No. 450 Squadron RAAF

No. 450 Squadron
North Africa, c. 1943. A Curtiss (P-40) Kittyhawk fighter-bomber belonging to 450 Squadron, loaded with six 250 lb (110 kg) bombs.
Active	16 February 1941 – 20 August 1945
Country	Australia
Branch	Royal Australian Air Force
Role	Fighter squadron
Part of	Desert Air Force
Nickname	"The Desert Harassers" [1]
Motto	Harass [1][2]
Battle honours	Syria, 1941 South-East Europe, 1942–1945 Egypt & Libya, 1940–1943 El Alamein El Hamma North Africa, 1942–1943 Sicily, 1943 Italy, 1943–1945 Gustav Line Gothic Line
Commanders
Commanding Officers	Bruce McRae Shepherd (1941), Gordon Henry Steege (1941 – May 1942), Alan Douglas Ferguson (May 1942 – October 1942), John Edwin Ashley Williams (October 1942 – November 1942), M. H. C. Barber (November 1942 – March 1943), John Phillip Bartle (March 1943 – November 1943), Sydney George Welshman (November 1943 – December 1943), Kenneth Royce Sands (December 1943 – April 1944), Ray Trevor Hudson (April 1944 – June 1944), John Dennis Gleeson (June 1944 – October 1944), Jack Carlisle Doyle (October 1944 – August 1945)
Insignia
Squadron badge heraldry	A jaguar's head couped, pierced by a rapier in hand.[1][2]
Squadron codes	DJ (Dec 1941 – Apr 1942)[3] OK (Dec 1941 – Aug 1945)[4][5]
Aircraft flown
Fighter	Hawker Hurricane Curtiss Kittyhawk North American Mustang

No. 450 Squadron (450 Sqn) was a unit of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during World War II. It was the second RAAF Article XV squadron formed for service with the British military, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. During its existence, 450 Sqn included personnel from several different British Commonwealth countries and/or air forces. The squadron's motto, "Harass", and its nickname, "The Desert Harassers", were derived from a comment by the Nazi propaganda broadcaster "Lord Haw Haw", who described the unit as "Australian mercenaries whose harassing tactics were easily beaten off by the Luftwaffe."^[6]

History

The squadron officially came into existence at RAAF Williamtown, near Newcastle, NSW, on 16 February 1941, four days after No. 451 Squadron. Both units were intended to be so-called "infiltration" squadrons, which would consist initially only of ground crew and would receive a nucleus of experienced pilots after arriving in their designated theatre of operations.^[7]

Middle East and North Africa

450 Sqn arrived in Egypt in May 1941. At RAF Abu Sueir, it was combined with the pilots and Hawker Hurricanes of No. 260 Squadron RAF, to form an operational squadron. The combined unit operated from RAF Aqir and at RAF Haifa, both of which were in Palestine, during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign. Its first operation was on 29 June 1941, when the Hurricanes attacked the Vichy French airfield at Baalbek.

In August 1941, 450 Sqn personnel were separated from 260 Sqn, when the latter received its own ground crew. 450 Sqn moved to Rayak airfield, Lebanon, where it was allocated Hawker Hurricanes and Miles Magister trainers. However, the squadron still lacked pilots and the aircraft were re-allocated two weeks later. In October, the squadron moved to Burg El Arab, Egypt and began operating as an advanced repair, salvage and service unit, taking part in the North African Campaign.

By December, the squadron was receiving pilots and on 18 December 1941, it began taking delivery of Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk fighters. 450 Sqn commenced operations from RAF Gambut on 20 February 1942, with an uneventful patrol. Two days later Sgt R. Shaw became the first pilot from the squadron to claim an aerial victory, after he was scrambled and intercepted a Junkers Ju 88 bomber, at an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,100 m), south east of Gazala.^[7] The squadron then remained active for most of the war, generally alongside No. 3 Squadron RAAF and No. 112 Squadron RAF in No. 239 Wing, Desert Air Force (DAF; later known as the First Tactical Air Force).

The squadron's main roles—escorting daylight raids by Douglas Boston bombers, and ground attack missions in support of the Eighth Army—were hazardous and resulted in relatively heavy losses. Nevertheless, between February 1942 and May 1943, 450 Sqn pilots claimed 49 German and Italian aircraft destroyed in air combat, for the loss of 28 Kittyhawks.^[8]

From 26 May, all Kittyhawk units operated primarily as fighter-bomber units.^[9]

Kittyhawks from No. 450 Squadron, in North Africa during August 1942.

