Darwin's Rhea

Darwin's Rhea
Nominate subspecies in Patagonia, Chile
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Rheiformes
Family:	Rheidae
Genus:	Rhea
Species:	R. pennata
Binomial name
Rhea pennata d'Orbigny, 1834[2]
subspecies
R. pennata garleppi (Chubb, 1913)[3] R. p. tarapacensis (Chubb, 1913)[3] R. p. pennata (d'Orbigny, 1834)[3]
Synonyms
Rhea darwinii Rhea macrorhyncha Pterocnemia pennata Pterocnemia darwinii

Darwin's Rhea, Rhea pennata, also known as the Lesser Rhea, is a large flightless bird, but the smaller of the two extant species of rheas. It is found in the Altiplano and Patagonia in South America.

Description

It stands at 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall and weighs 15–25 kg (33–55 lb),^[2] and has larger wings than other ratites, enabling it to run particularly well. It can reach speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph), enabling it to outrun predators. The sharp claws on the toes are effective weapons. Their plumage is spotted brown and white, and the upper part of their tarsus is feathered.^[2]

Etymology

Darwin's Rhea gets its scientific name from Rhea, a Greek goddess, and pennata means winged. The specific name was bestowed in 1834 by Darwin's contemporary and rival Alcide d'Orbigny who first described the bird to Europeans, from a specimen from the lower Río Negro south of Buenos Aires, Argentina.^[2][4] As late as 2008 it was classified in the monotypic genus Pterocnemia. This word is formed from two Greek words pteron meaning feathers, and knēmē meaning the leg between the knee and the ankle, hence feather-legged, alluding to their feathers that cover the top part of the leg.^[5] In 2008 the SACC subsumed Pterocnemia into the genus Rhea.^[6]

Taxonomy

There are three subspecies:

• R. p. garleppi is found in the puna of southeastern Peru, southwestern Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina.^[7]
• R. p. tarapacensis is found in the puna of northern Chile from the region of Arica and Parinacota to Antofagasta.^[8]
• R. p. pennata is found in the Patagonian steppes of Argentina and Chile.^[1][7]

It has been suggested that the two northern taxa R. p. tarapacensis and R. p. garleppi should be considered a separate species, the Puna Rhea (R. tarapacensis, with garleppi as a subspecies).^[8] Both garleppi and tarapacensis were described by Charles Chubb in 1913.^[3] It is possible garleppi should be considered a junior synonym of tarapacensis.

Behavior

The males of this species become aggressive once they are incubating eggs. The females thus lay the later eggs near the nest, rather than in it. Most of the eggs are moved into the nest by the male, but some remain outside, where they rot and attract flies. The male, and later the chicks, eat these flies. The incubation period is 30–44 days, and the clutch size is from 5–55 eggs. The eggs are 87–126 mm (3.4–5.0 in) and are greenish yellow.^[2] Outside the breeding season, Darwin's Rhea is quite sociable: it lives in groups of from 5 to 30 birds, of both sexes and a variety of ages.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

Darwin's Rhea lives in areas of open scrub in the grasslands of Patagonia and on the Andean plateau (the Altiplano), through the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.^[1] It is known locally by various names, depending on the location: For example suri, choique, ñandú petiso, or ñandú del norte. The name 'ñandú' comes from the bird's name in Guaraní ñandú guazu, meaning big spider, posibly in relation to their habit of opening and lowering alternatively wings when they run. All subspecies prefer grasslands, brushlands and marshland. However the nominate subspecies prefers elevations less than 1,500 m (4,900 ft), where the other subspecies typically range from 3,000–4,500 m (9,800–14,800 ft), but locally down to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the south.^[9]

History of the discovery of the genus Rhea

Illustration of Darwin's Rhea, published in 1841 in John Gould's description of birds collected on the voyage of HMS Beagle

During the second voyage of HMS Beagle, the young naturalist Charles Darwin made many trips on land, and around August 1833 heard from gauchos in the Río Negro area of Northern Patagonia about the existence of a smaller Rhea, "a very rare bird which they called the Avestruz Petise". He continued searching fruitlessly for this bird, and the Beagle sailed south, putting in at Port Desire in southern Patagonia on 23 December. On the following day Darwin shot a guanaco which provided them with a Christmas meal, and in the first days of January, the artist Conrad Martens shot a rhea which they enjoyed eating before Darwin realised that this was the elusive smaller rhea rather than a juvenile, and preserved the head, neck, legs, one wing, and many of the larger feathers. As with his other collections, these were sent to John Stevens Henslow in Cambridge. On 26 January they entered the Straits of Magellan and at St. Gregory's Bay Darwin met Patagonians he described as "excellent practical naturalists". A half Indian who had been born in the Northern Provinces told him that the smaller rheas were the only species this far south, while the larger rheas kept to the north. On an expedition up the Santa Cruz River they saw several of the smaller rheas, but they were too wary to be approached closely or caught.^[10]

In 1837 the Darwin's Rhea was described as Rhea darwinii (later synomized with R. pennata) by the ornithologist John Gould in a presentation to the Zoological Society of London in which he was followed by Darwin reading a paper on the eggs and distribution of the two species of rheas.^[11]

When Gould classified the Darwin's Rhea and the Greater Rhea as separate species, he confirmed a serious problem for Darwin. These birds mainly live in different parts of Patagonia, but there is also an overlapping zone where the two species coexist. As every living being had been created in a fixed form, as accepted by the science of his time, they could only change their appearance by a perfect adaptation to their way of life, but would still be the same species. But now he had to deal with two different species. This started to form his idea that species were not fixed at all, but that another mechanism might be at work.^[12]

Conservation

Darwin's Rhea is Near Threatened, with the primary threats being hunting, egg-collecting, and fragmentation of its habitat due to conversion to farmland or pastures for cattle-grazing.^[1][2] The total range is estimated at 1,100,000 km² (420,000 sq mi).^[9] The southern nominate subspecies remains relatively widespread and locally fairly common, but the situation for the two northern subspecies is more worrying, with their combined population estimated as being in the hundreds.^[1]

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} BirdLife International (2008a)
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Brands, S. (2008)
4. ^ Krulwich, R. (2009)
5. ^ Gotch, A.T. (1995)
6. ^ Nores, M. (2008)
7. ^ ^{a b} Clements, J (2007)
8. ^ ^{a b} Jaramillo et al. (2003)
9. ^ ^{a b} BirdLife International (2008b)
10. ^ Barlow 1963, p. 271–5.
11. ^ Darwin, C (1837)
12. ^ Herbert, S (1980)

References

• BirdLife International (2008a). Pterocnemia pennata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 05 November 2008.
• BirdLife International (2008b). "Lesser Rhea - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3&m=0. Retrieved 06 Feb 2009. 
• Brands, Sheila (Aug 14 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Rhea pennata". Project: The Taxonomicon. http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/99286.htm. Retrieved Feb 04 2009. 
• Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
• Darwin, Charles (1837), Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, pp 271–275 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5 (51): 35-36
• Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Rheas". In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 69–74. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
• Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. "15". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. p. 176. ISBN 0 8160 3377 3. 
• Herbert, Sandra (1980), The Red Notebook of Charles Darwin, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series 7 : 1-164. Series 7: 1-164.
• Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter; Beadle, David (2003). Birds of Chile. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-4688-8. 
• Krulwich, Robert (February 24, 2009). "Darwin's Very Bad Day: 'Oops, We Just Ate It!'". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101090483. Retrieved June 6, 2009. 
• Nores, Manuel (7 August 2008). "Incluir Pterocnemia dentro de Rhea". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop348.html. Retrieved 04 Feb 2009.