Piñata

For other uses, see Piñata (disambiguation).

For the animated short, see Piñata (animated film).

A nine-pointed star piñata.

A piñata (Spanish pronunciation: [pi'ɲata]) is a papier-mâché or other type of container that is decorated, filled with toys and or candy and then broken as part of a ceremony or celebration. Piñatas are most commonly associated with Mexico, but its origins are considered to be in China. The idea of breaking a container filled with treats came to Europe in the 14th century, where the name, from the Italian “pignatta” was introduced. The Spanish brought the European tradition to Mexico, although there were similar traditions in Mesoamerica. The Aztecs had a similar tradition to honor the birthday of the god Huitzilopochtli in mid December. According to local records, the Mexican piñata tradition began in the town of Acolman, just north of Mexico City, where piñatas were introduced for catechism purposes as well as the co-opt the Huitzilopochtli ceremony. Today, the piñata is still part of Mexican culture, the cultures of other countries in Latin America, as well as the United States, but it has mostly lost its religious character.

History

Most people think of piñatas as a fun activity for parties but they have a long history.^[1] There is some debate but it appears that its origin is not Spanish but rather Chinese.^[2] The Chinese version was in the shape of a cow or ox and used for the New Year. It was decorated with symbols and colors meant to produce a favorable climate for the coming growing season. It was filled with five types of seeds and then hit with sticks of various colors. After the piñata was broken, the remains were burned and the ashes kept for good luck.^[1][3][4]

Piñatas arrived to Europe in the 14th century where they were adapted to the celebrations of Lent. The first Sunday of Lent became "Piñata Sunday". In Spain, this festival was called the Dance of the Piñata, and used a clay pot, which initially was not decorated. Later ribbons, tinsel, and colored paper were added. The word "piñata" most likely comes from the Italian word "pignatta" which means "fragile pot" as the European version used the clay containers used for carrying water. However, the word has also been linked to pineapples ("piña" in Spanish) as well as the Latin prefix "piña" which means a cluster of flowers or fruits.^[1][3]

The European piñata tradition was brought to Mexico in the 16th century; however, there was a similar tradition in Mesoamerica already. The Mayan tradition was similar to the modern piñata tradition, including blindfolding the participant hitting the piñata. The Aztec tradition commemorated the birthday of Huitzilopochtli. Priests would place a clay pot decorated with colorful feathers. When broken with a stick or club, the treasures inside would fall to the feet of the idol as an offering.^[1] According to local records, the piñata was first used for evangelism purposes in 1586, in Acolman, in modern State of Mexico, just north of Mexico City. The Augustinian monks there modified European piñatas, along with creation of the Las Posadas tradition to co-opt the celebration of the birth of Huitzilopochtli, which was celebrated in mid December.^[4][5][6][7]

The Mexican Catholic interpretation of the piñata rested on the struggle of man against temptation. The seven points represent the seven deadly sins. The pot represents evil and the seasonal fruit and candy inside the temptations of evil. The person with the stick is blindfolded to represent faith. The turning and the singing and shouting represent the disorientation that temptation creates. In some traditions, the participant is turned thirty three times, one for each year of Christ's life. These interpretations were given to the piñata for catechism purposes. As the participant beats the piñata, it is supposed to represent the struggle against temptation and evil. When the piñata breaks, the treats inside then represent the rewards of keeping the faith.^[3][6][8]

However, since this time the piñata has all but lost its religious significance and has become popular to use in many types of celebrations, not just during December's Las Posadas. The clay pot has since been substituted by a papier-mâché cavity.^[3] The creation of piñatas has even taken on an artistic aspect in some areas. David Gamez and Cecilia Meade sponsored a showing of piñatas as art rather than just as a party favor. The event was called Piñatarama, with 25 piñatas made of papier-mâché at the Vértigo Galería in Mexico City, all original works of art by graphic illustrators, from 23 countries including Australia. Some of the illustrators who participated include 1000 Changos, Allan Sieber, Apak, Ben Newman, Cecy Meade, Cristian Turdera, Cupco and Daniel Berman.^[9] In Tepatitlán, the world's largest traditional piñatas with seven points was created in 2010. It measures 11.2 meters, made with fiberglass and weighs 350 kilograms. It surpasses the former Guinness record holder which was made in 2008 in Pennsylvania.^[10] The Spain brought the piñata to Mexico during the beginning of the 15th century.

