The Genesis According to Spiritism

"The Genesis, Miracles and Premonition According to Spiritism" ("La Genése, les Miracles et les Preditions selon le Spiritisme" in the original French) was the last book published (1868) by Allan Kardec, just before his death. It tries to reconcile science and religion and develops a series of important scientific and philosophical topics, relating them to Spiritism.

Contents

The Genesis contains diverse articles on the creation of the universe, the formation of the world, the origins of spirits and the role of divine intervention in the order of nature.

It is divided into three parts, each apparently unrelated to the others:

* "The Genesis According to Spiritism" (12 chapters)
* "Miracles According to Spiritism" (3 chapters)
* "Predictions According to Spiritism" (2 chapters)

The final chapter ("The Time is at Hand") is not related to either of the three parts.

The mentioned division is an indication that the three parts were meant to be published as separate works, but ended up together for some reason, "maybe because Kardec realised that he was not going to have enough time to finish them" Fact|date=February 2007.

The Genesis

The first, and longest, part tries to reconcile religious tradition about the creation with recent discoveries of science regarding the universe and the origin of life. The convergence proposed by Kardec is not far from Intelligent Design, though Kardec never claimed that any actual "signature" of the Creator had been or could ever be found. However, he uses a lot of space (the first six chapters) to introduce Spiritism itself as a religion.

The chapters of the first part are:

Character of Spiritist Revelation

Kardec argues that Spiritism is a "third" revelation (the first being that of God to Moses and the second, the coming of Christ), though it possesses some novel features that make it "more than just a religion". This first chapter is a thorough rationalisation of the Spiritist theory and an attempt to justify it in face of harsh criticism:

::"They accuse it [Spiritism] of relationship with magic and sorcery; but forget that Astronomy has Astrology as an elder sister, not much removed from us." (#19)

This whole chapter takes for granted that Spiritism has become a widely-known and widely-criticised movement.

God

More about the Spiritist view of God.

Good and Evil

Good and evil are seen as inherent to human nature because they are both manifestations of our pursuit of perfection. "Good" things come from the use of intellect while "bad" things come from the prevalence of instinct; which leads to the conclusion, not present textually in Kardec, that nature, being unintelligent is inherently "evil" (or at the very least, unmoral).

The role of science in the Genesis

Argues that scientific advancement is ultimately a human attempt to understand God and that the conflict between religion and science exists because most religions have surrendered to the will of power while science is blind to the spirituality of man. Preconizes a harmony of science and religion.

Ancient and modern views of the world

Explains that the (mis)conceptions about the world originated from the scarcity of information available to man in the past and that, as science advances, our worldview will change dramatically, affected by it.

General Uranography

An essay, attributed to the spirit of Galileo presents a description of the universe as understood at the time. Contains some interesting insights which were either original or very novel:

* that there are regions in space that are empty of stars (the space between the galaxies, which is called "deserts of space"),
* that countless of other planets existed beyond our solar system,
* that the Milky Way was only one of many other galaxies,
* that most planets, if not all, were inhabited;
* that planets are not immutable, but change over long periods of time and eventually disappear.

General Geological Sketch of the Earth

Attempts to reconcile the then recent science of geology with legends from the Bible and from other ancient peoples. Accepts the flood as fact and ignores ice ages, actually attributing as evidences of the former, phenomena that are now known to have been caused by the later.

Theories on the formation of the Earth

Challenges, debunks or doubts many other oddball theories that circulated among theosophists and occultists of the time. An entire section is dedicated to explain that the Earth does not have a "soul" (which apparently was a notion quite accepted then).

Revolutions of the Globe

Describes cataclysms that affected life overall, failing to mention any that was not already know at the time.

Genesis of Life

Describes how life on Earth could have formed. This chapter is particularly sore for Spiritists because it actually accepts spontaneous generation as fact: a phenomenon that took place every day (which was according to mainstream scientific thinking of that time, only to be displaced decades later by the work of Louis Pasteur).

Genesis of Spirits

Explains how spirits were (and are) created and to what purpose.

Moses' Genesis

Explains why the tale of the creation found in the book of Genesis is contradicted by science.

