Marshal of France

Marshal of France
Baton of a modern Marshal of France.
Imperial coat of arms of marshal of the First French Empire prince Józef Poniatowski with Légion d'honneur, Order of the White Eagle, Virtuti Militari insignia.

The Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. It is granted to generals for exceptional achievements. It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration and one of the Great Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was not "Marshal of France" but "Marshal of the Empire").

A Marshal of France displays seven stars. The marshal also receives a baton, a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and Eagles during the First French Empire. It has the Latin inscription: Terror belli, decus pacis, which means "Terror in war, ornament in peace".

Six Marshals of France have been given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.

  • Terror belli...

  • ... decus pacis

Contents

History

The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by King Philip II Augustus of France for Albéric Clément (circa 1190).

The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was restored during the First French Empire by Napoleon I as Marshal of the Empire. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France and Napoléon III kept that designation.

After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire, the Third republic did not use the title until the First World War, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.

Philippe Pétain, awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, retained his title even after his trial and imprisonment and after he was stripped of other positions and titles.

The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie Pierre Kœnig, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984.

Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a General officer who fought victoriously in war-time.

Direct Capetians

Philip II, 1180 – 1223

  • Albéric Clément (died 1191), Marshal of France in 1185
  • Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192
  • Nivelon d'Arras (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202
  • Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170–1214), Marshal of France in 1204
  • Jean III Clément, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214
  • Guillaume de la Tournelle (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1220

Louis IX, 1226 – 1270

  • Ferry Pasté, Lord of Challeranges (died 1247), Marshal of France in 1240
  • Jean Guillaume de Beaumont (died 1257), Marshal of France in 1250
  • Gauthier III, Lord of Nemours (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1257
  • Henri II Clément, Lord of Le Mez and Argentan (died 1265), Marshal of France in 1262
  • Héric de Beaujeu (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265
  • Renaud de Précigny (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265
  • Raoul II Sores (died 1282), Marshal of France in 1270
  • Lancelot de Saint-Maard (died 1278), Marshal of France in 1270

Philip III, 1270 – 1285

  • Ferry de Verneuil (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272
  • Guillaume V du Bec Crespin (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Jean II d'Harcourt, Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Raoul V Le Flamenc (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285

Philip IV, 1285 – 1314

  • Jean de Varennes (died 1292), Marshal of France in 1288
  • Simon de Melun, Lord of La Loupe and of Marcheville (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1290
  • Guy Ier de Clermont de Nesle (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1292
  • Foulques du Merle (died 1314), Marshal of France in 1302
  • Miles VI de Noyers (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1302
  • Jean de Corbeil, Lord of Grez (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1308

Louis X, 1314 – 1316

  • Jean IV de Beaumont (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1315

Philip V, 1316 – 1322

  • Mathieu de Trie (died 1344), Marshal of France in 1318
  • Jean des Barres (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1318
  • Bernard VI de Moreuil, Lord of Moreuil (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1322

Charles IV, 1322–1328

  • Robert-Jean Bertran de Briquebec, Baron of Briquebec, Viscount of Roncheville (1285–1348), Marshal of France in 1325

Valois

Philip VI, 1328 – 1350

  • Anseau de Joinville (1265–1343), Marshal of France in 1339
  • Charles de Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency (1325–1381), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Robert de Waurin, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Guy II de Nesle, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345
  • Édouard de Beaujeu, Lord of Châteauneuf (1316–1351), Marshal of France in 1347

John II 1350 – 1364

  • Arnoul d'Audrehem, Lord of Audrehem (died 1370), Marshal of France in 1351
  • Rogues de Hangest, Lord of Avesnecourt (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1352
  • Jean de Clermont, Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont (died 1356), Marshal of France in 1352
  • Jean I Le Maingre (1310–1367), Marshal of France in 1356

Charles V, 1364 – 1380

  • Jean IV de Mauquenchy, Lord of Blainville (died 1391), Marshal of France in 1368
  • Louis de Sancerre, Count of Sancerre (1342–1402), Marshal of France in 1369