Along with the rest of the DAF, 450 Sqn played a significant role in the decisive Second Battle of El Alamein, during October and November 1942, attacking enemy airfields in the RAF El Daba area. By this time the DAF Kittyhawks were using two or three US-supplied 500 lb (230 kg) bombs, rather than the two to six 250 lb (110 kg) bombs previously carried, increasing the impact of their raids.^[7] However, one of the unit's aces, Squadron Leader John "Willy" Williams, who had five victories, was shot down and taken prisoner on 31 October 1942, three days after he had been appointed Commanding Officer.^[10]

During this period DAF squadrons moved many times, depending on the rapidly changing front lines of the Allied and Axis armies. Ground crews "leapfrogged" ahead, to prepare for the aircraft. 450 Sqn moved six times during two weeks in November.^[7] The DAF squadrons found themselves using captured or hastily-constructed airfields, and several personnel were killed or wounded, by land mines.^[11] Booby traps presented similar problems.

In late 1942 and early 1943, 450 Sqn took part in the Tunisian Campaign, which included air operations as far west as Algeria, during Operation Pugilist. At this time, with Axis operations in Africa winding down, the squadron encountered far fewer enemy fighters and more transport aircraft (especially Junkers Ju 52s) and ships, evacuating troops to Sicily.

Europe

450 Sqn and the other DAF fighter squadrons played a significant ground attack role in the Allied invasion of Sicily, during July–August 1943. Using RAF Luqa, Malta as a staging post, they operated in a light interdiction role, carrying two 250 lb (110 kg) bombs, to attack Axis road vehicles.

Following the Allied victory in Sicily, 450 Sqn and 3 Sqn were based on the island, at Agnone, near Augusta. On the night of 11 August, the airfield was attacked by Ju 88 bombers, dropping incendiary, anti-personnel and high explosive bombs, for more than an hour.^[12] Because the personnel camp had been placed some distance from the operations facilities, only one person was wounded. However, 18 RAAF Kittyhawks were destroyed, including 11 belonging to 450 Sqn. Despite this, the two RAAF squadrons mounted 22 sorties the following day.

During the subsequent campaign on the Italian mainland, which commenced on 17 September 1943, the squadron continued its close air support role. In December, the squadron moved to Cutella, near Termoli, on the central Adriatic coast of Italy. There it encountered problems with severe winter weather restricting operations. In addition, Cutella airfield was located close to the beach; heavy rains caused a storm surge on 1 January 1944, and the airfield became covered with seawater, which damaged some aircraft.^[13]

Meanwhile, Willy Williams and another prisoner of war from 450 Sqn, Flight Lieutenant Reginald (Reg) Kierath, were among the Allied POWs at Stalag Luft III, in eastern Germany. In March 1944, both took part in "The Great Escape" and were among 50 POWs murdered by the Gestapo, after being recaptured.^[14] Williams, who was 27 years old and from Sydney, was officially an RAF officer, as he had joined the British service under a Short Service Commission, in 1938.^[14][15] Kierath, who was 29 and from Narromine, New South Wales, was an RAAF officer.^[16]

On 29 April 1944, several USAAF P-47 Thunderbolt pilots mistook Cutella for an Axis airfield and strafed it.^[17] 450 Sqn suffered no fatalities or aircraft destroyed, but the pilot of a float plane belonging to an air sea rescue unit was killed, some ground personnel were wounded, a Kittyhawk belong to 3 Sqn was destroyed and several others were damaged. 450 Squadron later operated at a variety of airfields in central and northern Italy, operating under the "Cab Rank" system, whereby patrolling fighter-bombers would attack as requested by army air liaison officers. 450 Sqn also took part in the major offensive against the Gothic Line, in August–September 1944. From November, the squadron's targets included German forces in Yugoslavia.

On 21 March 1945, the squadron took part in Operation Bowler, a major air raid on Venice harbour. The attack resulted in the sinking of two merchant ships, the destruction of five warehouses and other harbour infrastructure. In mid-1945, the squadron became the second RAAF unit, after 3 Sqn, to receive North American Mustangs, albeit too late to see action during the war. 450 Sqn was disbanded on 20 August 1945 at Lavariano few miles South of Udine in North Eastern Italy.

During the war, the squadron had 63 personnel killed in action, of whom 49 were Australian.