Piñatas in Mexico

A piñata during a Mexican celebration in a German amusement park.

The piñata is most strongly identified with Mexico.^[8] The art of making modern piñatas falls under the Mexican craft heading of "cartonería", which refers to the making of items from paper and cardboard. This puts piñatas in the same category as amate paper crafts, Judas figures and Mexico City style alebrijes.^[11] The Museo de Arte Popular held the first "Concurso de Piñatas Mexicanas" (Mexican Piñata Contest) in 2007 with prizes of 15,000, 10,000 and 5,000 pesos. The purpose of the contest is to help retain this tradition and help it to be continued to be valued.^[3] The Galería de Historia-Museo del Caracol in Mexico City held a workshop on how to make traditional piñatas, as part of its outreach program to the public.^[4]

While the religious significance has been mostly lost, the ceremony that occurs with it has remained mostly intact. Piñatas remain most popular during Las Posadas with birthday parties coming in second. Each participant, usually a child, will have a turn at hitting the piñata, which is hung from above on a string. The participant is blindfolded, given a wooden stick and then spun a number of times. As the participants works to hit the piñata, another moves it to make it harder to hit. There is a time limit to any one person's attempts, which is marked out by the singing of a traditional song.^[1][8]

Piñatas were traditionally made with a clay pot base and many artisans make a living selling just the pot for people to decorate as they wish. However, clay pot piñatas have mostly been replaced by those made with cardboard and paper mache, usually fashioned over balloons.^[1] One reason for this is that broken pot pieces can be dangerous to children.^[12] These are then decorated with crepe paper, other colored paper and other items.^[8] Piñatas today come in all shapes and sizes, with many representing cartoon or other characters known to most children. Popular shapes today can include Batman, Superman, Spiderman or characters based on popular movies and television shows such as Nemo, the Lion King and more. For Christmas, the traditional style with the points is popular as it is associated with the Star of Bethlehem.^[1][8] However, for the most part, piñata designs have been completely commercialized.^[8]

Traditionally in Mexico, especially at Christmas, piñatas are filled with fruit and candies such as guavas, oranges, jicamas, pieces of sugar cane, tejocotes and wrapped candies. Some piñatas are "traps" filled with flour, confetti or water. Special baskets of treats may be given to children who come up empty handed after a piñata is broken. These are called colaciónes and are given to prevent hurt feelings.^[1]

There are a number of localities in Mexico that specialize in the making of piñatas for sale. Acolman, the origin of piñatas, along with neighboring Otumba are one.^[7] Acolman hosts an annual National Piñata Fair. This event includes cultural events, workshops on the making of piñatas, piñata contests and traditional Posadas. The event has attracted as many as 100,000 visitors over the days that it is held, many of whom come from Mexico City.^[5]

About 400 families in the town of San Juan de la Puerta, in the south of the Cuerámaro municipality in Guanajuato, are dedicated to the creation of piñatas, and produce about 16,000 pieces each month. The making of piñatas supports about half of the people in the town. It is the second most important economic activity after agriculture. This tradition began in 1960 by Juan Remigio Anguiano, who brought the craft to the town after living in Mexico City. Today, piñatas from the town are sold in various parts of the state.^[13]

In the penal facility of Huajuapan de León, prisoners make piñatas to sell. This began when several prisoners brought the craft with them when they were incarcerated about twenty years ago. These piñatas have become traditional for the population of the city for Christmas.^[2]

The busiest time for the sale of piñatas in Mexico is December for posadas. During bad economic times, sales of piñatas can fall as much as thirty percent as they did in 2008.^[12]

The star shape, or ball with points, still remains popular for the Christmas season, but for other events, traditional designs for children such as donkeys, have almost entirely been replaced by cartoon characters based on U.S. movies and television shows.^[14] However, most of piñatas produced based on these images are not done following copyright law, which has caused problems. Copyright holders such as Marvel Comics have complained about infringement by piñata makers in Mexico. Federal authorities have responded by seizing such merchandise in stores in various areas of Mexico City. Vendors complain that they never have had problems with selling such items for decades.^[15] Those who have run into problems with copyright state that it is difficult to sell other types as most customers prefer to buy those based on popular characters.^[16] Mexico exports piñatas to the United States and other parts of the world,) but copyright has been an issue here as well.^[16][17] Piñatas based on Disney and other characters have been seized at the border for violating U.S. copyright law.^[17][18] Some have also been seized and destroyed by customs agents under suspect of hiding drugs.^[19]

