César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens

Portrait of César Phoebus d'Albret (Musée de Versailles)^[1]

César Phoebus d'Albret (1614 — 3 September 1676), comte de Miossens,^[2] was a French soldier, a Marshal of France under Louis XIV, his distant cousin, and a court gallant. He was also a cousin of the marquise de Montespan.

His faithful attachment to Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin during the Fronde, rather than any military talent, motivated his designation as a marshal of France, 1 June 1653. He set the name of Miossens aside for the grander name of Albret.^[3]

Military career

He first took up arms in the service of the United Provinces, under Maurice of Nassau and Jean de Werth in the Eighty Years' War against the Spanish in the Low Countries. In 1635 he was made maître de camp alongside his father in a French infantry regiment in the army of Lorraine and commanded a regiment in the siege of Corbie, 1636. As a Captain in the regiment of Guards in 1639, he became successively ensign then Lieutenant of the Gendarmes de la Garde ordinaire du Roi in 1644, and second-in-command during the Fronde.

Though he was on intimate terms with the young Louis de Bourbon-Condé, the duc d'Enghien, he nevertheless joined the party of Mazarin. On 19 January 1650, he was charged with escorting the arrested dukes of Conti, Condé and Longueville to the donjon at the château de Vincennes.^[4] Mazarin's promise of the rank of Marshal was extracted only at the price of pressures brought by court intrigues, in which César Phoebus was supported by his cousin Madame de Montespan, who was soon to supplant the young Louise de La Vallière in the King's affections. The title of duke continued to elude him.

He served as field marshal at the successful siege of Mardyck and at Dunkirk in 1646. "He was then 39 years of age and had served very little, never anywhere as a leader, and afterwards saw no more of war," the duc de Saint-Simon wrote in his memoirs.^[5] The Abbé d'Aumont, who had taken a box at the Comédie that the maréchal commanded for his own, was heard to remark, "A fine Marshal! He has never stormed anything except my box!" .^[6]

Court career

He married 6 February 1645, Madeleine de Guénégaud, daughter of Gabriel de Guénégaud, seigneur du Plessis-Belleville, a Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi. With the support of Turenne he was named a chevalier of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit, 31 December 1661, continuing the honour that was traditional in his family.^[7] The favour of the marquise de Maintenon secured him the post of governor of Guyenne from November 1670 to 1676. In 1675 he conducted a veritable campaign, pursued with energy, against the public uprising at Bordeaux over taxes on timber and tobacco, and successfully demolished the Porte Sainte Croix and 500 toises of the city ramparts.

Saint-Simon's incisive word portraits of the duc d'Albret were uncompromising: "He was a man of spirit, competent, proud, and even more, of intrigue.^[8] "He was a man who, without having served much and never in charge, made a good account of himself by his spirit, his courage, his address and his magnificence. He kept great state everywhere and had with him at Pons the best company".^[9]

His exploits in gallantry are more considerable than his military ones. The list of his conquests is a long one: Marion Delorme, Ninon de Lenclos, with whom he fathered a son, Marguerite de Béthune-Sully, Madame d'Olone. He frequented the salon of Françoise d'Aubigné the future future Madame de Maintenon, who said ^[10] Widowed by Paul Scarron she took refuge at the hôtel d'Albret, where she met Mme de Montespan, cousin by marriage of the maréchal as well as Bonne d'Heudicourt (his cousin of the Pons family, thanks to whom Mme de Montespan entrusted to her the education of the children she had with Louis XIV, who took a fancy to the widowed governess.

Notes

1. ^ His arms, blasoned on the portrait are: Quartered, first and fourth azur, three fleurs-de-lis or, second and third gules
2. ^ Created duc d'Albret, he was comte de Miossens, sire de Pons, prince de Mortagne, sovereign lord of Bedeilles, and a chevalier des ordres du roi.
3. ^ La famille d'Albret
4. ^ Jacques de Saulx, comte de Tavannes, Mémoires, 1858:22.
5. ^ "Il avoit alors 39 ans et avoit très peu servi, jamais nulle part en chef et depuis ne vit plus la guerre". (Saint-Simon).
6. ^ "Voyez le beau maréchal, il n'a jamais pris que ma loge !".
7. ^ His father Henri and his grandfather Antoine de Pons (1578) had both been named chevaliers of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit.
8. ^ "C'était un homme d'esprit, de main, de tête et plus encore d'intrigue..."
9. ^ "C'était un homme qui sans avoir beaucoup servi et jamais en chef, se faisait fort compter par son esprit, sa hardiesse, son adresse et sa magnificence. Il tenait grand état partout et avait chez lui, à Pons, la meilleure compagnie".
10. ^ "Le maréchal d'Albret est mon ami de tous les temps : Je ne sache pas qu'il ait été mon amant"