Solomon Islands skink

Solomon Islands skink
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Scincidae
Subfamily:	Lygosominae
Genus:	Corucia
Species:	C. zebrata
Binomial name
Corucia zebrata Gray, 1856[1]

The Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata) is an arboreal species of skink endemic to the Solomon Islands. It is the largest known extant species of skink. Other common names for this species include the prehensile-tailed skink, monkey-tailed skink, giant skink, zebra skink, and monkey skink.

The Solomon Islands skink is completely herbivorous, eating many different fruits and vegetables including the pothos plant. It is one of the few species of reptile known to function within a social group or circulus. Both male and female specimens are known to be territorial and often hostile towards members not a part of their family group.

Corucia is a monotypic genus, containing a single species. However in 1997 it was determined that there are two subspecies of the Solomon Islands skink: the common monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata zebrata) and the northern monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata alfredschmidti). Among other variances, the northern skink is smaller and has darker eyes with a black sclera.

Extensive logging is a serious threat to the survival of this species. Consumption for food by indigenous Solomon Islanders and excessive pet trade exports has affected wild populations. Export of this species from the Solomon Islands is now restricted and the animal is protected under CITES appendix II.

Taxonomy and etymology

The Solomon Islands skink was first described by John Edward Gray in 1856 as Corucia zebrata. The generic name Corucia derives from the Latin word coruscus meaning "shimmering". This is in reference to Gray's description of "a play of colors effect from the body scales".^[1] Its specific name zebrata is a Latinized form of the word zebra, in reference to the animal's zebra-like stripes. Its common names (prehensile-tailed skink, monkey-tailed skink or monkey skink) refer to its fully prehensile tail which the species uses as a fifth limb for climbing.^[2]

Although appearances of skinks vary from island to island, a subspecies from the western islands of the Solomons Archipelago was described by Dr. Gunther Köhler in 1996 as C. z. alfredschmidti, its trinomial name was in honor of Alfred Schmidt.^[3]

The closest living relatives of C. zebrata are the Blue-tongued skinks of the genus Tiliqua and skinks of the genus Egernia of Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia; all of which are found in the subfamily Lygosominae.^[4][5]

Distribution and habitat

Map of the Solomon Islands

The Solomon Islands skink is native to the Solomon Islands, a group of islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean.^[6][7] The common subspecies (C. z. zebrata) is found on the islands of Choiseul Island, New Georgia, Isabel, Guadalcanal, Ngela, Malaita, Makira (Solomon Islands), Ugi and Santa Ana. The northern subspecies (C. z. alfredschmidti) is known from the islands of Bougainville and Buka and the Shortland Island Group. Bougainville and Buka are geographically part of the Solomons Archipelago, though politically part of Papua New Guinea.^[8] Both subspecies of the Solomon Islands skink are strictly arboreal, usually inhabiting the upper canopy of forested areas throughout its range. It commonly occurs in the strangler fig tree (Ficus sp.), provided the epiphytic growth of its several food plants are present. It occurs in trees in semi-cleared areas and cultivated food gardens, again provided its food plants occur there.^[9]

Biology

Solomon Islands skink at the St Louis Zoo.

The Solomon Islands skink is the world's largest species of extant skink; adults can reach a length of 32 inches (81 cm) from nose to the tip of their tail when fully grown, with the tail accounting for more than half this length.^[10]

The Solomon Islands skink has a long, slender body, strong, short legs, and a triangular shaped head with small round eyes.^[8] The skink has a strong crushing jaw but the teeth are small and used for eating plant material.^[8] Its prehensile tail helps it maneuver from branch to branch with ease and gives the skink its more common names: monkey-tailed skink, prehensile-tailed skink, or monkey skink.^[2] Male Solomon Islands skinks tend to have a broader head and a more slender body shape than do female skinks.^[11] Males have a "V"-shaped pattern of scales just aft of the cloacal opening, which is not present in female skinks.^[11]

The scales of Solomon Islands skinks are a dark green but are often speckled with light brown or black.^[2] The scales on the underside vary from light yellow to different shades of green.^[2] The toes on all four legs have thick, curved nails used for climbing and griping tree limbs.^[2]

As a nocturnal animal it relies heavily on its sense of smell, and uses it to identify its territory and other members of its group, called a circulus. Like snakes, the skink "smells" by flicking its tongue to gather scents and when the tongue is retracted it touches it to the opening of a Jacobson's organ at the roof of its mouth.^[11]

