Pontifical Gregorian University

Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontificia Università Gregoriana
Latin: Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana
Motto	Latin: Religioni et Bonis Artibus (For Religion and Culture)
Established	18 February 1551 (460 years ago)
Type	Private, Catholic, Jesuit, Pontifical University
Chancellor	Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski
Rector	Rev. François-Xavier Dumortier, S.J.
Location	Piazza della Pilotta, 4 Rome, Italy 41°53′56″N 12°29′5″E / 41.89889°N 12.48472°E / 41.89889; 12.48472Coordinates: 41°53′56″N 12°29′5″E / 41.89889°N 12.48472°E / 41.89889; 12.48472
Website	www.unigre.it

The Pontifical Gregorian University (Italian: Pontificia Università Gregoriana; also known as the Gregorianum, or the PUG) is a pontifical university located in Rome, Italy.

Heir of the Roman College founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola over 460 years ago, the Gregorian University was the first university founded by the Jesuits. Containing faculties and institutes of various disciplines of the humanities, the Gregorian has one of the largest theology departments in the world, with over 1600 students from over 130 countries.

History

Founding

Saint Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, established a "School of Grammar, Humanity, and Christian Doctrine" on 18 February 1551 in a house at the base of the Capitoline Hill.^[1] Saint Francis Borgia, the vice-king of Catalonia who became a Jesuit himself, provided financial patronage. With a small library connected to it, this school was called the Collegio Romano (Roman College). Within the first year, the site was transferred to a larger facility behind the church of San Stefano del Cacco due to the large number of students seeking enrollment. After only two years of existence, the Roman College already counted 250 alumni.

St. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Roman College in 1551.

Early growth

In January 1556, Pope Paul IV authorized the College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, thereby raising the school to the rank of university. During the following two decades, due once again to an increased number of students, the university changed its location twice. During this period, a chair in moral philosophy was added, and a chair in Arabic was added to the already existing chairs in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. With the university counting more than a thousand pupils at this point, Pope Gregory XIII wished to give it a more suitable headquarters. Two blocks near the Via del Corso were expropriated, and the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati was commissioned to design a grand new edifice for the institute. The new building was inaugurated in 1584, in what became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano, across from the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj. For his sponsorship of the Roman College, Gregory XIII became known as its "founder and father", and from that point the school acquired the title of the "Gregorian University".

The university in its new space was able to augment the number of disciplines that were taught. New chairs of Church history and liturgy were added. At this time, the university also attained great prestige in the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The "Gregorian calendar", so called since it was established by Gregory XIII, and currently in use the world over, was developed by the Jesuit Christopher Clavius, a professor of the university at the time. The illustrious Jesuit mathematician, physicist, and inventor Athanasius Kircher also taught at the university during this period. Not long after the new quarters were opened, the student body increased to over two thousand. The university chapel, too small for so many students, was rebuilt as the Church of Sant'Ignazio between 1626 and 1650, becoming one of the major Baroque churches of the area.

Modern era

In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus, the university was given over to diocesan clergy of Rome. It was reverted to the Jesuits on 17 May 1824 by Pope Leo XII, after the refoundation of their order.

The current site of the Gregorian University with the Ammannati-designed façade.

Following the takeover of Rome by revolutionary army of the new Kingdom of Italy in 1870, the new Italian government confiscated the property of the university, which forced the university to transfer once again, this time to the Palazzo Borromeo on the Via del Seminario. It was at this point that Pope Pius IX permitted the school to assume the title of "Pontifical University". With the difficult situation after Rome's takeover, the academic endeavors of the university were dramatically affected. Due to a lack of space, the university had to drop all faculties except for theology and philosophy. The number of students had dropped dramatically as well because of the dislocation, so that in 1875 no more than 250 students were numbered. However, the university was able to gradually build itself up again. In 1876, the Faculty of Canon Law was transferred from the University of Rome La Sapienza to the Gregorian, and the university was gradually able to reassume the teaching of many disciplines.