One niche market for piñatas in Mexico is of those themed for adults. These include political figures, especially those who are not particularly liked.^[1][14] Another type for the adult market are sexually-themed piñatas, mostly those in the form of exotic dancers and strippers. Of the female of this type, the most popular are blondes. For the male, darker shades are preferred.^[16][20] These piñatas will be filled with adult items such as condoms in addition to candy.^[20]

Piñatas in the United States

Piñatas are similarly popular in a number of other Latin American countries as well.^[7][21] They have also become relatively popular in the United States as well. Piñatas are used for birthday parties and Cinco de Mayo celebrations.^{[21][22][23][24]}

There have been a number of piñata makers in the United States. One of these is Confettis Party Store. They began making and selling piñatas to a niche market. Their first success was with motorcycle riders, making piñatas with their favorite logos, but copyright problems forced them to change. They now specialize in making circular expandable piñatas which can be expanded and filled. These have been popular for baby showers, weddings and birthdays.^[24] Romero Gilberto Osorio from El Salvador is a piñata maker in San Francisco with a studio called Piñata Art, specializing in custom made works. He is also a painter and sculpture, but the piñatas pay the bills. His cost up to $75 USD and some customers end up not breaking them.^[21] Patricia Menow and Steven Menow, both of Yardley, Pa., have developed a reusable pinata method, which they have patented in the United States.^[25]

In 2006, a video game and television show was created based on piñatas, both called Viva Piñata. Both were about a world where piñatas compete to be chosen for children's birthday parties. The show was created to push sales of the Xbox game created by Microsoft.^[26]

Similar traditions

A similar tradition in Denmark is slå katten af tønden ("hit the cat out of the barrel") in which a wooden barrel is struck to release candy.^[27]

In Maharashtra, India, another similar tradition called Dahi Handi is observed on the festival of Janmashtami, Lord Krishna's birthday. The iconography represents Lord Krishna's childhood portrayal as the mischievous Maakhan Chor (butter thief). Clay pots filled with buttermilk, money or treats, in lieu of butter, are hung in public squares or on streets at a height implicitly challenging youngsters to break them. Teams put in great planning, skill and effort to form human pyramids, each higher than the other, in an attempt to break the pot and claim the prize.^[28]

In South Indian villages, festivals feature a competition called Uri adithal (Pot breaking with blindfold) which closely resembles the piñata event.^[29]

In Japan, a similar game called suikawari is played where a watermelon shell is used.^[30]