Subspecies

The common Solomon Islands skink (C. z. zebrata) has a white sclera with its eyes while the northern Solomon Islands skink (C. z. alfredschmidti) has a black sclera. The iris of the northern Solomon Islands skink is a mix of green and yellow whereas the iris of the common Solomon Islands skink can vary from several different shades of green to orange to a dark black. According to Dr. Gunther Köhler, who described the northern subspecies, this subspecies possesses "larger dorsal and ventral scales" and has "seven instead of usually five parietal scales".^[3]

The northern Solomon Islands skink is the shorter of the two subspecies with males averaging 24 inches (61 cm) and females averaging 22 inches (56 cm) in length when measured from nose to tip of tail. The common Solomon Islands skinks are slightly longer with the males averaging 28 inches (71 cm) and the females averaging 24 inches (61 cm) when measured from nose to tip of tail. The common Solomon Islands skink, at 850 grams (1.9 lb), weighs more than the northern Solomon Islands skink, which weighs closer to 500 grams (1.1 lb).^[3]

Diet

Solomon Islands skinks are herbivores, feeding on the leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of several different species of plants.^[12][13] This includes the somewhat toxic (due to high concentrations of calcium oxalate) Epipremnum pinnatum (cf.E. aureum) plant,^[14]a which the lizard eats without ill-effect.^[15]b Juvenile skinks often eat feces from adults in order to acquire the essential microflora to digest their food.^[6] Newborn skinks have been observed consuming their placental sac after birth and will not feed on other food for the first 2 days.^[16]

Reproduction

The Solomon Islands skink is one of the few species of reptile that lives in a communal group known as a circulus.^[11] The Solomon Islands skink reproduces by viviparous matrotrophy:^c the female provides a placenta for its young, which are born after a gestation period of six to eight months; this is a rare trait among reptiles.^[17] The newborn skink is of a large size compared to its mother; the northern Solomon Islands skinks are approximately 29 centimetres (11 in) in length and weigh 80 grams (0.18 lb), whereas the common Solomon Islands skinks are 12 inches (30 cm) and 175 grams (0.39 lb) when they are born.^[3] This reduced size disparity led the former curator of reptiles at the Philadelphia Zoo, Dr. Kevin Wright, to compare it to "a human mother giving birth to a six year–old".^[6] Almost all births are single babies but occasionally twins will be born.^[6] At least one instance of triplets has occurred according to herpetologist Bert Langerwerf.^[8]

The newborn skink will stay within its circulus for six to twelve months during which time it will be protected by not only its parents but other unrelated adult skinks within the group.^[7] Around one year of age, sometimes earlier, the juvenile will move off to form a new family group.^[6] Individuals have been documented to stay within the group for several births without being expelled, however.^[11] Adult skinks have even been known to "adopt" orphaned young skinks into their groups. Females exhibit fierce protective behavior around the time of birth; this protectiveness of young is a rare occurrence in reptiles but is shorter in duration when compared to the protective behavior exhibited by a typical mammal.^[6]

Conservation

Threats

Extensive logging is a serious ongoing threat to the survival of this species, as is consumption for food and export demand for the pet trade.^[6] Because of the large numbers of lizards that were being exported for the pet trade, the small region to which the skink is native, and its low reproductive rate, in 1992 Corucia zebrata was listed as a CITES Appendix II animal, which allows limits to be placed on the number of animals in commercial trade between countries.^[17][18]

Since there is no regulation on the rapid deforestation occurring in the Solomon Islands, limited export to recognized institutions may be needed to aid this species in genetic diversity for its survival via ex situ breeding programs. According to herpetologists who study the Solomon Islands skink, such as Dr. David Kirkpatrick and Dr. Kevin Wright, captive breeding alone is not practical as a sole method of species survival due to the limited number of offspring and long gestation periods.^[6][17]

In captivity

Solomon Islands skink at the Buffalo Zoo.