After World War I, Pope Benedict XV and later Pope Pius XI worked to create a new site for the university that would be better suited to its needs, since it was still operating out of the Palazzo Borromeo. Pope Benedict was able to acquire an area at the base of the Quirinal Hill, adjacent to another school under the Jesuits, the Pontifical Biblical Institute, or the Biblicum, which had been founded in 1909.^[2] Benedict's successor, Pope Pius XI, laid the first stone of the new seat of the university on 27 December 1924. Designed by the architect Giulio Barluzzi in the neoclassical style, the new edifice was completed by 1930.

After assuming its new location, the university continued to expand, both in the number of faculties and disciplines taught, as well as in its geographic site. Today, the Gregorian University includes six faculties and four institutes, and is located in four palazzos in the area around Piazza della Pilotta.

Today

Today, the university has about 3,800 students from more than 150 countries.^[2] The majority of the students at the Gregorian are priests, seminarians, and members of religious orders. After the Second Vatican Council, the first women to earn doctoral degrees at the university were Sandra Schneiders, I.H.M., and Mary Milligan, R.S.H.M. Both became authorities in New Testament Theology and Christian Spirituality. The majority of the professors are of the Jesuit order.^[2] In recent years, however, there has been a higher representation of laity in both the faculty and student body; today, lay men and women represent about 20 percent of the student body.^[2]

Since the Gregorian is a pontifical university, the Holy See accredits its curriculum, and its degrees have full effect in canon law.

Academics

Gregorian Consortium

The Gregorian University is one of three member institutes that make up the Gregorian Consortium, the other two institutions being the Pontifical Biblical Institute (founded 1909) and the Pontifical Oriental Institute, which was founded in 1917.^[2] The Consortium was created under Pope Pius XI in 1928.

Faculties, programs, institutes and services

A lecture hall in the university, pictured in 1930.

See also: History Curriculum at the Gregorian University

The university maintains faculties in theology, canon law, philosophy, the history and cultural patrimony of the Church, missiology, and social sciences.

In addition, it has institutes of spirituality, psychology, religious sciences, and of religion and culture. Other programs of study include social communications, Jewish studies, and Laïkos (Greek culture and history).

Library

The three libraries of the Gregorian Consortium have nearly 1.2 million volumes,^[2] particularly noteworthy in areas of theology, philosophy, culture, and literature. The library was founded together with the Roman College by Ignatius Loyola. In 1872, however, the library's 45,000 volumes, mauscripts, and archives were confiscated by the new Italian state; they were dispersed and partially expropriated by the Vittorio Emanuele II National Library of Rome.

Since 1928, the library has been located on the university's new campus. The majority of the library's collection—820,000 volumes—is housed in a six-floor tower adjacent to the Palazzo Centrale. An additional 60,000 volumes are housed in any of the six reading rooms, which together can accommodate seats for up to 400 students.

The library's reserve contains many ancient and precious books, as well as many rare editions, including eighty books from the 16th century.

Gregorian & Biblical Press

Publishing house, printing and publishing services for the Pontifical Gregorian University and Pontifical Biblical Institute, from 2010 offers the possibility to subscribe or purchase online magazines and books in 6 different languages​​, the volumes of the prestigious collections of the Gregorian University and Pontifical Biblical Institute, including where:

1. BIBLICAL

• Analecta Biblica
• Biblica et orientalia
• Studia Pohl (Series Maior)
• Subsidia biblica

1. GREGORIAN

• Analecta Gregoriana
• Documenta Missionalia
• Miscellanea e storia pontificia
• Tesi gregoriana
  • Canon Law
  • Phylosophy
  • Missiology
  • Spirituality
  • Ecclesiastical History
  • Teologia
• Interreligious Investigations
• Philosophia

* Theology

Extraterritoriality

According to article 16 of the Lateran Treaty, a 1929 agreement between the Italian government and the Holy See, the Gregorian University enjoys a certain level of extraterritoriality. According to the treaty, Italy can never subject the university to "charges or to expropriation for reasons of public utility, save by previous agreement with the Holy See". It is also exempt from all Italian tax, and is included among those Roman buildings for which the Holy See has the right to deal "as it may deem fit, without obtaining the authorization or consent of the Italian governmental, provincial, or communal authority".

