Plast

The Plast National Scout Organization of Ukraine ( _uk. Пласт Національна Скаутська Організація України, "Plast Natsionalna Skautska Orhanizatsiia Ukrayiny") commonly called Ukrainian Plast or simply Plast is the largest Scouting organization in Ukraine.

History

First Phase: 1911-1920

Plast was founded in Ukraine in 1911 as the Ukrainian Scout Organization. Ukrainian Scouting has been known since its inception as "Plast". In Ukrainian a "plastun" is an historical name for a Cossack scout and sentry serviceman. The founder of Ukrainian Scouting, Dr. Oleksander Tysovsky (alternately Oleksandr Tysowskyj), affectionately known as "Drot," adapted the universal Scout principles to the needs and interests of Ukrainian youth.

Born during great social and political upheavals in Europe, Ukrainian Plast came into being to fulfill specific national aims, unlike other Scout organizations. The first Scout troops were formed in L'viv in 1911, then a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Petro Franko and Ivan Chmola. The official date of the founding of Plast is generally deemed to be 12 April 1912, at the L'viv Academic Gymnasium by Dr. Oleksander Tysovsky. Scouting spread rapidly to the other cities and towns, and by 1913 the first Supreme Scout Council had been formed and the first handbook published. The same year, the Orhanizatsiyniy Plast Komitet was formed in Lviv by Plast groups from different regions, and the first hiking camp was organized.

By 1916 its membership exceeded 10,000, and it was a fully developed and functioning organization, consisting of separate branches of Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. Ukrainian Plast held regular camps for Cubs, Scouts and Rovers, training courses for leaders, and produced a variety of Scout publications, including a Ukrainian translation of 'Scouting for Boys'.

Shortly after its founding, World War I brought about the collapse of the two powers occupying ethnic Ukrainian territory, Austria-Hungary and tsarist Russia, and the formation of the Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. The subsequent years witnessed a great upswing in Scouting, as it spread into the towns and communities where it had been previously unknown, mainly in the newly freed central provinces of Ukraine. Hundreds, if not thousands, of boys, inspired by the ideals of service to God and Country which Scouting engenders, volunteered to join the armed forces, fighting on several fronts, and many gave their lives.

econd Phase: 1920-1930

The occupation of central Ukraine by the Red Army in 1922 led to an immediate abolition of all Scout activities in this region. In the Romanian area of Bukovina, the development of Plast was likewise hampered. Ukrainian Scouting was among the first to suffer what later became the fate of many Scout Associations throughout the world. In areas later to become western Ukraine, which included parts of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Scout movement emerged from the ruins of war with renewed vitality. During this period, Ukrainian Scouting first requested international recognition, but was denied on political grounds.

In spite of numerous obstacles, Plast developed rapidly in the Polish areas, with high levels of membership among students, farmers and workers. A key sponsor was Metropolitan Andriy Sheptytsky, the Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1901-1944), who donated a campsite called "Sokil" in the Carpathian Mountains. A number of publications are introduced, including the official organ "Molode Zhyttia" and Dr. Oleksander Tysovsky's seminal handbook, "Zhyttia v Plasti".

In the late 1920s, external pressure on the part of the Polish authorities seriously impaired further growth of Plast on its territory, and eventually led to an outright abolition of Ukrainian Scouting in 1928 in the Volyn region, and in Halychyna in 1930. However, Plast continued to flourish in Carpathian Ruthenia, the ethnic Ukrainian area within Czechoslovakia, and maintained a close liaison with the underground Scout units in parts of central Ukraine under the Soviet Union until World War II. Ukrainian Scouts took part in the World Jamboree at Arrowe Park in 1929, and as part of the Czechoslovak contingent in the fourth World Jamboree at Gödöllő in 1933, attempting to make the World Scouting aware of the suppression of free Scout activities in Ukraine.

Third Phase: 1930-1944

In Western Ukraine, Plast, though banned, continues to operate illegally and conspirationally under the auspices of the Plast Center. Plast activities continue to be undertaken, but via the Commission of Educational Campsites, the "Ridna Shkola" and published in the journal "Vohni".

The Polish leadership pursues this activity and punishes such activities with arrests and internment.

