Larrys Creek

Geobox | River
name = Larrys Creek
category = Creek


image_size = 300
image_caption = Larrys Creek and the Cogan House Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township, Pennsylvania
etymology = Larry Burt, first settler
country = United States
country_

state = Pennsylvania
district_type = County
district = Lycoming
source = near the hamlet of Steam Valley
source_location = Cogan House Township
source_region = Lycoming County
source_state = Pennsylvania
source_elevation_imperial = 1740
source_elevation_note = cite book | last = Shaw | first = Lewis C. | others = Prepared in Cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey | title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II (Water Resources Bulletin No. 16) | month = June | year = 1984 | edition = 1st Edition | publisher = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources | location = Harrisburg, PA (no ISBN)]
source_length_imperial =
source_lat_d = 41
source_lat_m = 27
source_lat_s = 13
source_lat_NS = N
source_long_d = 77
source_long_m = 08
source_long_s = 12
source_long_EW = W
source_coordinates_note = cite web | work = Geographic Names Information System | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = August 2, 1979 | url =Gnis3|1198998 | title = Larrys Creek | accessdate =2006-07-26]
mouth_name = West Branch Susquehanna River
mouth_location = Piatt Township
mouth_district =
mouth_region = Lycoming County
mouth_state = Pennsylvania
mouth_country =
mouth_note = cite map | publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division | url= ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.pdf | title= 2007 General Highway Map Lycoming County Pennsylvania | format = PDF |scale = 1:65,000| accessdate= 2007-12-21 ]
mouth_lat_d = 41
mouth_lat_m = 13
mouth_lat_s = 00
mouth_lat_NS = N
mouth_long_d = 77
mouth_long_m = 13
mouth_long_s = 13
mouth_long_EW = W
mouth_coordinates_note =
mouth_elevation_imperial = 515
mouth_elevation_note =
length_imperial = 22.9
length_round = 1
length_note =
watershed_imperial = 89.1
watershed_round = 1
watershed_note = cite web | url = http://www.chesapeakebay.net/wspv31/(3fwefm55tzka3q45qloiyxbu)/WspAbout.aspx?basno=180&topic=5 | title = Chesapeake Bay Program: Watershed Profiles: The Larrys Creek - At Larrys Creek Watershed | publisher = Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 10 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD 21403 | accessdate = 2006-03-17 ]
discharge_location = Mouth
discharge_round = 2
discharge_imperial = 66.0
discharge_note = cite web | url = http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/qwdata?site_no=01549790&agency_cd=USGS&begin_date=&end_date=&format=html_table&inventory_output=0&rdb_inventory_output=file&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&qw_sample_wide=0&submitted_form=brief_list | title = Water Quality Samples for the Nation, USGS 01549790 Larrys Creek at Larrys Creek, PA | accessdate = 2006-12-13 | author = United States Geological Survey | authorlink = United States Geological Survey | work = Charts, Graphs ]
discharge_max_imperial = 114
discharge_min_imperial = 8.8
discharge1_location = Cogan House
discharge1_imperial = 10.8
discharge1_note =


map_size = 300
map_caption = Map showing Larrys Creek, its major tributaries and watershed
map1 = Pennsylvania Locator Map.png map1_size = 300
map1_caption = Location of the Mouth of Larrys Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
map1_locator = Pennsylvania
commons = Larrys Creek Larrys Creek is a 22.9 mile (36.9 km) long tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, its watershed drains 89.1 square miles (230.8 km²) in six townships and a borough. The creek flows south from the dissected Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians through sandstone, limestone, and shale from the Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

The valley's first recorded inhabitants were the Susquehannocks, followed by the Lenape and other tribes.cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: including its aboriginal history; the colonial and revolutionary periods; early settlement and subsequent growth; organization and civil administration; the legal and medical professions; internal improvement; past and present history of Williamsport; manufacturing and lumber interests; religious, educational, and social development; geology and agriculture; military record; sketches of boroughs, townships, and villages; portraits and biographies of pioneers and representative citizens, etc. etc."
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter I. Aboriginal Occupation.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-01.html "Note:" ISBN refers to the Heritage Books July 1996 reprint. URL is to a scan of the 1892 version with some OCR typos.] The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek near its mouth, where Larry Burt, the first Euro-American settler and the man who gave the creek its present name, also lived by 1769. In the 19th century, the creek and its watershed were a center for logging and related industries, including 53 sawmills, grist mills, leather tanneries, coal and iron mines. A 1903 newspaper article claimed "No other stream in the country had so many mills in so small a territory".cite news
title = Lumbering on Historic Stream: A Newberry man tells of mills on Larry's Creek: Within a distance of twenty-two miles there were fifty-three mills - The names of the owners and builders - No other stream in the country had so many mills in so small a territory - Only two of them are now standing
publisher = Gazette and Bulletin (Williamsport, Pennsylvania)
page = 5
date = May 29, 1903
accessdate = 2006-08-23] For transportation, a plank road ran along much of the creek for decades, and two "paper railroads" were planned, but never built.