Aircraft operated

data from^[18][19][20]

From	To	Aircraft	Version
May 1941	December 1941	Hawker Hurricane	Mk.I
December 1941	September 1942	Curtiss Kittyhawk	Mk.I
1942	September 1942	Curtiss Kittyhawk	Mk.Ia
September 1942	October 1943	Curtiss Kittyhawk	Mk.III
October 1943	August 1945	Curtiss Kittyhawk	Mk.IV
May 1945	August 1945	North American Mustang	Mk.III

Squadron bases

Bases and airfields used by no. 450 Squadron RAAF, data from^[18][20][21]

From	To	Base	Remark
16 February 1941	9 April 1941	RAAF Williamtown, New South Wales
9 April 1941	12 May 1941	en route to Middle East
12 May 1941	23 June 1941	RAF Abu Sueir, Egypt
23 June 1941	29 June 1941	RAF Aqir, Palestine
29 June 1941	11 July 1941	RAF Amman, Jordan
11 July 1941	18 July 1941	Damascus, Syria
18 July 1941	4 August 1941	RAF Haifa, Palestine
4 August 1941	19 August 1941	RAF El Bassa, Palestine
19 August 1941	25 October 1941	Rayak airfield, Lebanon
25 October 1941	12 December 1941	RAF Burg El Arab, Egypt
12 December 1941	30 January 1942	LG.207/LG 'Y' (Qassassin), Egypt
30 January 1942	16 February 1942	LG.12 (Sidi Haneish North), Egypt
16 February 1942	22 February 1942	LG.139/Gambut Main, Libya	Det. at RAF El Adem, Libya
22 February 1942	9 March 1942	LG.142\143/Gambut Satellite, Libya
9 March 1942	16 April 1942	LG.139/Gambut Main, Libya
16 April 1942	17 June 1942	LG.142\143/Gambut Satellite, Libya
17 June 1942	18 June 1942	Lg.148/Sidi Azeiz Airfield, Libya
18 June 1942	24 June 1942	LG.75, Egypt
24 June 1942	27 June 1942	LG.102, Egypt
27 June 1942	30 June 1942	LG.106, Egypt
30 June 1942	2 October 1942	LG.91, Egypt
2 October 1942	14 October 1942	LG.224/Cairo West, Egypt
14 October 1942	6 November 1942	LG.175, Egypt
6 November 1942	9 November 1942	LG.106, Egypt
9 November 1942	11 November 1942	LG.101, Egypt
11 November 1942	14 November 1942	LG.76, Egypt
14 November 1942	15 November 1942	LG.139/Gambut 1, Libya
15 November 1942	19 November 1942	Gazala Airfield, Libya
19 November 1942	8 December 1942	Martuba Airfield, Libya	Det. at Antelat Airfield, Libya
8 December 1942	18 December 1942	Belandah Airfield, Libya
18 December 1942	1 January 1943	Marble Arch Airfield, Libya
1 January 1943	9 January 1943	Alem el Chel Airfield, Libya
9 January 1943	18 January 1943	Hamraiet 3 Airfield, Libya
18 January 1943	24 January 1943	Sedadah Airfield, Libya
24 January 1943	14 February 1943	RAF Castel Benito, Libya
14 February 1943	8 March 1943	El Assa Airfield, Libya	Det. at Ben Gardane Airfield, Tunisia
8 March 1943	21 March 1943	Nefatia Airfield, Tunisia
21 March 1943	6 April 1943	Medenine Airfield, Tunisia
6 April 1943	14 April 1943	El Hamma Airfield, Tunisia
14 April 1943	18 April 1943	El Djem Airfield, Tunisia
18 April 1943	18 May 1943	Alem East Airfield, Tunisia
18 May 1943	13 July 1943	Zuwara Airfield, Libya
13 July 1943	18 July 1943	RAF Luqa, Malta
18 July 1943	2 August 1943	Pachino Airfield, Sicily, Italy
2 August 1943	16 September 1943	Agnone Airfield, Sicily, Italy
16 September 1943	23 September 1943	Grottaglie Airfield, Italy
23 September 1943	3 October 1943	Bari Airfield, Italy
3 October 1943	27 October 1943	Foggia Main Airfield, Italy
27 October 1943	28 December 1943	Mileni Airfield, Italy
28 December 1943	22 May 1944	Cutella Airfield, Italy
22 May 1944	12 June 1944	San Angelo Airfield, Italy
12 June 1944	23 June 1944	Guidonia Airfield, Italy
23 June 1944	9 July 1944	Falerium Airfield, Italy
9 July 1944	28 August 1944	Creti Airfield, Italy
28 August 1944	11 September 1944	Iesi Airfield, Italy
11 September 1944	20 September 1944	Foiano Airfield, Italy
20 September 1944	17 November 1944	Iesi Airfield, Italy
17 November 1944	25 February 1945	Fano Airfield, Italy
25 February 1945	19 May 1945	Cervia Airfield, Italy
19 May 1945	20 August 1945	Lavariano, Italy