By 1939, World War II breaks out and membership in Plast sees a resurgence in western Ukraine, although the occupying German forces again ban Plast, yet activity continues. As in the previous war, many "plastuny" take up arms in various armies that traverse western and eastern Ukraine during the war.

During the years under Communism and the Soviet Union, Scouting was banned in Ukraine, but the Plast organization continued to exist in exile around the world.

Fourth Phase: 1945-1950

Ukrainian Scouting was hampered by World War II, but Plast managed to survive the war and began to flourish again in the displaced persons camps under the occupation of the Western Powers. The successful commemoration of the 35th Anniversary of the Movement in 1947 was the highlight of Plast activities at that time. Multiple groups of "plastuny" met at the "Holovna Plastova Rada" in Munich.

Ukrainian Scouting became a member of the Displaced Persons Division of the Boy Scouts International Bureau. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 379
isbn = 2880520037 ] A delegation of over 40 Scouts and Scouters participated in the sixth World Scout Jamboree at Moisson in 1947 and a smaller group in the seventh World Jamboree at Bad Ischl in 1951. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 379
isbn = 2880520037 ]

After the mass resettlement of Ukrainians between 1948 and 1950, Plast was reorganized and branches permanently established in a number of western countries with large Ukrainian communities, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, France, Austria, the United Kingdom, Germany and Argentina, where it continues to flourish and expand.

Fifth Phase: 1950-1989

Ukrainian Scouting was represented at the ninth World Scout Jamboree at Sutton Coldfield in 1957. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 382
isbn = 2880520037 ] , at the second and third World Scout Indabas and at the tenth World Scout Jamboree at Makiling Park in 1959. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 382
isbn = 2880520037 ] , Ukrainian Scouters delegated by the Executive Council participated as observers in the sixteenth and seventeenth International Conferences in 1957 and 1959, respectively.

In 1957, Plast celebrated its 45th Anniversary with a national camp in their training and camping centre "Plastova Sich" in Canada. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 381
isbn = 2880520037 ] Oleksander Tysovsky took part in this camp.

In the summer of 1962, Ukrainian Scouting celebrated its 50th Anniversary with a National Jamboree on its own permanent campsite ("Vovcha Tropa") at East Chatham, New York, in which over 2,000 members, as well as Scouts of other national associations participated. Subsequent anniversaries were celebrated in 1972 (again in East Chatham, New York), 1978 (Alberta, Canada) and every five years thereafter.

In 1976 Plast were among the founder members of the Associated International Scout and Guide Organizations in 1976. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 64
isbn = 2880520037 ] An umbrella organization for Scouts-in-Exile.

The location of Plast's global headquarters would vary based on the leadership elected at each "Holovna Plastova Rada," although the centers of administration tended to be New York City and Toronto, Canada.

Plast was quite active in publishing, with the key publications:
* "Hotuis" (for "novaky" or New Scouts)
* "Yunak" (for "yunaky" or Scouts)
* "Plastoviy Shliakj" (for "starshi plastuny" and "seniory", that is Older Scouts and Senior Scouts).
* "Vohon' Orlynoyi Rady" (for leaders and counselors to "novaky")
* "V dorohu z Yunatstvom" (for leaders and counselors to "yunaky")
* "Av-u" and "Tam-Tam" (for members of the "Siromantsi" fraternity)
* "OX Kvartal'nyk" (for members of the Orden Khrestonostsiv fraternity)And numerous local, regional and fraternal bulletins, publications, journals and handbooks, many of which were published by Plast Publishing.

In addition to creating over a dozen campsites, Plast members built or acquired over 30 facilities or "domivky" where they could hold activities, generally on a weekly basis. Several stores, including "Molode Zhyttia" in New York City, provided uniforms, emblems, publications and other goods. Several foundations and organizations provided and continue to provide support.

ixth Phase: 1990 to present

When the Soviet Union began to crumble, Scouting appeared clandestinely. The first Plast camp was organized in the summer of 1989 and was raided by the Soviet secret police (KGB); several Scouts were beaten and arrested. Nevertheless, Scouting and Plast persisted.

Since the end of Soviet communism and the birth of an independent Ukraine in 1991, Ukrainian Plast Scouting has been growing rapidly in every corner of the country. This included units in Kiev, Lutsk and Donetsk. The most active region, however, was in Lviv, where on 22 February 1990, the town council enacted the "Statut Plastovoho Tovarystva".