As of 2006, the Larrys Creek watershed is 83.1% forest and 15.7% agricultural (a reforestation of land clear-cut in the 19th century). Nearly 9,000 acres (36 km²) of second-growth forest are protected public and private land for hunting and trout fishing, with more land protected in parts of Tiadaghton State Forest. Pollution from past industrial use is gone and Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run" for canoeing.cite book
last= Gertler
first= Edward
title= Keystone Canoeing: A Guide to Canoeable Waters of Eastern Pennsylvania
year= 1985
edition= 1st Edition
publisher= Seneca Press
location= Silver Spring, Maryland
id= ISBN 0-9605908-2-X
pages= pp. 303-304] Despite agricultural runoff and small amounts of acid mine drainage, water quality is quite good, and a water filtration plant on Larrys Creek supplies over 2500 customers.cite news
url= http://www.lyco.org/dotnetnuke/Home/PressReleases/FederalGrantForWaterProject/tabid/170/Default.aspx
title= Peterson Announces $434,000 Federal Grant For Water Project In Lycoming County
publisher= County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania
date= 2004-10-21
accessdate= 2008-02-20]

Name

Larrys Creek is named for Larry Burt, the first European settler in the area, who lived near the mouth of the creek outside what is now the hamlet of Larrys Creek in Piatt Township. He traded with the indigenous peoples, and, according to a tradition reported by Meginness (1892), he had a Native American wife.cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ...
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter II. Appearance of the Painted Savage.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-02.html ] Larry Burt was already there when surveyors came through in 1769 (after the land was purchased by the colonial government of Pennsylvania on November 5, 1768 as part of the "New Purchase" in the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix), but disappeared sometime soon after, perhaps moving west with the Native Americans who left the area.

Larrys Creek is the only major creek in Lycoming County for which a Native American name is unknown.cite web
url = http://www.srbc.net/pubinfo/docs/IndianNamesDataChart.PDF
title = Native American Waterbody and Place Names
accessdate = 2007-12-21
format = PDF
publisher = Susquehanna River Basin Commission] As of 2006, it is the only stream named "Larrys Creek" on USGS maps of the United States and in the USGS Geographic Names Information System. The possessive apostrophe is not part of the official name of the creek, although records from the 19th century often spell it as "Larry's Creek" (as do today).

Today the creek has given its name to the hamlet at its mouth, as well as the village of "Larryville" further upstream. Before it became a borough, Salladasburg was also known as "Larrys Creek" (from the name of its post office). The "First Fork" and "Second Fork" of Larrys Creek are named in the order in which they are encountered traveling upstream, with "Fork" here denoting a major tributary. "Lawshe Run", the major tributary of the Second Fork, is named for Robert Lawshe, who established a tannery in Salladasburg in 1848.cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ...
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter XXXIII. Borough of Salladasburg.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-33.html ] "Seeley Run", a minor tributary entering the creek at Larryville, is named for Mr. Seely, who built the first sawmill on Larrys Creek in 1796. While the USGS uses "Seeley Run", it is still "Seely Run Road" that follows the stream. The First Fork, Canoe Run, Joes Run, and Wolf Run also have roads named for them.

Course

Larrys Creek is the only major watershed in Lycoming County entirely within the county. Measured directly, Lycoming County is about 130 miles (209 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles (266 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh.cite web
last = Michels
first = Chris
year = 1997
url = http://www2.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html
title = Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation
publisher = Northern Arizona University
accessdate = 2006-03-17] It is 53.0 miles (85.3 km) from the mouth of Larrys Creek along the West Branch Susquehanna River to its confluence with the Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania.cite book
last = Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
coauthors = Bureau of Watershed Management, Division of Water Use Planning
others = Prepared in Cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey
title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams
url = http://www.lycoming.edu/biologydept/petokas/pa%20gazzetter%20of%20streams.pdf
accessdate = 2008-02-19
format = PDF
year = 2001] The source of Larrys Creek is in northern Lycoming County in Cogan House Township, just south of the hamlet of Steam Valley, at an elevation of 1,740 feet (530 m)cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ...
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter XLVII. Jackson and Cogan House.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-47.html ] cite news
author= USGS
url= http://www.topoquest.com/map.asp?z=18&n=4591098&e=321717&size=s&u=6&datum=nad83&layer=DRG25
title= United States Geological Survey Topographic Map, White Pine Quad
publisher= www.topoquest.com
accessdate= 2008-07-08] It flows west-southwest through the village of Cogan House, and then under the Cogan House Covered Bridge.

The creek next heads due south through Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 114. There it runs for about 3 miles (5 km) with only a trail or unimproved road beside it.cite web | publisher = Pennsylvania Game Commission | url= http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/counties/maps/114.pdf | title= State Game Lands 114, Lycoming County | month = August | year = 1996| format = PDF |work = Map |accessdate= 2007-09-21] It passes through Mifflin Township for a short distance and heads southeast into Anthony Township, where it leaves the State Game Lands and passes a water filtration plant (there is a dam convert|8.5|ft tall and convert|52.5|ft wide here). [cite web | url= http://www.fish.state.pa.us/rrdam.htm |title = Run of the River Dams |publisher = Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission | accessdate = 2008-05-23] Further south, it receives Roaring Run (on the ). Roaring Run receives the only acid mine drainage in the watershed and enters Larrys Creek 10.4 miles (16.7 km) from the mouth.