The Miracles

The second part explains what a miracle is and discusses under which conditions it should happen.

Character of a Miracle

After describing what a "miracle" should be (both according to the popular conception and the theology of Christianism, Kardec argues (with the Spirits on his side) that such a thing does not and cannot exist:

::"...considering that God does not do anything for fancy, we are inclined to the following opinion: As miracles are not necessary for the glory of God, nothing in the Universe ever goes against the laws of nature. God does not work miracles because, as His laws are perfect, He has no reason to derogate or suspend them. If facts are found that we cannot understand, it is just because we are in want of the knowledge necessary to understand them."

Regarding miraculous cures, Kardec wisely states that these, if frequent enough, would have been a hindrance to the development of mankind: if people could be miraculously cured man would not pursue knowledge. Therefore, as man is steadily progressing towards more and more knowledge, Kardec infers that these miracles are rare indeed (as they are not affecting the march of scientific progress). This reasoning is used as an explanation to the observed scarcity of true miracles. Finally, Kardec argues that most people claiming to work miraculous cures are charlatans.

The Fluids

According to contemporary science, there was a third nature, besides matter and energy, that was both immaterial, undetectable and capable of acting upon both matter and energy; as energy is capable of acting on matter and matter, of affecting energy. Such third kind was the basis for most religious theories and this theory was the bond that still allowed science and religion to have some common ground. In this chapter, Kardec explains "fluids" according to Spiritism and uses them to explain how spiritual phenomena worked.

Miracles of the Gospels

Why and how did Jesus work wonders. This chapter states that most of the "miracles" narrated by the gospels were either natural phenomena or manifestations of spirits.

The Predictions

The third and shortest part deals with the possibility of foretelling the future, its possible consequences for mankind, and why God would allow it to happen.

Theory of Prescience

What is and what is the purpose of.

Predictions in the Gospels

This chapter looks quite sketchy, merely presenting the predictions picked from the gospels without much elaboration on their purpose or interpretation.

The Time Is at Hand

The final chapter, one of the last things Kardec published in life, is in itself a sort of prophecy about the future of Spiritism, containing the following claims:

* That the world was (is) going to suffer the most dramatic change it ever experienced, and that this change would not be a cataclysm but the complete disruption of the beliefs of man, prompting for the establishment of a new faith, capable of harmonizing with science, to prevent science "alone" from leading mankind to madness.
* That the changes would affect the world as a whole and blur the borders between nations and peoples. In this point, as many others, Kardec seems to propagate the notion of the white man's burden.
* That the crisis would lead to great advancement of mankind, eliminating most causes of suffering and turning our planet into a higher type of world (most Spiritists believe our world is one of punishment for morally debased, but intelligent spirits).
* The crisis will prompt for a redefinition of many keystones of man's political organizations in terms of ethics. Arguably a failed prediction.
* After the crisis (or as a consequence of it) man will be bodily different from its current shape. Considering the increase of the average human height since Kardec's time this can be argued as likely to become true.
* After the crisis there will not be any organized religions left, people will be all either free-thinkers or theists and most will believe the central tenets of Spiritism.
* We won't be able to detect the changes while they happen because they will be deep, but slow, and will take centuries to fully develop. Future generations will look unto us as an era of permanent turmoil, but not all of us will live realizing this.
* Most of the push for the change will not come from scientific improvement, but from moral progress.

Overall Merit

The book suggests a large amount of research effort on the part of Kardec and is generally considered the best written of his books, despite being dated in a number of places, especially where it accepts as final truth the established scientific knowledge of its time.

Spiritists tend to regard "The Genesis" as the most complex of Kardec's works, and the one most demanding from the reader. Its popularity is a matter of dispute, as some publishers do not include it in their catalogs.

ee also

*Spiritism
*The Spirits' Book
*The Book on Mediums
*The Gospel According to Spiritism
*Heaven and Hell

External links

* [http://www.geae.inf.br/en/books/codification/GenesisSAB2003.pdf The Genesis According to Spiritism] by Allan Kardec (PDF file, use Adobe Reader)