Operation Stonewall

Operation Stonewall was a World War II operation to intercept blockade runners off the west coast of France. It was an effective example of inter-service and inter-national co-operation.

Background

From the start of the war, the Allies had maintained a blockade against the import by Germany of seaborne goods. Although rich in many basic industrial materials, Germany, like Britain, could not produce some essentials. These included rubber, tin and tungsten.

Until the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the blockade was evaded via the Trans-Siberian Railway and large quantities of materials were shipped by this route. Once this was closed, German and Italian ships, stranded in Japan and Occupied Singapore, were used to bring in these essentials to ports in Occupied France. These were the blockade-runners.

Although an organised interdiction against these blockade-runners could not be set up until December 1943, several ships were intercepted and sunk in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Few actually managed successful runs.

The Operation

The New Zealand cruiser, HMNZS Gambia, joined the operation in December, 1943, and operated from Horta, in the Azores, with HMS Glasgow, patrolling an area north of the islands.

On 23 December, aircraft from the American escort carrier USS Card spotted a suspected runner and there were further reports of a flotilla of destroyers escorting another merchantman west from France. HMS Gambia, Glasgow, and HMS Enterprise formed a cordon to intercept. Aircraft attacked the flotilla, now escorting an incoming merchantman (SS Osorno), reporting a hit and a near-miss on Osorno.

More warships (HMS Ariadne and Penelope and four Free French destroyers) joined the patrol to intercept another runner. Aircraft from RAF Coastal Command acted in close cooperation. Before the Allied ships and an RAF strike force could make contact, the shadowing bomber (crewed by No. 311 Squadron RAF - Czechoslovak) attacked with bombs and rockets and set the German ship—the SS Alsterufer—on fire. The German crew were rescued by four Canadian corvettes.

The German destroyers had set out to meet and escort Alsterufer, and now Glasgow and Enterprise sought to intercept them. Guided by shadowing aircraft, the cruisers intercepted eight destroyers in the early afternoon of 28 December and exchanged fire with them. Despite accurate German gunfire and torpedoes, effective German evading action and an attack with guided bombs by a Luftwaffe aircraft, the British ships maintained contact.

View from Z27 of T25 and T26 being shelled. Drawn by Hans Helmut Karsch, a German sailor, while interned in the Curragh Camp. (National Maritime Museum of Ireland)

The German ships divided into two groups and the cruisers pursued one of these. By 16:00, three destroyers (Elbing-class T25 and Gironde, but struck a wreck in the estuary. She was beached and subsequently unloaded offshore.

Glasgow, Enterprise and Ariadne returned to Plymouth and Penelope to Gibraltar. More blockade runners from the Far East were expected, so HMS Gambia and Mauritius maintained the cruiser patrol north of the Azores for the next three days. The Gambia then returned to Plymouth on 1 January 1944.

Three more German ships were sunk between 3 and 5 January by U.S. Navy patrols in the South Atlantic. These were the last runners.

By Autumn, German armies were retreating headlong out of France and the French ports were no longer open to Axis ships.

Allied participants

Ships: British, New Zealand, French, U.S., Canadian.

Aircraft: U.S., British, Czech

Notes

1. ^ Achilles at Royal NZ Navy

References

• Clay Blair: Hitler's U-Boat War Vol II (1998). ISBN 0-304-35261-7
• Samuel Eliot Morison History of United States Naval operations in World War II: Vol I Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 (1947) ISBN (none)
• Stephen Roskill: The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol III (1960). ISBN (none)

External links

• December, 1943 actions