Notable students and professors

Further information: Category:Alumni of the Pontifical Gregorian University

German Jesuit Christopher Clavius, the inventor of the Gregorian calendar, was an alumnus of the university

Among the Gregorian's notable alumni are seventeen popes,^[2] including Pope Gregory XV, Pope Urban VIII, Pope Innocent X, Pope Clement XI, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius XII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul I. Eight of the eleven last popes were alumni of the Gregorian.^[2] Other illustrious students include seventy-two saints and beati,^[2] among them Saint Robert Bellarmine, Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Saint Maximilian Kolbe. Among its most notable professors is Joseph Ratzinger—now Benedict XVI—who was a visiting professor in the Faculty of Theology during from 1972 to 1973.^[2]

Other famous alumni and professors include the following:

• Bartholomew I, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
• Roger Boscovich, Jesuit physicist and mathematician
• James Tunstead Burtchaell, former provost and Department of Theology chairman of the University of Notre Dame
• David Cairns, Scottish politician
• Christopher Clavius, Jesuit inventor of the Gregorian calendar
• Denis Fahey, Irish theological writer
• Reginald Foster, world Latin expert (taught at the Gregorian until 2006)
• Filippo Grandi, current Commissioner-General of UNRWA
• Paul Guldin, Jesuit mathematician and astronomer
• Peter Henrici, Swiss Jesuit philosopher, Auxiliary Bishop of Chur, Switzerland
• Athanasius Kircher, Renaissance polymath
• Francesco Lana de Terzi, Jesuit scientist often called the "father of aeronautics"
• Bernard Lonergan, 20th century Jesuit philosopher-theologian and economist
• John Navone, SJ, Professor Emeritus, Theologian, and prolific author
• Vincenzo Riccati, Jesuit inventor of hyperbolic functions
• Óscar Romero, Salvadoran archbishop and martyr
• Gian Vittorio Rossi, Italian poet, philologist, and historian
• Andrea Salvadori, Italian poet and librettist
• James V. Schall, SJ, Jesuit priest, teacher, writer, philosopher, and professor at Georgetown University
• Francis A. Sullivan, influential Jesuit theologian (graduated 1956; Professor of Ecclesiology, 1956–1992)
• Luca Valerio, Jesuit mathematician
• Niccolò Zucchi, Jesuit astronomer and physicist

The vast majority of the Church's leading experts hail from the Gregorian; one-third of the current College of Cardinals studied there at one time or another, and more than 900 bishops worldwide are among its 12,000 living alumni.^[2]

Gallery

• 

  The Pontifical Gregorian University at night

• 

  The previous site of the Gregorian University, now a public high school

• 

  Central atrium of the Gregorian University

• 

  Reading room of the Gregorian's library in 1930

See also

• List of early modern universities in Europe
• University of Olomouc, at which Latin: Collegium Nordicum was established in 1578

Notes and references

1. ^ O'Malley, John (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 366. ISBN 9780674303133. http://books.google.com/books?id=1LRt8W4_GWsC&pg=PA366. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "Fact Sheet". The Gregorian University Foundation. 2010. http://www.the-gregorian.com/fact.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 

External links

• Pontificia Università Gregoriana (Italian)
• Pontifical Gregorian University (English)
  • Pontifical Gregorian University Library (English)
• The Gregorian University Foundation (English)
• Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
• GBPress.net Gregorian&Biblical Press (English) (Italian) (Spanish)