Plast-in-Exile supported the restart of Plast in the Ukraine. [cite book
last = Kroonenberg
first = Piet J.
authorlink = Piet J. Kroonenberg
title = The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
publisher = Oriole International Publications
location = Geneva
date = 1998
pages = 385
isbn = 2880520037 ]

At the beginning of 1995, there were 85 local groups and councils, with over 3,500 Scouts.

In August 1997, Plast Ukrainian Scouting celebrated the 85th anniversary since the first Scouting units appeared in Ukraine in 1911, with a Plast Jamboree at the renamed Sokil Plast Museum-Camp, attended by 700 Scouts from 34 units throughout Ukraine. Highlights of this Jamboree included the inauguration the third "Nachalniy Plastun" (Chief Scout) in Plast's history, and the first ever inaugurated in Ukraine, Dr. Lubomyr Romankiw on August 10, 1997; the opening of the Museum at this historic campsite, donated by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, which had been used by Plast from 1924-1944; and the attendance of several scouts from the First Phase of Ukrainian Scouting, including the 93-year-old composer Mykola Kolessa.

In addition, other Scouting groups have been spontaneously appearing, mostly in the eastern and southern parts of Ukraine. Most of them participated, together with Plast, in the Ukrainian delegation to the 18th World Scout Jamboree in the Netherlands in 1995, as well as the First All-Ukrainian Scout Jamboree in Nevytske, and the Second Slavic Jamboree in Prague, Czech Republic.

Plast Publishing largely moved back to Ukraine, with financial and editorial support from international units, and publishes a magazine for both younger Scouts, "Hotuys" (Be Prepared), and for older Scouts "Yunak" ... as with all Plast publications, these monthly publications are written in Ukrainian. They are also distributed internationally.

Plast is working with the various other Ukrainian Scouting organizations to develop a national Scouting federation and to achieve recognition by the WOSM. All duties in Ukrainian Scouting, from local to the National Council levels, are performed by a combination volunteer workers and paid professionals.

As of 2006, Plast has over 10,000 members in Ukraine, and an additional 3,000 members in other countries.

The 95th anniversary jubilee occurred in August 2007, with a "Zustrich" at the "Plastova Sich" campsite in Grafton, Ontario, Canada. Over 1200 yunaky attended the camp, from August 4 to 19. "Tabir Pryhilniky" Fact|date=November 2007 was at Camp Baturyn, just outside Montreal, Quebec. Tabir Uchasnyky was held in Algonquin Provincial Park, in central Ontario. Tabir Rosviduvachi was held in Samuel de Champlain Park, also in Ontario. Tabir Skobiv and Virlits was in Killarney Park, on Lake Huron, in western Ontario.

Plast outside of Ukraine

After World War II, a number of independent Plast Ukrainian Scouting organizations were founded in the West by Ukrainians from Western Ukraine (which was under Polish rule until 1939). This phase of Plast began in Germany and Austria in 1945 in various Displaced Persons Camps, and as various members of Plast eventually ended up in Canada, the United States, the UK, Australia and elsewhere, various émigré organizations were founded between 1946 and 1951. Until the fall of the Soviet Union, these represented the totality of Plast organizations, and were aligned to a supranational organization called KUPO (Conference of Ukrainian Plast Organizations), which convened every four years and elected an operational "Holovna Plastova Starshyna" (HPB) and a board called "Holovna Plastova Rada" (HPR), and would also name the head Plastun ("Nachalniy Plastun"), typically a long-term or lifetime, and somewhat ceremonial position. The current, and third, "Nachalniy Plastun" is US-based (originally from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) Dr. Lubomyr Romankiw, his predecessor was US-based Dr. Yuriy Starosols'kiy, who succeeded Severyn Levytsky ("Siriy Lev"), who was inaugurated in post-World War II Germany.

