Ammonium metavanadate

Ammonium vanadate
IUPAC name Ammonium trioxovanadate(V)
Other names Ammonium vanadate
Identifiers
CAS number	7803-55-6 Y
ChemSpider	19968892 Y
UNII	FL85PX638G Y
RTECS number	YWD875000
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES [NH4+].O=[V-](=O)=O
InChI InChI=1S/H3N.3O.V/h1H3;;;;/q;;;;-1/p+1 Y Key: UXJVWJGDHIZPLD-UHFFFAOYSA-O Y InChI=1/H3N.3O.V/h1H3;;;;/q;;;;- 1/p+1/rH3N.O3V/c;1-4(2)3/h1H3;/q;-1/p+1 Key: UXJVWJGDHIZPLD-KKTKNITLAZ
Properties
Molecular formula	NH4VO3
Molar mass	116.98 g/mol
Appearance	slightly yellow crystalline solid, hygroscopic
Density	2.326 g/cm3
Melting point	200 °C (473 K)
Boiling point	Decomposes
Solubility in water	0.48 g/100 ml (20°C) 0.84 g/100ml (30°C) 1.32 g/100ml (40°C) 2.42 g/100ml (60°C) 7.0 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in ether, NH4Cl, alcohol soluble in diethanolamine
Hazards
EU Index	Not listed
Main hazards	possible mutagen, dangerous for the environment
NFPA 704	0 4 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
LD50	58.1 mg/kg, oral (rat)
Related compounds
Other anions	Ammonium orthovanadate Ammonium hexavanadate
Other cations	Sodium metavanadate Potassium metavanadate
Related compounds	Vanadium pentoxide
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Ammonium metavanadate, NH₄VO₃, is a yellow crystalline solid which is water soluble inorganic acid that acts as insulin mimic.^[1][2][3] It functions as a catalyst to certain reactions and is known to have toxic effects in certain species.^[2][3][4][5] It has been found in slags and fly ash from coal burning which has been known to cause respiratory problems.^[6] Ammonium metavanadate belongs to the family of vanadates that contains many different oxidative states that are dependent on pH.^[5] Ammonium metavanadate is the most common laboratory vanadate reagent, along with potassium metavanadate, KVO₃.^[1]

Crystal structure

Crystalline ammonium metavanadate contains infinitely long chains of corner-sharing VO₄ tetrahedra.

ball-and-stick model	polyhedral model	[(VO3)n]n− chains

Pharmacology

Many pharmacology studies have been performed to understand the effects of ammonium metavanadate. Studies have been performed on Piearactus mesopotamicus, Wistar rats, bovine, murine, and Samonella typhimurium. In the study of Holmberg, different doses of ammonium metavanadate were tested and examined for growth and metabolism effects on pacu.^[3] The study did not improve the metabolism of as hypothesized but cytotoxicity and reduced growth was noted at high doses.^[3]

Ammonium metavanadate administration in rats has been known to have negative effects on fertility, reproductive performance, and progeny.^[2] Ammonium metavanadate and other vanadium compounds are “known to cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the fetuses especially in the fetal skeleton.”^[2] In a study by Morgan and El-Tawil, the effects of ammonium metavanadate was examined in three groups; control without ammonium metavanadate, treated female rats with untreated males, and untreated female rats with treated males.^[2] It was noted that ammonium metavanadate caused visceral and skeletal anomalies in both treated groups.^[2] In fetuses, visceral anomalies consisted of dilated brain ventricles, dilated nares, olfactory bulb, renal hypoplasia, and other abnormalities.^[2] In fetuses, skeletal anomalies consisted of wide separation of parietal bones, extra ribs, absence of carpal and metacarpal, tarsal and metatarsal bones, and other abnormalities.^[2] Reproductive organs of the treated sex were also shown to be affected and to weigh less than those of untreated rats.^[2] No overall body weight was seen in treated rats.^[2]

A few studies have been done to counteract the toxic effects of ammonium metavanadate. The study by Soussi et al., examined the cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress from indigestion of ammonium metavanadate in Wistar rats and the anti-oxidative effects of Camillia sinensis tea leaves after the administration of ammonium metavanadate.^[5] Camillia sinensis was selected for its “polyphenols which are known to possess antioxidative properties due to their radical scavenging and metal-chelating functions.”^[5] From the analysis of the impact and effects of lipid peroxidation, superoxidismutase, catalase activities, vitamin E, and vitamin A, both oxidative stress properties of ammonium metavanadate and anti-oxidative properties of the Camillia sinensis were supported.^[5]

Ammonium metavanadate has been identified in fly ash from coal combustion which has been known to cause respiratory problems.^[6] A study by Vaddi and Wei, demonstratred the effects of ammonium metavanadate on bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophages.^[6] These macrophages were selected to demonstrate to effect of ammonium metavanadate on the respiratory system’s defense mechanisms. Viability, phagocytosis, and chemiluminesce (with the presence of luminol) of macrophages were examined with the presence of various concentrations, temperatures, and exposure time.^[6] Cytotoxicity was found in high concentrations (0.5-1.0 µl/ml) after 8 hours based on phagocytic activity and viability test.^[6] Low concentrations of ammonium metavanadate (0.01-0.1 µl/ml) were not cytotoxic “even after 24 hour exposure”. ^[6] Cytotoxicity within these macrophages can lead to infection and disease of the respiratory system.