Charles VI, 1380 – 1422

  • Jean II Le Meingre (1364–1421), Marshal of France in 1391
  • Jean II de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342–1417), Marshal of France in 1397
  • Pierre de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389–1439), Marshal of France in 1417
  • Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385–1453), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1384–1437), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jacques de Montberon, Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1396–1464), Marshal of France in 1421
  • Antoine de Vergy (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422
  • Jean de La Baume, Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422

Charles VII, 1422 – 1461

  • Amaury de Séverac, Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424
  • Jean de Brosse, Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426
  • Gilles de Rais, Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé (1404–1440), Marshal of France in 1429
  • André de Laval-Montmorency, Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439
  • Philippe de Culant, Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441
  • Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, Seneschal de Limousin (1390–1461), Marshal of France in 1454

Louis XI, 1461 – 1483

  • Joachim Rouhault de Gamaches, Lord of Boismenard (died 1478), Marshal of France in 1461
  • Jean de Lescun, Count of Comminges (died 1473), Marshal of France in 1461
  • Wolfart VI Van Borselleen, Lord of Vère in Holland and Earl of Buchan in Scotland (died 1487), Marshal of France in 1464
  • Pierre de Rohan de Gié, Lord of Rohan (1450–1514), Marshal of France in 1476

Charles VIII, 1483 – 1498

  • Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes (1418–1494), Marshal of France in 1486
  • Jean de Baudricourt, Lord of Choiseul and Bailiff of Chaumont (died 1499), Marshal of France in 1486

Valois-Orléans

Louis XII, 1498 – 1515

  • Jacques de Trivulce, Marquis of Vigevano (1448–1518), Marshal of France in 1499
  • Charles d'Amboise, Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506
  • Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511
  • Robert Stewart, Lord of Aubigny, Count of Lennox (1470–1544), Marshal of France in 1514

Valois-Angoulême

Francis I 1515–1547

  • Jacques II de Chabannes, Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515
  • Gaspard I de Coligny, Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516
  • Thomas de Foix-Lescun (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518
  • Anne I de Montmorency, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master, Constable of France etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522
  • Théodor Trivulce (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526
  • Robert III de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526
  • Claude d'Annebaut (1500–1552), Marshal of France in 1538
  • René de Montjean (died 1538), Lord of Montjean, Marshal of France in 1538
  • Oudard du Biez, Seigneur of Le Biez (died 1553), Marshal of France in 1542
  • Antoine de Lettes-Desprez, Lord of Montpezat (1490–1544), Marshal of France in 1544
  • Jean Caraccioli, Prince of Melphes (1480–1550), Marshal of France in 1544

Henry II 1547-1559

  • Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, Marquis of Fronsac (died 1562), Marshal of France 1547
  • Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan (1520–1556), Marshal of France in 1547
  • Charles I de Cossé, Count of Brissac (1505–1563), Marshal of France in 1550
  • Pietro Strozzi (1500–1558), Marshal of France in 1554
  • Paul de La Barthe, Lord of Thermes (1482–1558), Marshal of France in 1558

Francis II 1559 – 1560

Charles IX, 1560 – 1574

  • François de Scépeaux, Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562
  • Imbert de La Plâtrière, Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1564
  • Henri I de Montmorency, Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566
  • Artus de Cossé-Brissac, Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny (died 1582), Marshal of France in 1567
  • Gaspard de Saulx, Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570
  • Honorat II de Savoye, Marquis of Villars (died 1580), Marshal of France in 1571
  • Albert de Gondi, Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573

Henry III 1574 – 1589

  • Roger I de Saint Larry, Lord of Bellegarde (died 1579), Marshal of France in 1574
  • Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, Seigneur de Montluc (1500–1577), Marshal of France in 1574
  • Louis Prévost de Sansac, Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of France
  • Armand de Gontaut, Baron de Biron (1524–1592), Marshal of France in 1577
  • Jacques de Goyon, Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579
  • Jean VI d'Aumont, Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux (died 1580), Marshal of France in 1571
  • Guillaume de Joyeuse, Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582
  • Charles II de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1562–1621), Marshal of France