Thus, Plast has existed as an émigré organization in:
* Canada, with major contingents or "stanytsi" in Toronto, Hamilton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa and elsewhere, and a campsite in Grafton, Ontario, since 1948
* the United States:
**"Stanytsi" (active Plast Scouts) in New York City, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, Syracuse, Hartford, Rochester, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Newark,Passaic, Baltimore, Denver, Colorado, Boston, Los Angeles, California, St. Petersburg, Florida, Seattle, Washington,
**Defunct, dormant or inactive "stanytsi" in Trenton; Hempstead; Jersey City; Utica; Albany; Los Angeles; New Haven; Lorain, Ohio; and Elizabeth, New Jersey
**Plast Museum in Parma, Ohio
**Plast Campsites in Buffalo ("Noviy Sokil"), East Chatham, New York ("Vovcha Tropa"), Cleveland ("Pysanij Kamin"), and Connecticut ("Bobrivka")
**Campsite for camp leaders ("Lisova Shkola" and "Shkola Bulavnykh") in Hunter, New York
* Australia, with "stanytsi" in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney
* the United Kingdom (London, Manchester)
* Germany (Munich)
* Brazil
* Argentina (Buenos Aires)To a less-organized extent:
* France
* Belgium (Antwerp)
* Poland (more recently)
* Czech Republic (more recently)
* Slovakia (more recently)
* Lithuania (more recently)
* Latvia (more recently)
* Kazakhstan (more recently)The mission of Plast in exile was amended somewhat, with objectives to maintain and perpetuate Plast and Ukrainian culture and identity throughout the Ukrainian diaspora.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, in addition to Ukraine, Plast units were formed in Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Kazakhstan and the Czech Republic. In the middle of 1997, a two-week Jamboree was held in Winnipeg, Canada that brought Plast contingents from France, Germany, Argentina, the United States, Canada, Ukraine, and other countries. Given that only the organization in Ukraine is a "National" organization, the other Plast units ("krayi") continue to collaborate via KUPO and HPB (now moved to Ukraine), but with Plast in Ukraine having its own status.

Program

Program Sections

* Pre-Scouts - aged 4 to 6 ("ptashata pry plasti")
* New Scouts - aged 7 to 11 (UPN: "novaky" and "novachky")
** Further subdivided into male and female units
** Organized into a "riy" (group) typically with 6 to 10 Scouts
** A regional unit ("stanytsia") might have several "royi" organized into a "nest" ("hnizdo") typically with 20 to 50 Scouts.
** Larger "stanytsi" may have more than one "hnizdo"
** Each Scout has a rank, based on having completed a "proba" (none, first, second and third), which is based on achieving a number of objectives including earning merit badges ("vmilosty")
* Scouts - aged 12 to 18 (UPU: "yunaky" and "yunachky")
** Further subdivided into male and female units
** Organized into a "hurtok" (group) typically with 6 to 10 Scouts
** Each Scout has a rank, based on having completed a "proba" (none, first, second and third), which is based on achieving a number of objectives including earning merit badges ("vmilosty").
** Those at the lowest tier are called "Prykhylnyki" those who finished the first "proba" are called "uchasnyky," those with the second "proba" are "rozviduvachi" and those with the third proba are "skoby" (roughly equivalent to an Eagle Scout in the United States). Female tiers are similar: "prykhynytsi," "uchasnytsi," "rozviduvachky" and "virlytsi."
** In exceptional cases, a "skob" who has performed above and beyond the call of duty and has also amassed a substantial number of "vmilosty" is named by the "nachal'niy plastun" to be a "hetmans'kiy skob" ("skob of the hetmanate") or "hetmans'ka virlytsia." There have been fewer than 50 such individuals in the history of Plast, although the pace of awards has accelerated considerably, with this level almost being viewed as the fourth "proba"
** A "skob" can also achieve an additional distinction of a "skob aviator" or "maritime skob" with additional nautical or aeronautical training. There have only been a handful of such individuals.
* Older Scouts - aged 18 to 30 or 35 (USP: "starshi plastuny" and "starshi plastunky")
** While older Scouts often belong to regional units ("stanytsi") and are often the counselors to units of "novaky" or "yunaky," they also organize themselves into international "kureni" (sometimes referred to as "fraternities" or "sororities"). These "kureni" are either single-sex or mixed-sex. Prominent male kureni include the Lisovi Chorty (Forest Devils), the Burlaky (Old Shoes), the Orden Khrestonostsiv (Order of the Crusaders), the Chervona Kalyna, the Chornomortsi (Black Sea-ers), Vovkulaky (werewolves), Orlykivtsi (followers of Pylyp Orlyk), Pobratymy (Circle of Friends), Khmelnytchenky (named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky), Plemia Mogikany (Tribe of Mohican) and the Siromantsi (coyotes). Prominent female kureni include the Pershi Stezhi, Chortopolokhy, the Lisovi Mavky (wood nymphs), Chornomorski Khvyli (Black sea waves), Buryverkhy (mountaintop-destroyers), Knyahyni (Princesses), Ti shcho hrebli rvut'(those who rake leaves), Shostokryli (6-wings), Spartanky, Verkhovynky (mountaintops), and mixed-gender kureni named after Dr. Oleksander Tysovsky (the Baden-Powell of Plast), Voynarovskiy and the "Dubova Kora" (oak bark). Most of these units were founded in Germany in the late 1940s, and many of these now exist in Ukraine as well as throughout the Plast diaspora. A number of new units have been formed in Ukraine in the past 12 years as well.
* Senior Scouts - aged 30 or 35 and up (UPS: "seniory")
** Senior Scouts belong to the same "kureni" as the "older Scouts." Many units have a particular focus, with the Chervona Kalyna being involved in sports, the Chornomortsi and sister kurin' Chornomorsky Khvyli in maritime Scouting, the Pobratymy in hiking and mountainclimbing, the Siromantsi in publishing, the Orden Khrestonostsiv and the Lisovi Chorty in basic Scouting and individual leadership.
** A Senior Scout who has not previously been a Scout is called a "Plastun Senior Prykhylnyk." Those who have previously been "older Scouts" enter at the second tier called "Plastun Senior Dovirya," and if they are active can achieve the third tier called "Plastun Senior Pratsi" and a select few leaders achieve the level of "Plastun Senior Kerivnytstva."
* Plast Affiliates - Not official members but supporters, similar to a Parent-Teacher-Organization ("Plast-Priyat")(age ranges vary depending on the region around the world)