In the Philippines, a similar game called hampas-palayok or pukpok-palayok^[31] (pot-hitting) is played during Filipino fiestas and traditional parties (i.e., birthdays), in which a clay pot filled with treats and/or prizes is used.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Wendy Devlin (February 16, 2007). "History of the piñata". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/459-history-of-the-pi%C3%B1ata. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Lesli Aguilar (December 26, 2010). "Piñatas, una divertida tradición que no muere [Piñatas, a fun tradition that isn't dying]" (in Spanish). Diario Despertar (Oaxaca, Mexico). http://www.diariodespertar.com.mx/estado/mixteca/45525-Piatas-una-divertida-tradicin-que-muere.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} CONACULTA. "Primer Concurso de Piñatas Mexicanas [First Piñata Contest]" (in Spanish). Artes e Historia. http://www.arts-history.mx/semanario/?id_nota=18102007151123. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} "Piñatas tradicionales [Traditional Piñatas]" (in Spanish). INAH. December 15, 2004. http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php/boletines/8-investigaciones-y-estudios-historicos/407-pinatas-tradicionales. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "En Acolman, Edomex, cuna de las piñatas, hacen su feria [In Acolman, State of Mexico, cradles of piñatas, their fair begins]" (in Spanish). El Universal. Agencia el Universal (Mexico City). December 16, 2010. 
6. ^ ^{a b} "Municipio de Acolman, en Edomex, creador de las piñatas [Municipality of Acolman in State of Mexico, creator of piñatas]" (in Spanish). El Universal. Agencia el Universal (Mexico City). December 17, 2010. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} "Las piñatas navideñas [Christmas Piñatas]" (in Spanish). La Prensa (Managua, Nicaragua). December 5, 2007. http://archivo.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2004/diciembre/21/revista/revista-20041221-04.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Cristal Barrientos Torres (December 21, 2003). "Una historia en una piñata [A story of a piñata]" (in Spanish). El Siglo de Torreón (Torreón, Mexico). http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/65995.una-historia-en-una-pinata.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
9. ^ "Exposición-Piñatas [Exposition-Piñatas]" (in Spanish). El Universal. Agencia el Universal (Mexico City). February 13, 2010. 
10. ^ "Presumen piñata gigante [Showing off a giant piñata]" (in Spanish). Mural (Guadalajara, Mexico): p. 4. December 22, 2010. 
11. ^ José Herrera. "Papel y Cartonería [Paper and Cartonería (paper crafts)]" (in Spanish). Veracruz, Mexico: Universidad Veracruzana. http://www.uv.mx/popularte/esp/scriptphp.php?sid=52. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Minerva Flores (December 15, 2009). "Golpea crisis a las piñatas [Crisis strikes piñatas]" (in Spanish). Mural (Guadalajara, Mexico): p. 6. 
13. ^ "Sostienen piñatas su economía [Piñatas support their economy]" (in Spanish). Mural (Guadalajara, Mexico): p. 12. December 21, 2010. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Paul Beckett (September 11, 1996). "Even pinatas sold in Mexico seem to originate in Hollywood now". Wall Street Journal (New York): p. 1. 
15. ^ Antonio Nieto (March 20, 2010). "Pegan policías a piñatas pirata de superhéroes [Police strike pirated versions of superhero piñatas]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 7. 
16. ^ ^{a b c} Marylú Vallejo (December 10, 2010). "No pierden el camino [Don´t lose the path]" (in Spanish). Mural (Guadalajara, Mexico): p. 6. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Marcha Cázares (June 24, 2010). "Decomisan en Laredo piñatas ..¡piratas! [Piñatas confiscated from markets in Laredo, for copyright!]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 16. 
18. ^ Department of Homeland Security Documents / FIND. (2010). CBP Officers Seize Fake Disney Pinatas at Douglas Port of Entry (Report). US Government. 
19. ^ Fernando Ramirez (September 15, 2006). "Empresa de pinatas preve exportar 380.000 unidades en el 2006; [Source: Expansion] [Piñata company foresees the export of 280,000 units in 2006]" (in Spanish). NoticiasFinancieras (Miami): p. 1. 
20. ^ ^{a b} Yadira Moreno Léon (October 4, 2009). "Un nuevo y divertido mercado: piñatas para fiestas de adultos [A new and fun market: piñatas for adult parties]" (in Spanish). Milenio (Mexico City). http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8651685. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
21. ^ ^{a b c} anonymous (April 23, 2010). "A Hard Knock Life For A Pinata Maker's Art". NPR-All Things Considered (Washington, DC). 
22. ^ Wayne Greene (May 2, 2011). "Tulsa to celebrate Cinco de Mayo with tent parties". McClatchy - Tribune Business News (Washington, DC). 
23. ^ Peter McCrady (May 6, 2011). "BRIEF: Celebrating Mexican culture, heritage". McClatchy - Tribune Business News (Washington, DC). 
24. ^ ^{a b} Joe Ferguson (Sept 19, 2010). "Personalized pinatas -- to go". McClatchy - Tribune Business News (Washington, DC). 
25. ^ "Pennsylvania Inventors Develop Reusable Pinata System" (Press release). US Fed News Service, Including US State News (Washington, DC). October 29, 2008. 
26. ^ Christina Binkley; Suzanne Vranica (October 17, 2006). "Microsoft Tries to Raise 'Candiosity,' Aims at Kid Market with 'Viva Pinata': [1]". Wall Street Journal (New York): p. 1. 
27. ^ "Fastelavn". http://www.fyidenmark.com/fastelavn.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
28. ^ "Janmashtami celebrated with zeal, enthusiasm". Mid Day. August 24, 2008. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/aug/240808-janmashtami-celebrated.htm. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
29. ^ "Pongalo Pongal - Pongal Celebrations 2009 at Isha Yoga Center". ISHA Foundation. January 15, 2009. http://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,242/act,view/id,2185/. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
30. ^ "Suikawari". Encyclo. http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Suikawari. Retrieved June 15, 2011. 
31. ^ http://tagaloglang.com/Filipino-Culture/Filipino-Games/hampas-palayok-o-pukpok-palayok.html