Catalytic activity

Ammonium metavanadate acts as a catalyst for various reactions. It has been identified as a catalyst for “α-hydroxyphosphonate derivatives by the reaction of various aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes with triethylphosphonate derivatives.”^[4] The end product of these reactions, hydroxyphosphonates, are important because they “act as an inhibitor of a diverse group of enzymes including Renin, FPTase, HIV protease, and EPSP synthase” and “show antibacterial activity with the quinoline nucleus.”^[4] Ammonium metavanadate is environmentally friendly compared to past organic solvents used as catalysts in these and similar reactions.^[4] In the study of Sonar et al., ammonium metavanadate assisted the reaction of triethyl phosphate with 2-chlororquinoline-3-carbaldehyde to produce the α-hydroxyphosphosphonates.^[4] It was determined to produce a high yield of 94% with a much shorter reaction time of 5 minutes compared to both its organic solvents and organic solvent free counterparts.^[4]

Metallurgy

Ammonium metavanadate has been mixed with basic copper carbonate to make a new compound with better catalytic activity than the two separate compounds.^[7] In the study by Shaheen and Maksod, catalytic activity of different molar ratios of ammonium metavanadate in comparison with the two original compounds was examined at different calcinations temperatures.^[7] Crystalline structures and composition of compounds at certain temperatures were identified by X-ray diffraction and Differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves. ^[7] Catalytic activity was measured “using hydrogen peroxide decomposition at 30, 40, and 50°C” for pure and mixed compounds.^[7] Pure ammonium metavanadate and basic copper carbonate exhibited very small catalytic activity at 300 and 500°C.^[7] Catalytic activity of the mixed molar ratios increased with the increase of ammonium metavanadate.^[7] No catalytic activity occurred at 750 and 1000° C for either pure or mixed.^[7] Shaheen and Maksod, believed that the incr ease in catalytic activity was due to “the increase in the concentration of active sites by creation of new ion pairs… as a result of mutual charge interaction” and no catalytic activity of 750 and 1000°C was due to “restrict ion of catalytically active constituents by the formation of copper vanadate compounds”.^[7] Monitoring of activation energy provided evidence that “the addition of increasing amounts of vanadium oxide resulted in a measurable decrease in” activation energy.^[7] The ESR spectra data from this study suggests that the catalytic activity is based on “the concept of bivalent catalytic centers.”^[7]

Sensor

Ammonium metavanadate has the ability to act as a sensor for N-Acetyltransferase activity in humans hepatocytes through the analysis of urine after the administration of isoniazide and ammonium metavanadate.^[8] N-Acetyltransferase is important because it acts as an important enzyme of drug metabolism.^[8] NH₄VO₃, forms a ligand complex with isoniazide and ligand formation happens at nitrogen and oxygen with V(V) as the metal.^[8] The interaction is dependent on the pH and the amount of AMV present.^[8] Higher acidity causes absorption intensity and the higher the concentration of complex formation.^[8] Lower pH decreases the content of VO²⁺ in solution and increases content of dioxohydroxovanadium(V) anion (VO₂OH) and hexadecaoxohexavanadate(V) anion (V₆O₁₆^2-).^[8] This causes the complex formation to be more complete.^[8]

Reference

1. ^ ^{a b} Vladimír Syneček and František Hanic (1954). "The crystal structure of ammonium metavanadate". Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 4 (2): 120–129. doi:10.1007/BF01687750. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Morgan, Ashraf M; Osama S. El-Tawil (2003). "Effects of ammonium metavanadate on fertility and reproductive performance of adult male and female rats". Pharmacological Research 47 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00241-4. PMID 12526865. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Takahashi, Leonardo Susumu; Ana Paula Baldan, Elisabeth Crisuolo (2006). "Growth performance and energetic metabolism of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), fed diets supplemented with ammonium metavanadate". Aquaculture Research 37 (13): 1372–1377. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01577.x. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Sonar, Swapnil S.; Amol H. Kategaonkar, Madhav N. Ware, Charansingh H. Gill, Bapurao B. Shingate, and Murlidhar S. Shingare (2009). "Ammonium metavanadate: an effective catalyst for synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphonates". Arkivoc 2: 138–148. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Soussi, Ahlem; Francoise Croute, Jean-Pierre Soleihavoup, Abdelaziz, Abdelfattah El-Feki (2006). "Impact of green tea on oxidative stress induced by ammonium metavanadate exposure in male rats". Comptes rendus biologies: 775–84. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Vaddi, Krishna; Cheng-i Wei (1996). "Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health: 4190425. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Shaheen, W.M.; Maksod Abd El and Hamdy Islam (2009). "Thermal characterization of individual and mixed basic copper carbonate and ammonium metavanadate systems". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 476: 366–372. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.08.053. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Garmonov, S. Yu; N. S. Shilova, A. V. Yakoleva and R. A. Yusupov (2008). "Indirect determination of N-acetyltransferase activity using ammonium metavanadate for evaluating isoniazide excretion with human urine". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal: 488–492. 

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