The Plast Scout Motto is "SKOB!", an acronym for "Syl'no! Krasno! Oberezhno! Bystro!" meaning "Strongly! Beautifully! Carefully! Speedily!" in Ukrainian. The Scout Motto for the younger Ukrainian Scouts is "Hotuis!" or "Prepare yourself!"

"SKOB" also happens to be a direct translation of the eagle species "Osprey"

The Ukrainian noun for a single Scout is "Plastun".

Plast Law

The word "plastun" means "a Plast Scout" (male). A female Plast Scout is a "plastunka" ... The Plast Law ("Plastoviy Zakon"), more accurately a Plast Scout's Law, is as follows.

# A "Plastun" keeps his (her) word.
# A "Plastun" is thorough.
# A "Plastun" is punctual.
# A "Plastun" is thrifty.
# A "Plastun" is just.
# A "Plastun" is courteous.
# A "Plastun" is brotherly and friendly.
# A "Plastun" is levelheaded.
# A "Plastun" is useful.
# A "Plastun" obeys Plast leadership.
# A "Plastun" is diligent.
# A "Plastun" cares for his (her) health.
# A "Plastun" cares for beauty.
# A "Plastun" is always optimistic.

cout Oath

On my honor I swear that I will do everything in my power to:Be loyal to God and Ukraine,To help others, To obey Plast leadership and To live according to the Plast Law.

Notable Plast members

*Petro Franko
*Dr. Oleksander Tysovsky
*Roman Shukevych
*Stepan Bandera
*Dr. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn
*Dr. Lubomyr Romankiw
*Viktor Yushchenko
* Patriarch Cardinal Lubomyr Husar of the UGCC
*Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, NASA mission specialist

ee also

* Scouting in Ukraine
* Scouting in displaced persons camps
* Ukrainian Sich Riflemen

External links and references

* [http://plast-Scouting.org/ Plast homepage, in Ukrainian]
* [http://www.plast.org/info/Home%20Page%20of%20Ukrainian%20Scouting-Plast.htm Ukrainian Scouting]
* [http://www.plast.org/info/Ukrainian%20Scouting-Plast%20History.htm History of Plast]
* [http://plast.org.ua Plast Portal - Plast website in Ukrainian]
*partially adapted from "Ukrainian Scouting, the Newsletter of the Plast-Scouting Organization of Ukraine," Volume 1, Number 1, January, 1995; and Plast publications. The Scout Oath, Law and Motto were translated by George Slusarczuk.
*Reflist