Larrys Creek then heads southwest back into Mifflin Township, where it passes through the borough of Salladasburg, with Pennsylvania Route 973 running parallel to the creek from the township line to the borough. At Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives its major tributary, the Second Fork of Larrys Creek, on the 5.8 miles (9.3 km) from the mouth.

The Second Fork rises in Cogan House Township near the village of White Pine and runs south through the village of Brookside, then a few miles through Cummings Township, and last through Mifflin Township and Salladasburg. Lawshe Run is its major tributary. Pennsylvania Route 287 runs parallel to the Second Fork its whole length, and continues parallel to Larrys Creek from Salladasburg south to its terminus on U.S. Route 220 (near the creek's mouth).

Just south of Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives the First Fork of Larrys Creek, 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from the mouth. The First Fork has its source in Cummings Township and flows south-southeast into Mifflin Township. 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from its mouth Larrys Creek receives Canoe Run. Both these tributaries enter on the right bank.

Larrys Creek then enters Piatt Township, flowing east around a ridge and through the village of Larryville where it receives Seeley Run on the left bank, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the mouth. It next flows back southwest, then south to the hamlet of Larrys Creek and finally into the West Branch Susquehanna River, 2.6 miles (4.2 km) east of the borough of Jersey Shore, at an elevation of 515 feet (157 m).cite news
author= USGS
url= http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=41.21667&lon=-77.22056
title= United States Geological Survey Topographic Map, Linden Quad
publisher= www.topozone.com
accessdate= 2006-03-17] U.S. Route 220 and the Lycoming Valley Railroad cross the creek on separate bridges just north of its mouth. The direct distance between the source and mouth is only 16.9 miles (27.2 km). The difference in elevation between source and mouth, 1,225 feet (373 m), divided by the length of the creek, 22.9 miles (36.9 km), gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 53.5 feet per mile (10.1 m/km). The meander ratio is 1.08, so the creek is fairly straight in its bed.

Discharge

From 1960 to 1979, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operated one stream gauge on Larrys Creek at the village of Cogan House, for the uppermost 6.8 square miles (17.6 km²) of the watershed. The mean discharge measured at this site from 1961 to 1978 was 10.8 cubic feet per second (0.306 m³/s), with a peak discharge of 1,130 cubic feet per second (32.0 m³/s) and peak gauge height of 5.29 feet (1.61 m), both on June 22, 1972 during Hurricane Agnes.cite web | url = http://waterdata.usgs.gov/pa/nwis/inventory/?site_no=01549780& | title = USGS 01549780 Larrys Creek at Cogan House, PA | accessdate = 2006-12-13 | author = United States Geological Survey | authorlink = United States Geological Survey | work = Charts, Graphs, Map] The USGS also estimated mean monthly and annual groundwater recharge at the Cogan House stream gauge. Using data from 1961 to 1977, the upper and lower annual recharge estimates were 18.1 to 14.5 inches (46.0 to 36.8 cm), and the greatest monthly recharge was in March, with 20.1% of the annual total.cite web
url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/recharge/station_graphs/01549780_graphs.html
title = Water Resources of Pennsylvania: Estimates of Mean-Monthly & Annual Ground-Water Recharge, Larrys Creek at Cogan House: 01549780
accessdate = 2006-07-26
author = United States Geological Survey
authorlink = United States Geological Survey
work = Charts, Graphs, Maps]

The USGS also measured discharge at the village of Larrys Creek, very near the creek's mouth, as part of water quality measurements on seven occasions between 1970 and 1975. The average discharge was 66.0 cubic feet per second (1.87 m³/s), and ranged from a high of 114 cubic feet per second (3.23 m³/s) to a low of 8.8 cubic feet per second (0.25 m³/s). Lycoming County operates a stream gauge at Salladasburg as part of the county-wide flood warning system. It only measures the water height (not discharge) and had a peak gauge height of 8.0 feet (2.4 m), on September 18, 2004 during Hurricane Ivan. [cite web
url = http://www.lyco.org/dotnetnuke/Home/FloodReadyHome/CountyWatershedsStreamGaugeSites/LarrysCreek/SalladasburgStreamGauge/tabid/432/Default.aspx
title = County Stream Gauge Details, Watershed: Larrys Creek, Gage Site: Salladasburg, Stream Gage 5053
accessdate = 2008-02-20
publisher = County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania
work = Real Time Graph, Chart]

Geology

Larrys Creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, with the source in the dissected Allegheny Plateau and the mouth in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The southern part of the Larrys Creek watershed has sedimentary surface rocks from the Devonian period, with a large area from the Mississippian period in the north of the watershed and a small Pennsylvanian period region within this area.cite web
url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map7.pdf
title = Geologic Map of Pennsylvania
accessdate = 2006-07-24
author = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey
authorlink = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
format = PDF
work = Map] The Cogan House anticline runs north of and parallel to the upper part of the creek.For detailed information on the geology of the Larrys Creek watershed, see the following quadrangle maps: "Linden", "Salladasburg", [http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map61/troutrun.pdf "Trout Run"] , "Waterville", and [http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map61/whitepine.pdf "White Pine"] , in cite web| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map61/map61intro.pdf | title = Atlas of Preliminary Geologic Quadrangle Maps of Pennsylvania | accessdate = 2007-10-15 | author = Thomas M. Berg and Christine M. Dodge |publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey | year = 1981 | format = PDF] Iron ore within the watershed was mined south of Salladasburg and along Canoe Run in the 19th century; there are also deposits on Puterbaugh Mountain.cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ...
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter XLV. Mifflin, Porter, Watson, and Piatt.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-45.html ]

