repeated at an increasing rate. the sound suggests pebbles being clicked together, much like a cricket, hence the name. One egg is laid at a time and generally attached to a piece of vegetation. The 0.5 inch (14 mm) tadpoles hatch in only a few days and undergo metamorphosis in early fall. Maturity is usually reached in less than a year.

Habitat

Cricket frogs prefer the edges of slow moving, permanent bodies of water. Large groups of them can often be found together along the muddy banks of shallow streams, esp. during premigratory clustering. The Northern cricket frog has been observed to hibernate upland, often at considerable distance from water.

Subspecies

Acris crepitans blanchardi

• Blanchard's Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans blanchardi (Harper, 1947)
• Eastern Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans crepitans (Baird, 1854)
• Coastal Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans paludicola (Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949)

Geographic distribution

• A. c. crepitans - from New York, south to Florida and west along the gulf coast states to Texas.
• A. c. paludicola - southwestern Louisiana to eastern Texas.
• A. c. blanchardii - Michigan and Ohio, south through to most of Texas and Mexico. Has been recorded in Minnesota and Colorado.

Conservation status

Frogs like Acris crepitans are important as an indicator of wetland health and general environmental quality in the areas they inhabit. Blanchard's cricket frogs A. c. blanchardi were once abundant in southern Michigan, but during the late 1970s and early 1980s, many populations in Michigan and the Great Lakes basin have disappeared. Thus, A. c. blanchardi is listed as a species of concern in the state of Michigan.^[2] Acris crepitans is also listed as an endangered species in New York. The largest remaining population of Northern Cricket Frogs in New York State survives at Orange County's Glenmere lake/Black Meadow habitat. Many biologists think these frogs might be impacted by diseases but the bi-monthly treatment of Glenmere's water (unique to this singular Cricket Frog habitat) with the fungicide copper sulfate may be helping this population avoid infection deaths. Cricket frogs are also an endangered species in Minnesota, and Ontario, Canada.

References

1. ^ Hammerson, G., Santos-Barrera, G. & Church, D. (2004). Acris crepitans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 February 2009.
2. ^ Michigan DNR - Blanchard's Cricket Frog

External links

• Animal Diversity Web: Acris crepitans
• USGS: Northern Cricket Frog
• Frogs & Toads of Georgia: Acris crepitans crepitans
• Conant et al. (1998). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-90452-8.
• Martof et al. (1980). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4252-4.
• NYS DEC Northern Cricket Frog Fact Sheet
• New York State's last population of acris crepitans' and the positive effect of continued fungicide treatment of the lake Chytrid theory
• "Acris crepitans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173520. Retrieved 23 February 2009.