Bourbons

Henry IV 1589 – 1610

  • Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon (1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592.
  • Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron (1562–1602), Marshal of France in 1594.
  • Claude de La Chatre, Baron de la Maisonfort (1536–1614), Marshal of France in 1594.
  • Jean de Montluc de Balagny (1560–1603), Marshal of France in 1594.
  • Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595.
  • Henri, Duke of Joyeuse (1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595.
  • Urbain de Montmorency-Laval, Marquis of Sablé (1557–1629), Marshal of France in 1595.
  • Alphonse d'Ornano (1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597.
  • Guillaume de Hautemer, Count of Grancey (1537–1613), Marshal of France in 1597.
  • François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières (1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608.

Louis XIII, 1610 – 1643

  • Concino Concini, Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613.
  • Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614.
  • Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614.
  • Louis de La Châtre, Baron de Maisonfort (died 1630), Marshal of France in 1616.
  • Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac, Marquis of Thémines (1553–1627), Marshal of France in 1616.
  • François de La Grange d'Arquien, Lord of Montigny and of Séry in Bérry (1554–1617), Marshal of France in 1616
  • Nicolas de L'Hôpital, Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617
  • Charles de Choiseul-Praslin, Marquis of Praslin (1563–1626), Marshal of France in 1619
  • Jean François de La Guiche, Count of La Palice (1569–1632), Marshal of France in 1619.
  • Honoré d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1581–1649), Marshal of France in 1620.
  • François d'Esparbes de Lussan, Viscount of Aubeterre (died 1628), Marshal of France in 1620.
  • Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621.
  • Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force(1558–1652), Marshal of France in 1621.
  • François, Marquis of Bassompierre (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622.
  • Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622.
  • Henri de Schomberg (1574–1632), Marshal of France in 1625.
  • Jean Baptiste d'Ornano (1581–1626), Marshal of France in 1626
  • François Annibal, Duc d'Estrées (1573–1670), Marshal of France in 1626.
  • Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627.
  • Louis de Marillac, Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629.
  • Henri II, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, also Admiral of France (1595–1632), Marshal of France in 1630.
  • Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630.
  • Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Effiat (1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631.
  • Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé (1597–1650), Marshal of France in 1632.
  • Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully (1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634.
  • Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637.
  • Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639.
  • Antoine III, Duke of Gramont (1604–1678), Marshal of France in 1641.
  • Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642.
  • Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642.
  • François de L'Hôpital, Count of Rosnay (1583–1660), Marshal of France in 1643.
  • Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643, Marshal General of France in 1660.
  • Jean, Count of Gassion, (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643.

Louis XIV, 1643 – 1715

Louis XV, 1715 – 1774

  • Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie (1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724[1]
  • Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey and of Médavy (1655–1725), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Éléonor du Maine, Count of Le Bourg (1655–1739), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Yves, marquis d'Alègre (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Antoine V, Duke of Gramont (1671–1725), Marshal of France in 1724
  • Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730
  • Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron (1663–1756), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles (1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734
  • François Marie II, Duke of Broglie (1671–1745), Marshal of France in 1734
  • François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Charles, Duke of Lévis-Charlus (1669–1734), Marshal of France in 1734
  • Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740
  • Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1676–1744), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Louis Armand de Brichanteau, Duke of Nangis (1682–1742), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency, prince d'Isenghien (1678–1762), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1684–1778), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Charles Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle, called the Marshal of Belle-Isle (1684–1762), Marshal of France in 1741
  • Maurice, comte de Saxe, (1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741, Marshal General of France in 1747
  • Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745
  • Claude Testu, Marquis of Balincourt (1680–1770), Marshal of France in 1746
  • Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746
  • François, duc d'Harcourt (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746
  • Guy, Count of Monmorency-Laval (1677–1751), Marshal of France in 1747
  • Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre 1688 - 1781, Marshal of France in 1747
  • Louis Claude, Marquis of La Mothe-Houdancourt (1687–1755), Marshal of France in 1747
  • Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747
  • Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748
  • Jean de Fay, Marquis of la Tour-Maubourg (1684–1764), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Louis Antoine de Gontaut, (1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757
  • Daniel François de Gélas de Voisons d'Ambres, Viscount of Lautrec (1686–1762), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Jean Charles de la Ferté, Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Charles O'Brien de Thomond, Count of Thomond and of Clare (1699–1761), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Gaston de Lévis, Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757
  • Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny, (1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758
  • Hubert de Brienne, Count of Conflans (1690–1777), Marshal of France in 1758
  • Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades, (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758
  • Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise (1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758
  • Victor François, Duke de Broglie (1718–1804), Marshal of France in 1759
  • Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768
  • Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768
  • Jean de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1698–1780), Marshal of France in 1768