Larrys Creek is in a narrow valley formed by mountains and hills, with steep to moderate slopes. The channel pattern is regular, with a dendritic drainage pattern. After leaving its source, the creek turns to flow southwest along the northern edge of Green Mountain, turns south into the State Game Lands at Buckhorn Mountain, and flows south along the western edge of Coal Mountain. The only named peak on the west bank of Larrys Creek itself is Harris Point, where it leaves the dissected Allegheny Plateau. [ cite web | url=Gnis3|1199841 | title="Buckhorn Mountain", cite web | url=Gnis3|1172060 | title="Coal Mountain", cite web | url=Gnis3|1199875
title="Green Mountain", and cite web | url=Gnis3|1176576 | title="Harris Point" | date = August 2, 1979 | work=Geographic Names Information System | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2008-02-28 ]

The Second Fork flows south along the eastern side of Henson Ridge, then east of Puterbaugh Mountain. The only named peak on the east bank of the Second Fork is Clapp Point, which marks the boundary of the dissected plateau and is southwest of Harris Point. The First Fork flows past the southwest edge of Little Round Top and then continues on the southwest side of Puterbaugh Mountain. Fishery Point is at the southern end of the Allegheny Plateau, just west of the First Fork. [cite web | url=Gnis3|1171892 | title="Clapp Point", cite web | url=Gnis3|1174835 | title="Fishery Point", cite web | url=Gnis3|1176851 | title="Henson Ridge", cite web | url=Gnis3|1179663 | title="Little Round Top", and cite web | url=Gnis3|1184506 | title="Puterbaugh Mountain" | date = August 2, 1979 | work=Geographic Names Information System | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2008-02-28 ] The three features named Point are each part of the Allegheny Front, the edge of the Allegheny Plateau. [ cite book |title= Roadside Geology of Pennsylvania |last= Van Diver |first= Bradford B. |year= 1990 |publisher= Mountain Press Publishing Company |location= Missoula, Montana |isbn= 0-87842-227-7 |pages= p. 83 ]

The Larrys Creek watershed has two deposits of low volatile bituminous coal along Roaring Runcite web
url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map11.pdf
title = Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals
accessdate = 2006-07-24
author = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey
authorlink = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
format = PDF
work = Map] and a small, deep natural gas field.cite web
url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map10.pdf
title = Oil and Gas Fields of Pennsylvania
accessdate = 2006-07-24
author = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey
authorlink = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
format = PDF
work = Map] A potentially large source of natural gas is the Marcellus Shale, which lies 1.5 to 2.0 miles (2.4 to 3.2 km) below the surface here and stretches from New York through Pennsylvania to Ohio and West Virginia. Estimates of the total natural gas in the black shale from the Devonian era range from 168 to 516 trillion cubic feet (4.76 to 14.6 trillion m³), with at least 10 percent considered recoverable. [cite web | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1268/2005-1268.ppt#313,1,U.S. | title = Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1268: Assessment of Undiscovered Natural Gas Resources in Devonian Black Shales, Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A. | author = Robert C. Milici | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2005 |format = PowerPoint | accessdate = 2008-02-29 ] [cite web | url = http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/246893563.shtml | title = Appalachia to the rescue: Could Devonian shales deep under the Appalachians supply trillions of cubic feet of much needed natural gas for the U.S.? | author = Alan Bailey | publisher = Petroleum News |accessdate = 2008-02-29] In November 2007, drilling within the Larrys Creek watershed started in Mifflin Township, just west of Salladasburg, with a 1.5 mile (2.4 km) deep well. [cite news | title = Betting on profits: ‘Fracing’ technology a key to local gas exploration | author = David Thompson | date = November 6, 2007 | publisher = Williamsport Sun-Gazette | url = http://www.sungazette.com/page/content.detail/id/500765.html |accessdate = 2008-02-29] A second well was drilled in Mifflin Township in December 2007, [cite news | title = County may sit on one natural gas mother lode | author = David Thompson | date = December 19, 2007 | publisher = Williamsport Sun-Gazette | url = http://www.sungazette.com/page/content.detail/id/502945.html |accessdate = 2008-02-29] and by February 2008 every well drilled in Lycoming County was producing natural gas. [cite news | title = Big interest; huge potential: Gas leasing workshop attracts 550 people | author = David Thompson | date = February 17, 2008 | publisher = Williamsport Sun-Gazette | url = http://www.sungazette.com/page/content.detail/id/502945.html |accessdate = 2008-02-29] The Marcellus Shale requires special techniques to fracture the rock and release the gas, including pumping sand and water into the well, and, in some cases, horizontal drilling. [cite news | title = Texas drilling company hopes second gas well in county will be productive | author = David Thompson | date = February 21, 2008 | publisher = Williamsport Sun-Gazette | url = http://www.sungazette.com/page/content.detail/id/505932.html |accessdate = 2008-02-29]

Watershed

The Larrys Creek watershed is entirely in Lycoming County and accounts for 7.17% of the county by area. It is the only major creek whose watershed is entirely in the county, and lies between the Pine Creek watershed (including Little Pine Creek) 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to the west and the Lycoming Creek watershed 11.9 miles (19.2 km) to the east (as measured on the river).