The Solomon Islands skink is represented in both public and private collections. The Philadelphia Zoo has bred these skinks over multiple generations for the past 40 years. The keeping of the Solomon Islands skink in captivity is not without its challenges: as it is a large arboreal tropical animal, it requires a large arboreal enclosure. The dynamics of the skink's circulus means that not all groups do well when new animals are introduced. Despite successful breeding programs, their somewhat unique nature of single births and slow growth has made these programs challenging.^[6][17]

Biologist Michael Balsai of Temple University has noted a significant number of breedings between skinks from different islands has resulted in non-productive unions. Balsai's theory is that there are enough differences between animals from different islands that pairing of lizards from different locales will be unproductive, further frustrating many captive breeding attempts.^[19]

Footnotes

• Note a:University of Nebraska (2006) "Plants which contain oxalate salts produce mucous membrane irritation and pain and/or swelling of mouth, lips, tongue, esophagus and stomach."
• Note b:Satter (2007) "note that it tends to turn their feces reddish in color"
• Note c:"Matrotrophy is the nourishment of embryos by resources provided between fertilization and parturition."

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Gray, J.E. (1856). "New genus of fish–scaled lizards (Scissosarae) from New Guinea". Annual Magazine of Natural History 2 (18): 345–346. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Netherton, John; Badger, David P. (2002). Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures, Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 137. ISBN 0760325790. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Köhler, Gunther (1997). "Eine neue Unterart des Wickelschwanzskinkes Corucia zebrata von Bougainvillle, Papua-Neuguinea" (in German). Salamandra 33 (1): 61–68. 
4. ^ Reeder, Tod W. (2003). "A phylogeny of the Australian Sphenomorphus group (Scincidae: Squamata) and the phylogenetic placement of the crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus): Bayesian approaches to assessing congruence and obtaining confidence in maximum likelihood inferred relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (Department of Biology, San Diego State University) 27 (3): 384–397. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00448-7. PMID 12742744. 
5. ^ Cogger, Harold; Zweifel, Richard (1992). Reptiles & Amphibians. Sydney: Weldon Owen. ISBN 0831727861. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Wright, Kevin M. (2007). "Captivating Giants". Reptiles Magazine 15 (12): 54–68. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Wright, Kevin M. (1996). "The Solomon Island Skink". Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 3 (2): 10–19. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Langerwerf, Bert. "Monkey tailed skinks". Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20071009212054/http://www.agamainternational.com/pages/monkey_tailed_skinks.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-16. 
9. ^ Mccoy, Mike (2006). Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Australia: Pensoft Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9546422754. 
10. ^ de Vosjoli, Philippe (1993). The General Care and Maintenance of Prehensile-tailed Skinks. Lakeside, CA: Advanced Vivarium Systems. ISBN 1882770242. 
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} Satter, Celeste M. (2007). "Corucia Zebrata". Southwestern Herpetologists Society journal (California: SWHS): 5–6. 
12. ^ Wright, Kevin M.; Sandra Skeba (1992). "Hematology and Plasma Chemistries of Captive Prehensile-Tailed Skinks (Corucia zebrata)". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (American Association of Zoo Veterinarians) 23 (4): 429–432. JSTOR 20460296. 
13. ^ Hazard, Lisa C. (2004). Sodium and Potassium Secretion by Iguana Salt Glands. University of California Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780520238541. 
14. ^ "Toxicity of Common Houseplants". University of Nebraska. 2006. http://lancaster.unl.edu/factsheets/031.htm. Retrieved 3 October 2008. 
15. ^ Robert George Sprackland (1992). Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0866226346. 
16. ^ Coborn, John (1996). Prehensile-Tailed Skinks. TFH Publications. p. 64. ISBN 0793802792. 
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Kirkpatrick, David T. (1996). "Observations on Mating Behavior of the Solomon Island Skink". Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 7 (5): 24–31. 
18. ^ "Corucia zebrata". CITES. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm/isdb/CITES/Taxonom-y/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Corucia&Species=zebrata&source=animals&Country=. Retrieved 2008-10-02. 
19. ^ Balsai, Michael J. (1995). "Husbandry and Breeding of the Solomon Islands Prehensile-tailed Skink, Corucia zebrata". The Vivarium 7 (1): 4–11. 

Further reading

• Moser, Karen (1992). "The Prehensile-tailed Skink, Corucia zebrata Gray: Care, Behavioral Observations, and Reproduction". Contributions in Herpetology (Cincinnati, OH.: Greater Cincinnati Herpetological Society): 85–89. 
• Parker, F (1983). "The prehensile-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata) on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea". Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press): 435–440. 
• Sprackland, Robert (December 1993). "The Solomon Islands Prehensile-tailed Skink (Corucia zebrata)". Reptiles: 24–28. 

External links

• Media related to Corucia zebrata at Wikimedia Commons
• Honolulu Zoo Species Profile
• Santa Barbara Zoo Species Profile
• ISIS Abstract