Louis XVI, 1774 – 1792

  • Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt (1701–1783), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Louis, 4th duc de Noailles (1713–1793), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Antoine, Count of Nicolaï (1712–1787), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Charles, Duke of Fitz-James (1712–1787), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Philippe, Duke of Mouchy (1715–1794), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Emmanuel de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1715–1789), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy (1702–1775), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Claude, Count of Saint-Germain (1707–1778), Marshal of France since 24.3.1775
  • Guy de Montmorency, Duke of Laval (1723–1798), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Augustin, Count of Mailly (1708–1794), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre (1714–1788), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon (1720–1793), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux (1705–1788), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur (1724–1801), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Jacques de Choiseul-Stainville, Count of Choiseul (1727–1789), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries (1727–1800), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Anne Emmanuel, Duke of Croÿ (1718–1787), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis (1719–1787), Marshal of France since 13.6.1783
  • Nicolas Luckner, Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since 28.12.1791
  • Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1725–1807), Marshal of France since 28.12.1791
Baton of the Napoleonic Marshals

First Empire

Napoleon I, 1804 – 1814/1815[2]

Napoleon created twenty-six Marshalls of the Empire:

  • Louis Alexandre Berthier, Prince of Neufchatel and of Wagram, Duke of Valengin. (1753–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Joachim Murat, Prince d'Empire, Grand Duke of Berg, King of Naples (1767–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, Count Jourdan (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • André Masséna, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling (1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Pierre François Charles Augereau, Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (1763–1844), Prince of Ponte Corvo, King of Sweden and Norway under the name Charles XIV John (1818-1844), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, Count Brune (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Jean de Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804, Marshal General of France in 1847
  • Jean Lannes, Duke of Montebello (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 †
  • Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, Duke of Trévise (1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Michel Ney, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of la Moscowa (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Louis Nicolas Davout, Duke of Auerstaedt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804
  • Jean-Baptiste Bessières, Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 †
  • François Christophe de Kellermann, Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (Honorary)
  • François Joseph Lefebvre, Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (Honorary)
  • Dominique Catherine de Pérignon, Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (Honorary)
  • Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier, Count Sérurier (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (Honorary)
  • Claude Victor, Duke of Bellune (1764–1841), Marshal of the Empire in 1807
  • Jacques MacDonald, Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809
  • Nicolas Charles Oudinot, Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809
  • Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809
  • Louis Gabriel Suchet, Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811
  • Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812
  • Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813 †
  • Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy, (1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815

The names of many of these have been given to successive stretches of an avenue encircling Paris, which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevards des Maréchaux (Boulevards of the Marshals).

Restoration

Louis XVIII, 1815 – 1824

Charles X, 1824 – 1830

  • Louis Aloy de Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein, (1765–1829), Marshal of France in 1827
  • Nicolas Joseph Maison, Marquis Maison (1771–1840), Marshal of France in 1829
  • Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont, Count of Bourmont (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1830

July Monarchy

Louis-Philippe 1830 – 1848

Second Republic

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848 – 1852

Second Empire

Napoleon III, 1852 – 1870

Third Republic

Raymond Poincaré, 1913 – 1920

Alexandre Millerand, 1920 – 1924

Fourth Republic

Vincent Auriol, 1947 – 1954

Fifth Republic

François Mitterrand, 1981 – 1995

See also

References

  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 23, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 719.
  2. ^ R P Dunn-Pattison Napoleon's Marshals Methuen 1909 - Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001

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