The Larrys Creek watershed has a total population of 2,513 (as of 2000) and a total area of 89.1 square miles (230.8 km²). Of that area, 74 square miles (192 km²) are forested and 14 square miles (36 km²) are given to agricultural uses. Larrys Creek is the largest creek in Lycoming County without its own watershed association. [cite web
url = http://www.srbc.net/atlas/image/86a_WshedOrgs.pdf
title = Susquehanna River Basin Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005
work = Map and cite web
url = http://www.srbc.net/atlas/image/86a_WshedOrgs_list.pdf
title = List of Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005
accessdate = 2008-02-20
format = PDF
work = Key to Map
publisher = Susquehanna River Basin Commission "Note:" The [http://www.pawatersheds.org/WatershedDirectory/detail.asp?varOrgID=541 "Lawshe Run Watershed Association"] listed here is not for the Second Fork tributary, but for the small stream in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania (see the [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/PA/Lycoming/state.html "Jersey Shore Historic District"] description).]

Tributaries

The major smaller streams in the Larrys Creek watershed include the First and Second Forks, Roaring Run, Lawshe Run, and Canoe Run. The Second Fork is the largest tributary, with a watershed of 24.9 square miles (64.5 km²) or 28.0% of the total watershed. The First Fork is next largest, with a watershed of 17.6 square miles (45.6 km²) or 19.8% of the total. Roaring Run accounts for 5.7% of the total watershed with 5.1 square miles (13.2 km²) and other tributaries are less than 5% of the total.

Starting at the mouth, the tributaries of Larrys Creek are: Seeley Run, Canoe Run, First Fork Larrys Creek, Second Fork Larrys Creek, Mash Run, "Pond Hollow", "Spook Hollow", Roaring Run, "Cramer Hollow", "Pot Lick Hollow", "Match Pine Hollow", "Watt Hollow", Long Run, Wendell Run, Crayton Hollow Run, Wolf Run, Dibber Hollow Run, and Birch Run (unnamed streams in a named feature are given as the name of the feature in quotation marks).

Water quality, pollution, and filtration plant

The clear-cutting of forests in the 19th century adversely affected the ecology of the Larrys Creek watershed and its water quality. [cite web
url = http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/fcut.asp
title = What Is Clearcutting?
accessdate = 2006-11-08
author = Natural Resources Defense Council
authorlink = Natural Resources Defense Council] Polluting industries on the creek and its tributaries during that period included coal and iron mines and tanneries. ["For a historical perspective on pollution from both mining and tanneries, see:" cite web |url= http://history.eserver.org/medieval-pollution.txt |title= "A Medieval Response to Municipal Pollution" |accessdate=2006-11-09 |last= Laures
first= Robert |publisher= Presented to the Mid-America Conference on History, September 17-19 1992, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.] As of 2006, water quality in Larrys Creek is quite good, although two small unnamed tributaries of Roaring Run do receive acid mine drainage from an abandoned coal mine.cite book
last = Lycoming County Planning Commission
coauthors = (prepared by Science Applications International Corp.)
others = | title = Water Supply Plan
url = http://www.lyco.org/DotNetNuke/Portals/1/PlanningCommunityDevelopment/Documents/EDPS_PDFs/WSP_Final_Report.pdf
format = PDF
accessdate = 2008-02-20
year = 2001
month = Sept.
pages = 19] Agricultural runoff is another source of pollution. Effluent limits for Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township for the 5-day test for carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD₅) are 25 mg/L, while fecal coliform bacteria count limits are 200 per 100 mL in May through September, and 2000 per 100 mL in October through April. [cite web
url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol27/27-47/1857.html
title = PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 97-1857: Notices: Department of Environmental Protection: Applications Received Under the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law and the Federal Clean Water Act: Discharge of Controlled Industrial Waste and Sewerage Wastewater | publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
accessdate = 2006-08-23]

The mean annual precipitation for Larrys Creek is 40 to 42 inches (1016 to 1067 mm). According to the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission: "Pennsylvania receives the most acid deposition of any state in the nation because, in addition to being the third highest producer of the gases that cause acid deposition, we are also located downwind from the highest concentration of air pollution emitters."cite web
url = wayback|http://www.fish.state.pa.us/Fish/acidrain.htm
title = Acid Precipitation
publisher = Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission
accessdate = 2007-08-13] The region's geology gives it a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid. This makes the creek especially vulnerable to increased acidification from rain, which poses a threat to the long term health of the plants and animals in the creek.

The Jersey Shore Area Joint Water Authority’s water filtration plant is on Larrys Creek, near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships. The plant has been there since at least 1914 and provides water from the creek to 2,500 industrial and residential customers in the boroughs of Jersey Shore and Salladasburg, as well as Anthony, Mifflin, Nippenose, Piatt, and Porter Townships in southwestern Lycoming County, and Pine Creek Township in the southeastern part of neighboring Clinton County, Pennsylvania.

