Arsenal of Democracy

"The Arsenal of Democracy" is one of the 30 fireside chats broadcast on the radio by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was read on December 29, 1940, during World War II, at a time when Nazi Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain.

Nazi Germany was allied with Italy and Japan (the Axis powers). At the time Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union remained allied under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had jointly invaded Poland in 1939, an alliance that remained until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.

Roosevelt had called Detroit, Michigan as the "great arsenal of democracy" in reference to the rapid transition of much of the Detroit-area automotive industry's conversion to produce weapons during World War II. The speech was "a call to arm and support" the Allies in Europe and to a lesser extent in Asia, in their struggles against totalitarian regimes.

Origins of the phrase

The phrase originated from the American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood, who was quoted in the May 12, 1940 "New York Times" as saying "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies."Gould, Jack (May 12, 1940). The Broadway Stage Has Its First War Play. "The New York Times". Quoting Robert Emmet Sherwood, "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies."] Although the French economist Jean Monnet had used the phrase later in 1940, he was urged not to use it again so Roosevelt could make use of it in his speeches.Robinson, Charles K. (October 13, 1961) [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939230,00.html "Time Magazine"] . Retrieved on June 6, 2008.] Franklin Roosevelt has since been credited with the phrase. [Barnett, Richard. 1983. The Alliance: America, Europe, Japan, Makers of the Postwar World.] After the speech, the city of Detroit, Michigan adopted the phrase as a nickname. Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997). [http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=73&category=locations Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy] "The Detroit News". Retrieved on October 26, 2007.] The phrase was suggested by top Roosevelt advisor Harry Hopkins.Fact|date=July 2008

ynopsis

Much of the ending of the speech attempted to remove a sense of complacency. Roosevelt laid out the situation clearly, and then pointed out the flaws in that argument. He mentioned that "Some of us like to believe that even if Great Britain falls, we are still safe, because of the broad expanse of the Atlantic and of the Pacific." He refuted this saying that modern technology had effectively reduced the distances across those oceans, allowing even for "planes that could fly from the British Isles to New England and back again without refueling."

After establishing the danger, the president then proceeded to request action from the people. He acknowledged a telegram he had received. He refuted its message, which he summarized as "Please, Mr. President, don't frighten us by telling us the facts."The central fact Americans must grasp was, "If Great Britain goes down, the Axis powers will control the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the high seas—and they will be in a position to bring enormous military and naval resources against this hemisphere."

He then continued to describe the situation in Europe, punctuating his remarks with warnings how the Nazis would use the same tactics in the Western Hemisphere, and giving vivid imagery such as "The fate of these nations [occupied by force by the Nazis] tells us what it means to live at the point of a Nazi gun." Roosevelt attacked the British prewar policy of "appeasement," calling it ineffective. Listing prior examples given by European countries, he said it was futile.

The only solution was to assist Britain ("the spearhead of resistance to world conquest") while it was still possible.

While not explicitly pledging to stay out of the war, he stated that "our national policy is not directed toward war," and argued that helping Britain now would save Americans from having to fight. "You can, therefore, nail–nail any talk about sending armies to Europe as deliberate untruth." Europe does "not ask us to do their fighting. They ask us for the implements of war, the planes, the tanks, the guns, the freighters which will enable them to fight for their liberty and for our security. Emphatically we must get these weapons to them, get them to them in sufficient volume and quickly enough, so that we and our children will be saved the agony and suffering of war which others have had to endure."

He urged this to change, all the while stressing that open war would not hurt the country: "the strength of this nation shall not be diluted by the failure of the Government to protect the economic well-being of its citizens." He focused on that theme of "splendid cooperation between the Government and industry and labor" for several paragraphs, cited how American labor will make an impact in the combat zones, and noted how important the manufacture of weapons and vehicles is to being strong as a nation.

He warned against labor disputes, saying, "The nation expects our defense industries to continue operation without interruption by strikes or lockouts. It expects and insists that management and workers will reconcile their differences by voluntary or legal means."

Roosevelt stressed that it was not the American government but the American people who had the power to turn the tide of the war. It is here that he uses the phrase "arsenal of democracy": "We must be the great arsenal of democracy. For us this is an emergency as serious as war itself. We must apply ourselves to our task with the same resolution, the same sense of urgency, the same spirit of patriotism and sacrifice as we would show were we at war." Finally he reassured the American people: "I believe that the Axis powers are not going to win this war."

Impact

The speech reflected the American approach to entry into World War II. It marked the decline of the isolationist and non-interventionist doctrine that had dominated interwar U.S. foreign policy since the United States' involvement in World War I. At the time, while the United States Navy appeared strong and was widely thought to guarantee the Western Hemisphere safe from invasion, but there were only 458,365 non-Coast Guard military personnel on active duty—259,028 in the Army, 160,997 in the Navy, and 28,345 in the Marine Corps. By the next year, that number had nearly quadrupled, with 1,801,101 total military personnel—1,462,315 in the Army, 284,437 in the Navy, and 54,359 in the Marine Corps. [" [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-12.pdf Series Y 904-916: Military Personnel on Active Duty: 1789 to 1970] ." "Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 2" (Bicentennial Edition). September 1975. United States Census Bureau.]

Previous policies such as the Neutrality Acts had already begun to be replaced by intensified assistance to the Allies, including the cash and carry policy in 1939 and Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940. The Lend-Lease program began in March 1941 several months after the Arsenal of Democracy address. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941—less than a year after the Arsenal of Democracy address—the United States entered the war.

Notes

References and further reading

*Cite book|author=Davis, Michael W. R. |title=Detroit's Wartime Industry: Arsenal of Democracy (Images of America)|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|id=ISBN 0738551643
* Kennedy, David M. "Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945" 1999. pp 468-9. ISBN 978-0195144031
* http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrarsenalofdemocracy.html Complete text of speech]