Commanding officers

Officers commanding no. 450 Squadron RAAF, data from^[6][18]

From	To	Name
25 March 1941	31 May 1941	Flight Lieutenant Bruce McRae Shepherd
31 May 1941	23 April 1942	Squadron Leader Gordon Henry Steege, DFC
23 April 1942	28 October 1942	Squadron Leader Alan Douglas Ferguson
28 October 1942	2 November 1942	Squadron Leader John Edwin Ashley Williams, DFC
2 November 1942	14 March 1943	Squadron Leader M. H. C. Barber, DFC
14 March 1943	31 October 1943	Squadron Leader John Phillip Bartle
31 October 1943	1 December 1943 (KIA)	Squadron Leader Sydney George Welshman, DFM
6 December 1943	7 April 1944	Squadron Leader Kenneth Royce Sands
7 April 1944	14 June 1944	Squadron Leader Ray Trevor Hudson, DFC
14 June 1944	26 October 1944	Squadron Leader John Dennis Gleeson
26 October 1944	20 August 1945	Squadron Leader Jack Carlisle Doyle, DFC & Bar

See also

• RAAF units under RAF operational control

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Rawlings 1978, p. 441.
2. ^ ^{a b} Halley 1988, p. 473.
3. ^ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 68.
4. ^ Bowyer and Rawlings 1979, p. 80.
5. ^ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 95.
6. ^ ^{a b} Australian War Memorial, "450 Squadron RAAF"
7. ^ ^{a b c d} The 450 Squadron RAAF Association Incorporated, 2008, "450 Squadron Royal Australian Airforce"
8. ^ Brown 1983, p. 259.
9. ^ Brown 1983, pp. 257–258.
10. ^ Australian War Memorial, 2008, "40652 Squadron Leader John Edwin Ashley Williams, DFC". Retrieved on 6 February 2008.
11. ^ RAAF Museum Point Cook: No 450 Squadron
12. ^ Wilson 2005, pp. 100–101.
13. ^ Herington 1963, p. 70.
14. ^ ^{a b} David Edlington, "The great crime: Aussies among murder victims" (Air Force News, vol. 46, no. 5 April 8, 2004). Retrieved on 6 February 2008.
15. ^ London Gazette: no. 34501. p. 2458. 12 April 1938. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
16. ^ ww2roll.gov.au, 2008, "KIERATH, REGINALD VICTOR". Retrieved on 6 February 2008.
17. ^ George Duncan, 2008, "More Lesser-Known Facts of World War II". Retrieved on 15 February 2008.
18. ^ ^{a b c} Rawlings 1978, p. 442.
19. ^ Halley 1988, p. 474.
20. ^ ^{a b} Jefford 2001, p. 94.
21. ^ Halley 1988, pp. 473–474.

Bibliography

• Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
• Brown, Russell. Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943. Maryborough, Australia: Banner Books, 1983. ISBN 1-875-59322-5.
• Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
• Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
• Herington, John. Second World War: Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1963.
• Herington, John. Second World War: Volume IV – Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1963.
• Jefford, Wing Commander C.G., MBE, BA, RAF(Retd.). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
• Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
• Wilson, David. Brotherhood of Airmen: The Men and Women of the RAAF in Action. Crows Nest NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2005. ISBN 1-741-14333-0.

External links

• The 450 Squadron RAAF Association Incorporated, 2008, "450 Squadron Royal Australian Airforce"
• Australian War Memorial, "450 Squadron RAAF"
• John Herington, 1954, Second World War Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943 (1st edition) (RAAF official history)
• John Herington, 1963, Second World War: Volume IV – Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945 (1st edition) (RAAF official history)
• RAAF Museum, 2007, "No 450 Squadron"
• RAAF Museum Point Cook: No 450 Squadron