Recreation

There are at least two camps along Larrys Creek. "Camp Kiwanis" has a main lodge, four cabins, picnic pavilion, and various recreational facilities on 50 acres (20 ha) on Route 287, 1.0 mile (1.6 km) south of Salladasburg in Mifflin Township.cite web
url=http://www.pennvid.com/kiwanis/index.html
title= "Homepage of Beautiful Camp Kiwanis, Salladasburg, PA"
publisher = Penn Legal Visuals
accessdate=2006-08-06] It is operated as a service by the Williamsport Kiwanis and rented out for fire department training, Girl Scouts, weddings, church, and other groups. Further south along the creek in Piatt Township is the New Tribes Mission camp for preparing Christian missionaries for field work with indigenous peoples in remote parts of the world. The training at the camp lasts one year.cite news
first = Richard N.
last = Ostling
authorlink = Richard Ostling
url =
title = More than 40 days in the wilderness (article on New Tribes Mission Camp)
publisher = The Washington Times / Associated Press
date = August 29, 2004
accessdate = 2006-07-12
language = English] [cite web |url= http://www.larsondesigngroup.com/project-new-tribes-bridge.asp |title = Larson Design Group: New Tribes Bridge" |publisher = Larson Design Group |accessdate = 2007-04-09]

Edward Gertler writes in "Keystone Canoeing" that Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run that is really worthy of your attention". Canoeing and kayaking on Larrys Creek are possible when the water is high enough (in Spring and after hard rain), with 8.0 miles (12.9 km) of Class 3 whitewater from Township Road 786 south through the State Game Lands to Route 973, and 7.4 miles (11.9 km) of Class 1 to 2 whitewater south from PA 973 to U.S. 220.cite web
url= http://www.americanwhitewater.org/rivers/id/1620
title = American Whitewater: Larrys Creek, PA
accessdate = 2006-07-24]

In addition to the 2,881 acres (1,166 ha) in State Game Lands No. 114,cite web
url= http://www.huntingpa.com/sgl.html
title = Game Lands: Pennsylvania State Game Lands, their general location and acreage
accessdate = 2006-07-12
publisher = HuntingPA.com
format = Searchable Database] opportunities for hunting and fishing are available in the areas of Tiadaghton State Forest in the western part of the watershed, along the First and Second Forks. In 2002, a Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) report on "State Forest Waters with Special Protection" rated the First Fork as a "High Quality-Cold Water Fishery". [cite web
url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/sfrmp/docs/State%20Forest%20Waters%20with%20Special%20Protection%20list.pdf
title = State Forest Waters with Special Protection
accessdate = 2007-08-06
year = 2002
publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
format = PDF] A stretch of Larrys Creek from the water company filtration plant (near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships) to 1.0 mile (1.6 km) downstream of the confluence with the First Fork has been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. This means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season.cite web | author= Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC) | url= http://www.fish.state.pa.us/water/county/pfbcmaps/lyco.htm | title= "2007 PFBC County Maps - Lycoming County" | accessdate= 2007-08-05]

There are also private hunting and fishing clubs and cabins along Larrys Creek and its tributaries. The largest is the "Larrys Creek Fish and Game Club", incorporated August 1, 1906, which owns over 6000 acres (2,430 ha) along Route 287 on the Second Fork. As of 2006, the club has 55 active and 15 honorary members (all male). The club promotes conservation and stocks its 7 miles (11 km) of trout stream with three to four thousand brook and brown trout each year.cite news
first = Eric
last = Long
title = "Ahead of their time... Larrys Creek Fish and Game Club celebrates 100 years"
publisher = Williamsport Sun Gazette
page = F-4
date = 2006-08-06] The club's facilities include a trapshooting range and a helipad, to aid in medical evacuations from its remote location.cite news
first = Lauren
last = McClane
url =
title = Fish and Game club builds helipad
publisher = Williamsport Sun Gazette
page = A-1
date = 2006-07-24
accessdate = 2006-07-24]

Another large private club is the Ogontz Lodge on the First Fork, established by banker Jay Cooke about 1884 for fishing and hunting.cite book
last = Oberholtzer
first = Ellis Paxson
title = Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War, Volume II
edition = First
year = 1907
month = October
publisher = George W. Jacobs & Co.
location = Philadelphia
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aoYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA544&lpg=PA544&dq=ogontz+lodge&source=web&ots=rjDEOnF8w-&sig=Py5QXIMhpRymoZCYpmOp7cATSnE#PPP9,M1
pages = pp. 541, 544
accessdate = 2007-11-25 "Note": This book is somewhat confused about the location, saying the lodge was "near Salidasburg ("sic") in Lycoming county on the Susquehanna River above Williamsport, Pa.". ] Cooke owned nearly the whole First Fork, 9.2 miles (14.8 km) long, with the main "Lodge" 1.2 miles (2.0 km) from the mouth, and a smaller "Upper Cabin" 5 miles (8 km) upstream of that.cite journal
first = Jacob
last = Metzger
year = Winter 1992
title = Ogontz Lodge – A Reminiscence
journal = The Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society
volume = XXXIV
issue = 1 ] Herbert Hoover found solitude at the Ogontz Lodge as a guest of Jay Cooke III three times: in June, 1918 (just before leaving for Europe as head of the American Food Administration), mid-May, 1928 (just before his selection as the Republican presidential candidate), and finally in late May, 1930 (as President of the United States).cite book
last = Wert
first = Hal Elliott
title = Hoover: The Fishing President, Portrait of the Private Man and his Life Outdoors
edition = First
year = 2005
publisher = Stackpole Books
location = Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
id = ISBN 0-8117-0099-2
pages = pp. 97, 151-2, 200-1 "Note": This book refers to the stream as "Larry Creek" ("sic").] Other notable guests at the Ogontz Lodge include Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. and Katharine Hepburn, and it is still in operation as of 2007. [cite web|url=http://ofclodge.com/ |title = Welcome to the Ogontz Lodge |publisher = GoDaddy.com |accessdate = 2007-11-25 "Note": This web site claims the lodge was founded in 1876, but the other sources all agree it was founded "circa" 1884.]

History

Early inhabitants

Two Clovis points found in the Salladasburg area in a "stream site" are the earliest evidence of human activity along Larrys Creek ("circa" 10,000 BCE). [cite book | last = Fogleman |first = Gary L. |coauthors= Johnston, Richard P. |title= Fluted Points in Lycoming County |year= 1987 |publisher= Fogleman Publishing Co |location= Turbotville, Pennsylvania (no ISBN)] The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks. Their name meant "people of the muddy river" in Algonquin. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes by the early 18th century. The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape (or Delaware), and were under the nominal control of the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois. The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek at a ford near its mouth; however, no trails of the indigenous peoples are recorded as having followed Larrys Creek north.cite book
last = Wallace
first = Paul A.W.
title = Indian Paths of Pennsylvania
edition = Fourth Printing
year = 1987
publisher = Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
location = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
id = ISBN 0-89271-090-X
pages = pp. 66-72 "Note:" ISBN refers to 1998 impression]

On November 5, 1768, the British acquired the "New Purchase" from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property (or Purchase Line) border defined by "Tiadaghton Creek" dividing colonial and Native American lands was disputed. The colonists claimed this was Pine Creek, the Iroquois and other tribes that it was Lycoming Creek. Larrys Creek was in the disputed territory between these, so the illegal settlers there were part of the "Fair Play Men" system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776. [cite book|title=The Fair Play Settlers of the West Branch Valley, 1769-1784: A Study of Frontier Ethnography |last= Wolf|first= George D. | publisher = Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | year = 1969 |location= Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (no ISBN)]

In the Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war.cite book
others = The Lycoming County Unit of the Pennsylvania Writers Project of the Work Projects Administration
title = A Picture of Lycoming County
year = 1939
url = http://tramp145.dlt.psu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/digitalbks2&CISOPTR=9389&REC=20
format = PDF
accessdate = 2008-02-20
edition = First edition
publisher = The Commissioners of Lycoming County Pennsylvania ]

On April 13, 1795, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County, prompting further growth. In 1800, the "State Road" was the second major road built in the county and followed part of Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township as it ran from Newberry (the western part of Williamsport today) north to the Pennsylvania-New York state line near Painted Post, New York. Larrys Creek had a bridge near the mouth by 1806, the first of the major creeks in the county for which a bridge is mentioned.cite book
last = Meginness
first = John Franklin
title = History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ...
year = 1892
url = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/lyco-history-01.html
accessdate = 2006-03-16
edition = 1st Edition
publisher = Brown, Runk & Co.
location = Chicago, IL
id = ISBN 0-7884-0428-8
chapter = Chapter XIX. Internal Improvements.
chapterurl = http://www.usgennet.org/usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-19.html ]

Lumber

Like all creeks in Lycoming County, Larrys Creek served as an area for settlers to establish homesteads and farms. As logging became a major industry in the mid-19th century, the creek was a source of power for sawmills and other mills. The first sawmill on the creek, in what is now Mifflin Township, was built in 1799. The relatively low flow of water in the creek did not allow rafts of logs to be floated downstream to the river and the lumber boom at Williamsport (as they were on Pine Creek to the west).

This and the lack of logging railroads along the creek led to the development of many small sawmills: the Larrys Creek watershed once had 53 sawmills within 22 miles (35 km) of the mouth (as well as other industries of the time). No other stream in the country had so many sawmills in so small a territory. Twelve sawmills were on the Second Fork, six on the First Fork, one each on Canoe Run and Lawshe Run, and the rest were on Larrys Creek itself. Eight were structures rebuilt on the site of previous sawmills, and only four were steam powered (the rest were water powered). The earliest of these sawmills was built in 1796 (near Seeley Run), the last in 1902 (on Lawshe Run), and by 1903 just two mills were still standing and only one of those was operating.

Lumbering removed the tree trunks, but left many flammable limbs, branches, and stumps behind. On May 2, 1872 a large . ]

Paper railroads

Two "paper railroads" were proposed for Larrys Creek: the "Larry's Creek Railroad and Coal Company", incorporated June 24, 1839 to hold 2,000 acres (8 km²) and operate up to 7 miles (11 km) of railroad from the mouth of the creek north to the coal mines; and the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek & State Line Railroad", incorporated on April 11, 1853 to run north from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek to Tioga or Long Run, and thence to the New York state line. Its charter was amended April 4, 1854 to run up Marsh Creek (then known as the Third Fork Pine Creek) and Crooked Creek to the Tioga Railroad, and again on March 26, 1856 to run up Little Pine Creek (then known as First Fork Pine Creek) to the Larrys Creek Plank Road and then up Blockhouse Creek to Blossburg. It was still an active corporation in 1865, but the charter of the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway" in 1870 (New York City-Reading interests) superseded it. Neither railroad was actually ever built.cite book
author=Taber, Thomas T., III
year=1987
title=Railroads of Pennsylvania Encyclopedia and Atlas
publisher=Thomas T. Taber III
id=ISBN 0-9603398-5-X] The only railroad in the watershed crosses the creek just north of the mouth.

Plank road

In 1851 a plank road or puncheon was built along Larrys Creek from the village of Larrys Creek at the creek's mouth north to Salladasburg, then later along the Second Fork and on to the village of Brookside in Cogan House Township. It was later extended north to the village of White Pine and finally to the village of English Center in Pine Township (along the current course of Pennsylvania Route 287). A spur of the plank road along Larrys Creek into Anthony Township was also built, but it is not known how far it extended.cite journal
first = Milton W.
last = Landis
year = Summer 1967
title = The Larrys Creek Plank Road
journal = The Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society
volume = Volume IV,
issue = 1
url = http://web.archive.org/web/20051118154755/www.lycoming.org/lchsmuseum/Articles/VOLIV1.htm
accessdate = 2008-02-20 ] (Landis claims it may have run nearly as far north as the covered bridge in Cogan House Township).cite journal
last = Landis
first = Milton W.
year = 1966
month = October
title = The Larrys Creek Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township
journal = Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society)
volume = XV
issue = 5
pages = 258 ] The plank road was a toll road run by "The Larrys Creek Plank Road Company", a corporation founded May 8, 1850. It served the sawmills, grist mills, mines, and leather tanneries along the creek. There was a connection to the railroad and the West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal at the hamlet of Larrys Creek, as well as the West Branch Susquehanna River.

Hemlock logs were used to build the plank road. At that time, the tree's bark was a major source of tannin used to tan leather. The wood was not used much for lumber, so hundreds of thousands of stripped hemlock logs were normally left to rot. There were sawmills and experienced lumber workers available from the local timber industry.

The earth under the plank road was first graded, then ties (similar to those used for railroad tracks) were set into the ground. Next long narrow stringers (similar to rails on a railroad track) were nailed to the ties, with a distance between stringers of about 6 feet (1.8 m). The road surface consisted of planks about 8 feet (2.4 m) wide nailed to the stringers and was fairly smooth. The road had turnoffs (as it was not wide enough for horse drawn vehicles to pass each other). Toll houses were at regular intervals, with variable tolls for pedestrians, riders on horseback and various carts and wagons. No toll schedule has survived.

The plank road was operational for about 38 years when a major flood on June 1, 1889 washed out much of it. The flood also destroyed the canal at the creek's mouth. The same storm system caused the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2200 people. The Cogan House Covered Bridge was the only one on Larrys Creek to survive the flood, as a fallen tree formed a protective dam just upstream. The 90 foot (27 m) long Burr arch truss bridge was built in 1877, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, rehabilitated in 1998, and is today one of just three left in the county.cite web
url = http://www.arch.state.pa.us/
title = National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
publisher = ARCH: Pennsylvania's Historic Architecture & Archeology
format = Searchable database
accessdate = 2007-10-15 "Note:" This includes cite web
url = http://www.arch.state.pa.us/pdfs/H000918_01B.pdf
title = National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cogan House Covered Bridge
accessdate = 2007-10-15
author = Susan M. Zacher, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
format = PDF] cite web
url = http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/PA/Lycoming/state.html
title = National Register of Historic Places - Pennsylvania (PA), Lycoming County
accessdate = 2006-09-19
authorlink = National Register of Historic Places]

By then most of the original forests in the county had been clear-cut, so no cheap source of wood was available as before. While the road from Salladasburg south to the West Branch Susquehanna River was repaired and rebuilt, the rest was not. In 1900 the county courts recognized a petition to end tolls on this last portion of the road. The corporation was dissolved and the road and its maintenance passed to the county. As sections of plank road wore out they were replaced by graded dirt and gravel, so that it soon became a regular road. The plank road operated as a toll road for about 49 years. Today only the "Plank Road" name survives, in a 0.6 mile (1 km) section of road that runs north from U.S. Route 220, parallel to Route 287.

ee also

*List of rivers in Pennsylvania

References

External links

*cite web | url = http://www.lyco.org/DotNetNuke/Portals/1/ConservationDistrict/Images/lycoming-watersheds-lg.gif| title = Watersheds of Lycoming County | accessdate = 2008-02-20 | publisher = County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania | work = Map
*cite news |authorlink= Lycoming County, Pennsylvania |author= Lycoming County Economic Development and Planning Services, GIS Division | http://www.lyco.org/DotNetNuke/Portals/1/Documents/county_map1.pdf | title= Lycoming County, Pennsylvania |year=2005| work= Map| format = PDF | accessdate=2007-09-17 "Note:" Official Lycoming County Map showing cities, boroughs, townships, villages, county roads, rivers, and some streams
*cite web | url = http://www.srbc.net | title = Susquehanna River Basin Commission: A water management agency serving the Susquehanna River Watershed | accessdate = 2007-10-13 | publisher = Susquehanna River Basin Commission